Poroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Floresta Nacional de Silvânia -a conservation unit of Brazilian Savanna

Abstract

We present a taxonomic inventory, including ecological aspects, of poroid fungi from the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, a conservation unit representative of the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) biome. Basidioma collection was sampled randomly (active search), between 2005 to 2012, considering the conservation unit area, and occurred along or outside pre-existing trails, mainly within forest formations. Totally we found 27 species, distributed into 22 genera, 9 families and 3 order. The α diversity (Hꞌ) was 2.86; the maximum diversity estimated (H max) was 3.29 and the Pielou equability (Jꞌ) was 0.87. These data, added to species accumulation curve, indicate that the number of species of poroid fungi found has not yet exhausted the real diversity of the area and it may increase with the increase in collections (sampling effort). About 37% of the species were found in both living and decaying wood; 33% exclusively in dead and 22% exclusively in alive wood. Among these, 44% were classified as rare in the area, 33% occasional, 15% common and 7% abundant. The most frequent species were those that occurred in both living and decaying wood, while the rare ones occurred exclusively in one type of wood (living or dead). The present work is one of the pioneers in the study of poroid fungi in Central Brazil, increasing the knowledge of this biodiversity in the Brazilian Savanna, which can be used as support to update the management plan of the conservation unit.

Full text

* Corresponding author
E-mail address:
solange.xavier@ueg.br (Solange Xavier dos Santos)
Original Article
Poroid fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Floresta Nacional de
Silvânia – a conservation unit of Brazilian Savanna
Leonardo-Silva L, Silva LB and Xavier-Santos S*
Universidade Estadual de Goiás. Campus Anápolis de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Laboratório de Micologia Básica, Aplicada e Divulgação
Científica - FungiLab. Rod. Br 153, Km 99, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil.
ARTICLE INFO
Article history
Received 11 June 2020
Received revised 29 June 2020
Accepted 2 July 2020
Available online 2 July 2020
© Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020
Corresponding Editor:
Singh PP
Yadav AN
Balbool BA
Keywords
Biodiversity
Cerrado
Hymenochaetales
Mycobiota
Polyporales
ABSTRACT
We present a taxonomic inventory, including ecological aspects, of poroid
fungi from the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia, a conservation unit
representative of the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) biome. Basidioma
collection was sampled randomly (active search), between 2005 to 2012,
considering the conservation unit area, and occurred along or outside pre-
existing trails, mainly within forest formations. Totally we found 27 species,
distributed into 22 genera, 9 families and 3 order. The α diversity (Hꞌ) was
2.86; the maximum diversity estimated (H max) was 3.29 and the Pielou
equability (Jꞌ) was 0.87. These data, added to species accumulation curve,
indicate that the number of species of poroid fungi found has not yet
exhausted the real diversity of the area and it may increase with the increase
in collections (sampling effort). About 37% of the species were found in both
living and decaying wood; 33% exclusively in dead and 22% exclusively in
alive wood. Among these, 44% were classified as rare in the area, 33%
occasional, 15% common and 7% abundant. The most frequent species were
those that occurred in both living and decaying wood, while the rare ones
occurred exclusively in one type of wood (living or dead). The present work
is one of the pioneers in the study of poroid fungi in Central Brazil,
increasing the knowledge of this biodiversity in the Brazilian Savanna, which
can be used as support to update the management plan of the conservation
unit.
Published by Arab Society for Fungal Conservation
Introduction
The Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Silvânia was created
by Law 612 on January 13, 1949, as Horto Florestal de
Silvânia, Goiás, Brazil. In 2001, the Horto was elevated to
the National Forest category, by IBAMA Ordinance 247 of
July 18, 2001. Today, the Conservation Unit (CU) is
managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity
Conservation (ICMBio), a federal agency created by Law
11516, on August 28, 2007 (Marques et al. 2009; ICMBio
2015). Among the federal conservation units of the
Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado biome) managed by ICMBio,
the Silvânia's FLONA is considered the oldest (ICMBio
2020).
Silvânia's FLONA aims to promote the proper
management of natural resources, guarantee the protection
Microbial Biosystems 5(1) (2020) 32419.1015
DOI: 10.21608/mb.2020.32419.1015
Egyptian Knowledge Bank
Microbial Biosystems

Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020
101
of water and scenic beauty, in addition to configuring an
important source for the development of basic and applied
scientific research, as well as new technologies,
environmental education, recreation, leisure and tourism
activities (Marques et al. 2009; Morais et al. 2012; ICMBio
2015). It is a CU whose protected area has representative
typical vegetation types of Cerrado, such as campo sujo,
cerrado sensu stricto, vereda, cerradão, mata seca and mata
de galeria (ICMBio 2015).
The Brazilian Savanna, known as the Cerrado, is
formed by a mosaic of ecologically related communities
and has an area that covers the states of Central Brazil and
part of the Northern, Northeastern, Southern and
Southeastern regions (Fig. 1), constituting one of the
largest Brazilian biomes by area, second only to the
Amazon Forest (Ribeiro and Walter 2008). Its climate is
characterized by two well-defined seasons, the rainy
season, which lasts from October to March and the dry
season, from April to September. This biome is composed
of several types of landscapes, resulting in a vegetation
mosaic, with phytophysiognomies that vary between
savanna and forest formations (Klink and Machado 2005;
Ribeiro and Walter 2008). The Cerrado has approximately
30% of the known species of biodiversity in Brazil,
however, due to human activities, more than 50% of the
biome has already been deforested and fragmented, and
only 3% are in conservation units. (Françoso et al. 2015;
WWF 2020).
Included in this Cerrado biodiversity are poroid fungi,
which play an important role in nutrient cycling within
ecosystems, in addition to being the principle decomposers
of wood. These fungi represent a large artificial group
within the Agaricomycetes class. They are so named
because the hymenophore is made up of fused vertical
tubes, called pores (Kirk et al. 2008). There are about 175
species of poroid fungi listed for the Brazilian Savanna
(Gibertoni and Drechsler-Santos 2010; Abrahão et al.
2012; Costa-Rezende et al. 2015; Maia et al. 2015; Costa-
Rezende et al. 2016; Bononi et al. 2017; Leonardo-Silva et
al. 2020); of these, only nine have been recorced occuring
in the state of Goiás. This present study presents the first
taxonomic inventory of poroid fungi from Silvania's
FLONA, and includes ecological aspects of the group.
Fig 1. Studied area. A. Location: In orange the distribution area of Brazilian Savanna; black dot indicates the location
of the Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Silvânia in the state of Goiás; white dot represents Goiânia (capital of
the state of Goiás) and DF represents the Distrito Federal, where the country's capital Brasília is located. B.
Some phytophysiognomies of the Brazilian Savanna in Silvânia's FLONA.

Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020
102
Materials & Methods
The Silvânia's FLONA is located in the municipality of
Silvânia, in the eastern portion of the state of Goiás, 88 km
from Goiânia (the state capital) and 177 km from Brasília
(the capital of the country), between 16º 38ꞌ 30.0ꞌꞌ S and
48º 39ꞌ 02.5ꞌꞌ W, and has an area of 486.37 ha (Fig. 1). The
average altitude is 900 m, and its average temperature is 26
°C. The CU administrative headquarters has
accommodation, a research support house and a library
with more than 500 titles on fauna, flora and ecology for
research and reading. Along its length, there are internal
roads, for the observation of local fauna, flora and
mycobiota and trails, among which is one with about 1 km,
composed of gallery forest in transition with the cerradão,
and one with 2.5 km extension, through the densest forest
(ICMBio 2015). The sampling took place between 2005 to
2012. Basidioma collection was sampled randomly (active
search), considering the CU area, and occurred along or
outside pre-existing trails, mainly within forest formations.
Taxonomic identification was performed based on the
macro and micromorphological characteristics of the
collected material, using specialized literature as a
reference (Teixeira 1995; Ryvarden 2004). The
classification and nomenclature of the cited taxa is in
accordance with the Index Fungorum (2020). Voucher of
the studied specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of
the Universidade Estadual de Goiás (HUEG).
For ecological analyses, the absolute frequency (AF)
was determined for each species, that is the absolute
number of occurrences of the species and the relative
frequency (RF) that presents the ratio between the AF of a
species and the sum of the AFs of all species inventoried,
given as a percentage (Mungai et al. 2011). The frequency
classes of each species were designated using the same
criteria established by Lindblad (2000), Hattori (2005) and
Soares et al. (2014): 0.5 <RF ≤ 1.5% are considered as rare
(R); 1.5 <RF ≤ 5%, are occasional (O); 5 <RF ≤ 10% are
given as common (C); RF> 10% are considered abundant
(A).
To verify α diversity, the Shannon-Wiener diversity
index (Hꞌ) was used, which takes into account the
uniformity of species abundances by measuring the
number of equally common species (Shannon 1948). The
maximum diversity index (H max) was also calculated.
Through the ratio between Hꞌ and H max, the Equity Index
(Jꞌ) was obtained, which represents a measure of
uniformity constrained between 0 and 1.0 (Rebêlo and
Garófalo 1997; Magurran 1988).
Results and Discussion
We documented 27 species of poroid fungi in the area,
which are distributed into 22 genera, 9 families and 3
orders (Figs. 2 and 3). Polyporaceae was most represented
family, with 49 occurrences, 8 genera, 11 species, followed
by Hymenochaeteaceae, represented by 7 occurences, 4
genera and 5 species (Table 1). The representation of these
families is in accordance with expectations, as they account
for the largest and most diverse group of poroid fungi, with
a wide variety of shapes and structures (Kirk et al. 2008).
Similar results were observed in inventories carried out in
areas of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil (Soares et al.
2014; Xavier et al. 2018).
The relative frequency (RF) of each species showing
that 44.4% are rare in the area, 33.3% occasional, 15%
common and 7.4% abundant (Table 1). Studies carried out
in the Amazon biome show that 83.3% of the species of
fungi found in the FLONA in Amapá and 61.5% of the
species of the FLONA in Caxiuanã are rare (Soares et al.
2014 and Medeiros et al. 2015, respectively). Gibertoni et
al. (2007) and Gibertoni (2008) also report a high rate of
rare species in tropical regions, showing the importance of
maintaining CUs, which maintain the natural resources of
these habitats and a wide variety of species.
All specimens were found on wood (dead or alive);
37% of the species were found on both live and dead
wood; 33.3% exclusively in dead wood and 22.2%
exclusively in live wood (resulting in 55.5% of species
with specificity for live or dead wood). For 7.4% of them it
was not possible to identify the state of the substrate (Table
1).
The great availability of woody resources in tropical
forests is one of the main factors that favor the presence of
poroid fungi in these environments, since these fungi are
predominantly ligninocellulolitic. Although the
relationship between the distribution of these fungi and the
substrate is not satisfactorily clarified, varying according to
the region (Ferrer and Gilbert 2003; Medeiros et al. 2015).
Yamashita and Hijii (2006) point out that the diversity of
fungi in an area can be affected by the specificity of
substrates, including stages of decomposition, age and
availability of these substrates. We found that the most
frequent species of poroid fungi in the Silvânia's FLONA
were those that occurred in both living and decaying wood,
while the rare ones were those that occurred exclusively in
one type of wood (live or dead) (Table 1). These data are
in agreement with the claims of Gilbert and Sousa (2002),
that the specificity by the substrate is a factor that increases
the number of rare species.

Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020
103
Table 1 Poroid fungi sampled in the Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Silvânia according to taxonomy, substrate, frequency
and voucher at HUEG herbaria
Order/Family/Species
Substrate
AF
FR (%)
CF
HUEG voucher
Agaricales
Schizophyllaceae Quél.
Schizophyllum commune Fr.
DLW
6
7.06
C
9957-9962
Hymenochaetales
Hymenochaetaceae Donk
Fomitiporia apiahyna (Speg.) Robledo, Decock & Rajchenb.
LW
1
1.17
R
9968
Fuscoporia callimorpha (Lév.) Groposo, Log. -Leite & Góes-Neto
DW
2
2.35
O
9963, 9965
Fuscoporia wahlbergii (Fr.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch.
LW
1
1.17
R
9966
Hymenochaete rheicolor (Mont.) Lév.
W
1
1.17
R
9967
Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat.
LW
2
2.35
O
9964, 9969
Incertae Sedis
Trichaptum perrottetii (Lév.) Ryvarden
DLW
5
5.88
C
10035-10039
Trichaptum sector (Ehrenb.) Kreisel
DLW
2
2.35
O
10040, 10041
Polyporales
Cerrenaceae Miettinen, Justo & Hibbett
Cerrena hydnoides (Sw.) Zmitr.
DW
1
1.17
R
10001
Fomitopsidaceae Jülich
Daedalea ryvardeniana Drechsler-Santos & Robledo
DW
2
2.35
O
9970, 9971
Ganodermataceae Donk
Amauroderma calcigenum (Berk.) Torrend
DW
1
1.17
R
9972
Ganoderma testaceum (Cooke) Pat.
LW
3
3.53
O
9973-9975
Panaceae Miettinen Justo & Hibbett
Cymatoderma caperatum (Berk. & Mont.) D.A. Reid
DLW
5
5.88
C
9976-9980
Panus strigellus (Berk.) Overh.
DW
1
1.17
R
10020
Irpicaceae Spirin & Zmitr.
Gloeoporus thelephoroides (Hook.) G. Cunn.
W
1
1.17
R
9981
Steccherinaceae Parmasto
Antrodiella versicutis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Gilb. & Ryvarden
DW
2
2.35
O
9982, 9983
Polyporaceae Fr. ex Corda
Favolus tenuiculus P. Beauv.
DLW
4
4.70
O
9984-9987
Fomes fasciatus (Sw.) Cooke
LW
1
1.17
R
9988
Funalia caperata (Berk.) Zmitr. & Malysheva
DLW
4
4.70
O
9989-9992
Funalia floccosa (Jungh.) Zmitr. & Malysheva
DLW
8
9.41
C
9993-10000
Lentinus berteroi (Fr.) Fr.
DLW
17
20
A
10002-10018
Microporellus dealbatus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Murrill
DW
1
1.17
R
10019
Polyporus dictyopus Mont.
DW
1
1.17
R
10021
Polyporus guianensis Mont.
LW
1
1.17
R
10022
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill
DLW
9
10.6
A
10023-10031
Trametes pavonia (Hook.) Ryvarden
DLW
2
2.35
O
10032-10033
Trametes variegata (Berk.) Zmitr., Wasser & Ezhov
DW
1
1.17
R
10034
Absolute frequency (AF); Relative frequency (RF); Frequency class (FC): abundant (A), common (C), occasional (O), rare (R); Dead
wood (DW); Living wood (LW); Dead and living wood (DLW) and Wood (W).

Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020
104
Fig 2. Recorded taxa. Basidiomata of
Schizophyllum
commune
(A),
Fomitiporia apiahyna
(B),
Fuscoporia
wahlbergii
(C),
Hymenochaete rheicolor
(D),
Phellinus
gilvus
(E),
Trichaptum perrottetii
(F),
Trichaptum
sector
(G),
Cerrena hydnoides
(H),
Daedalea ryvardeniana
(I),
Amauroderma calcigenum (
J),
Ganoderma
testaceum
(K),
Cymatoderma caperatum
(L),
Panus strigellus
(M),
Gloeoporus
thelephoroides
(N) and
Antrodiella versicutis
(O). Bars A–C, E–O = 1 cm; D = 2 mm.

Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020
105
The species accumulation curve generated according to
species collected per year, did not reach asymptote, thus
indicating that the richness of poroid fungi in the area may
increase with the increase in collections (sampling effort).
This result is similar to those found by Soares et al. (2014),
Medeiros et al. (2015) and Xavier et al. (2019), who
despite having found great richness in the studied areas,
also obtained non-asymptotic accumulation curves.
The α diversity, estimated through the Shannon-
Wiener index (Hꞌ), was 2.86. The maximum diversity
index (H max) was 3.29. The Hꞌ value lower than the H
max reaffirms the data of the species accumulation
curve, indicating that the number of species found has
not yet exhausted the real diversity of the area. Pielou's
equability (Jꞌ) was 0.87, which indicates that the number
of records is uniform among the sampled species.
Inventories of fungi help to document a local diversity
and to understand ecological and biogeographic
relationship of these species in ecosystems, highlighting
their richness, abundance, frequency, substrate and others.
These studies help in the elaboration of measures to
conserve the biodiversity of the local mycobiota, in status
of habitat (environmental quality) and know potential
species of economic interest, besides being an important
tool in the promotion of mycophilia (Soares et al. 2014;
Mouchacca 2016; Karun et al. 2018; Xavier et al. 2018;
Kotowski 2019).
The present work is one of the pioneers in the study of
poroid fungi within areas of the Cerrado of Central Brazil
and the diversity inventoried evidences the need to
Fig 3. Recorded taxa.
Basidiomata of
Favolus
tenuiculus
(A),
Fomes fasciatus
(B),
Funalia caperata
(C),
Funalia floccosa
(D),
Lentinus berteroi
(E),
Microporellus dealbatus
(F),
Polyporus dictyopus
(G),
Polyporus
guianensis
(H),
Pycnoporus
sanguineus
(I),
Trametes pavonia
(J) and
Trametes variegata
(L).
Bars = 1 cm.

Leonardo-Silva et al. 2020 Microbial Biosystems 5(1)-2020
106
intensify researches in both taxonomy and ecology, which
allows for representation of the richness of fungal species
and their exosystemic role.
Moreover, further research will make it possible to
expand the knowledge of the economic potential of the
local mycobiota. In addition, the diversity of poroid fungi
from the Silvânia's FLONA showed great richness and a
high number of species considered rare, which adds value
to biotic factors and can be used in appliance to update the
management plan of the conservation unit.
Conflict of Interest
The authors do not have any conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES), for granting a doctoral
scholarship to the first author; to the administration of Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Silvânia for the support and
authorization for collections in the area, to Hunter Lee Daniel, for reviewing the English language in the manuscript and to
Dr. Tatiana Baptista Gibertoni for the identification of some species.
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