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Citizenship Test As A Migration Policy Proposal In Turkey

Authors:
  • Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences

Abstract

This article focuses on proposing a citizenship test as a tool in Turkey's migration management policies. Despite making new implementations to adjust and accommodate the highest level of migration in its republican history, Turkey needs a more comprehensive and systematic approach to the issue in the long run. As migration leads to naturalization in most cases, many countries prefer to regulate migration and naturalization with citizenship criteria as well as citizenship tests for their prospective citizens. For this study, citizenship test examples are taken from The United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) practices since they have been among the most popular countries for immigration throughout history. While the former has a relatively long experience in citizenship tests, the latter supports a new and more elaborated model. To what extent does Turkey take any of these countries as a model in the design of its own citizenship test? The question of why Turkey needs such regulation and what kind of test would be plausible will be discussed in this article. A proposed testing model will be given systematically specific to the Turkish case.
INIJOSS
İnönü University International Journal of Social Sciences / İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi,
Volume/Cilt 9, Number/Sayı 1, (2020)
http://inonu.edu.tr/tr/ --- http://dergipark.gov.tr/inijoss
ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ|RESEARCH ARTICLE
Gönderim Tarihi: 18.05.2020|Kabul Tarihi: 30.05.2020
161
CITIZENSHIP TEST AS A MIGRATION POLICY PROPOSAL IN TURKEY
Elçin İSTİF İNCİ
PhD Candidate, Istanbul University, Department of Political Science and International Relations,
istifelcin@gmail.com,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6471-7698
Atıf / Citation: İnci E. İ. (2020). Citizenship Test As A Migration Policy Proposal In Turkey.
İnönü
University International Journal of Social Sciences & İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler
Dergisi, (INIJOSS),
9(1), 161-178.
Abstract
This article focuses on proposing a citizenship test as a tool in Turkey’s migration
management policies. Despite making new implementations to adjust and accommodate the
highest level of migration in its republican history, Turkey needs a more comprehensive and
systematic approach to the issue in the long run. As migration leads to naturalization in most
cases, many countries prefer to regulate migration and naturalization with citizenship criteria
as well as citizenship tests for their prospective citizens. For this study, citizenship test
examples are taken from The United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) practices
since they have been among the most popular countries for immigration throughout history.
While the former has a relatively long experience in citizenship tests, the latter supports a
new and more elaborated model. To what extent does Turkey take any of these countries
as a model in the design of its own citizenship test? The question of why Turkey needs such
regulation and what kind of test would be plausible will be discussed in this article. A
proposed testing model will be given systematically specific to the Turkish case.
Keywords: Citizenship, Naturalization, Migration, Integration, Turkey.
TÜRKIYE’DE GÖÇ YÖNETİMİ POLİTİKA TASARISI OLARAK VATANDAŞLIK SINAVI
Öz
Bu makale Türkiye’nin göç yönetimi alanında vatandaşlık sınavı uygulanması tasarısına
odaklanmaktadır. Cumhuriyet tarihinde alınan en yüksek göçü düzenlemek için yapılan
düzenlemelere rağmen, Türkiye uzun vadede daha kapsamlı ve sistematik bir yaklaşıma
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ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Göçün vatandaşlığa öncülük yaptığı düşünüldüğünde, birçok ülkenin
göçü ve vatandaşlığa kabulü vatandaşlık kriterleri ve sınavları ile düzenlediği görülmektedir.
Bu çalışma için vatandaşlık sınavı örnekleri, tarih boyunca yaygın olarak göç alan ülkeler
olmaları sebebiyle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Birleşik Krallık uygulamalarından alınmıştır.
İlki vatandaşlık sınavlarında görece tecrübeli iken, ikincisi daha yeni ve detaylı bir model
benimsemektedir. Türkiye’nin neden bu düzenlemeye ihtiyacı olduğu, kendi vatandaşlık
sınavı tasarımında bu ülke örneklerinden ne ölçüde faydalanabileceği ve ne tür bir sınavın
Türkiye için daha uygun olacağı bu makalede tartışılacaktır. Türkiye için tasarlanan sınav
modeli sistematik bir biçimde verilecektir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Vatandaşlık, Vatandaşlığa kabul, Göç, Entegrasyon, Türkiye.
INTRODUCTION
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DEFINITIONS AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
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What are citizenship tests and what do they target?
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Main features of citizenship tests: The USA and the UK examples in brief
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Germany
Austria
The Netherlands
UK
USA
Politics, History & Geography Economy & Public Goods and Services
Traditions & Public Moral Other
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CURRENT POLICY IN TURKEY: HOW TO BECOME A TURKISH CITIZEN?
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HOW CAN TURKEY BUILD ITS OWN MODEL?
14.237 224.655
1.519.286
2.503.549 2.834.441
3.426.786
3.623.192
3.576.370
3.587.779
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
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59.747
76.443
92.280
110.000
N OV E MB ER 2018
J AN U AR Y 2019 AU G US T 2019
D EC E MB E R 2019
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Civics Question Typologies
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Language Assessment
-
-
-
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-
Oath of Allegiance
Operating Body of the Exam
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The Proposed Model for Turkey
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CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
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Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter discusses the evaluation of naturalization policies in Turkey over time. More specifically, it focuses on the changes in the citizenship law in the Republican era of Turkey, although there are effects and reflections of the Ottoman Empire legacy on the Republican period in Turkey’s migration history and citizenship regulations. This study also explores the role of migration waves as a response to these changes. When the triggering and leading force of migration to naturalization is considered, it is indispensable that migrants become citizens in their new country gradually. Similar to migration waves, the role of having a ‘Turkish origin’ also plays a crucial role in the formulation of naturalization policies in Turkey. In addition to that, there exist ‘exceptional cases’ that allow citizenship acquisition under the condition of certain criteria. In light of the current debates about the naturalization of Syrians as Turkish citizens, this research aims to contribute and shed light on these discussions by providing a historical perspective of naturalization and migration policies in Turkey.
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