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Ever-returning now. On the illusion of longue durée in Polish folk wrestling

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Abstract

„Tradition” is an important word in the vocabulary of an ethnographer or an archaeologist. Taking liberty to make a pun, one could say that traditionally, this term is associated with time, space and culture. The direct Latin root-word, traditio, comes from the verb tradere (“to deliver”, “to transmit”) which combines two components – trans (“across”), pointing to the temporal and spatial aspects, and dare (“to give”), indicating movement from one actor to another. Hence, whenever ethnographers or archaeologists speak about different “traditions” – be it funerary, religious, martial or pottery traditions – they mean a complex of socially-solidified beliefs, behaviours, and knowledges which are passed down within a group of people across time (between generations) and space (between different communities sharing the same tradition) through cultural devices (media of knowledge transmission). This implies longue durée and a linear timeline – that in all such cases, there is a beginning, somewhere in the past, when a given tradition is conceived and from which point its transmission across generations starts. Seeing it this way, in turn, makes it logical to assume that traditions are by necessity closed, multi-faceted entities with traceable borders and shapes, much alike clay pots or spindle whorls, which allows scholars to approach them as long-lasting artefacts witnessing complex social scaffoldings aimed at knowledge preservation and cultivation. However, there seem to be cases which do not fit well with such linear and temporal understanding of “tradition”. One interesting example can be provided by a Polish folk wrestling game known as “biady”. According to what is known about it at the moment, it used to be an important part of the social fabric until ca. the mid-20th century, especially for village boys and young men, and involved a broad but still quite distinct range of bodily techniques (wrestling moves). As such, it appears to be a typical example of “a tradition” – a body of knowledge embedded in social-cultural patterns and transferred across generations. On the other hand, its transfer was not institutionalised in any way, nor was it even deemed important by the community – “biady” was just yet another village leisure activity. Similarly, its social significance – “biady” was a factor in the transition between a boy and a man – was equally unrecognised by the people involved. Even its somatic content, that is the wrestling moves used to perform it, lacked any sort of formalisation or discourse – there were no master-student lineages nor names given to particular moves or concepts. All in all, this whole “tradition” was largely amorphous, voiceless, and below the radar of cultural awareness. It grew and lasted almost as a weed. In this context, the question that arises is what made “biady” last? And more importantly, why does “biady” show similarities to some other, much more formalised wrestling traditions from different regions? The tentative answer explored in this paper would be that the longue durée in this case is an illusion. “Biady” was not passed down the generations as a body of knowledge, but in a way created de novo by each of its practitioners only to develop over and over again to a similar form due to patterns and limitations imposed by the cultural and, even more so, material environment. This, in turn, would call into question the kind of temporality commonly assumed for “traditions” which would be no longer seen as solid, comprehensive social constructs, but rather Deleuzian impulses able to spark certain processes of becoming in people affected by them. Other studies investigating the process of “modernisation” or “sportification” of traditional games or pastime activities shall be quoted in an attempt to trace an analogous state of affairs in other cases. In the end, this will be used to call for a re-thinking of the way pre-modern somatic traditions are studied.
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."  '"% ")& " "  ' (& ""%
'.'* This gap in the scholarly discourse is
precisely where this presentation is focused on.
o.."%+
@!#&1D,D*
o2")!")%'$)'
#"%)+
F")G"7 '&1D,D*
o")+"!"&1D,H0
&1D,>*
o '"!'%"$&
%*A$I&1D,1*
o@"$$%.&"%+
J'72#"&1D,H02'!&
3"G&7.&1D,50C"7
3"%%&1D,K*
o'"%$$%.+F""%.""*&
1D,L0&1D,>*
o($%')%"M%*
2 6 .."
#'
3$4")-
2 6*
6
 ) <biady=   )  ') &  ') 
 ( %"# "   & .  
")%"(B))%"")"#B"
 " ') '' ") "$% ) %) "
")'3$*
biadyN%'&'"#&

chodzić w biady N*<!")#=&&
pobiadaN.%#
Sources:@O&,HP,4$"$7"$#-02J%&,H1P03"Q%G&,HDD0&,LHK
4)%"-0
R'&,H1;4.-0@G"S#T&7G#!&1D,L4''-*
63 2
BIADY A3A8
6F8
@#&"%%"!)biady )"""'"$"%"
  # " %"% ") %' '  $!%" )% 
3$B!#" )"'@O&"$'"$&")
" !# " @G"S#T ") F%"Q G#!&  %'$) "
%%''").*
 "%% %)) !# @G"S#T ") G#! 41D,L& $$* 1K>& 1;,B
1;1-)%""biady ..)!#')"
)  "% U !& ") "  % $"# %) ''  
C4**")%"))-&."%)'"#"
%%"&""""/"%))"*
")&@O4,HP,&$$*LK&HD-&)')!")
$.)" ' )") )%$* %%)  '&  .""  biady
()&"%")%)()*
63 2
BIADY A3A8
6F8
wpół 4<")=- " "
)%)
"! "%  ") 
"* @O 4,HP,& $* LK-
)  ' "!!
 !& !  ) 
(%)*'"!#&
 ) %) ! ) 
!*
&F"
"!%&'"#&%"*,5P;B,5LD*
63 2
BIADY A3A8
6F8
na krzyż 4<% )=- "
" )  %  )
"! "%  < 
)= @O 4,HP,& $* LK-*
% )%$& .& 
'" ." ") )
"%%')".")E)*
biady leżąc 4<# =-
" " "'  % %)
)  !"%&
"%")#)"")
  $$ . '.
4@O&,HP,&$*HD-*
V"'W&$"
&@)*A"*5KH5'
."&'"#&,5PP*
63 2
BIADY A3A8
6F8
@O  biady " " %) "' ")
" "  " $"%%) !# ) !#*
.&@G"S#T")G#!41D,L&$*
1;,-%)!)!#")'"*
2 $!%"   ")  
3$ & % )  ! ")#
$$")   "# ,; %* 4@O&
,HP,& $* 15- ") '") " ".#))
)   " ,P % 4$* 1L-* 
%&  '") " ") ' ("
%" M% ") " " '  $$
.EB""'
!$& '& ") !% "!"
.  "  !%"' "# ))
4@O& ,HP,& $* ;5 E-*  )& $"$&
($" !  $$"#   " "
$"'&"""%"%
biady #!*  
!"&3$&")&,H1L*%+@O&,HP,&/*
,P*
A6
@ 8
)#biady ''$"'&!%"
"+
Personal* 2# %"%& ) " %""
%."""'#1D,P&")
"'#")$"&"%Q"GI&.)
 3$ ."  2"   ')1D&
)!"".)biady $"%*"!
/)"#'""!%'"
'&)%))"%""$"'#
"'#")""*
Methodological.   %) biady& "#
#& ""%"""%%&
"% $#  %&   " "!&
"$"! !C%& ! " !)# %9
4#$  # F"& ,HK>-&  "
9"")%""%
%" ! .")& #$)& )")& ")&
$"$ ' '$"#& " ) 
temporality)!"%!)'*
@2X@
  "&  # "'"   "')
%"# "  biady ")    "& 
)%))  . '# ")$" "!  %%"& somatic
details #*$)""#)!"!
 %'$"biady   # ") /)  "" ")
$!#.$$$"%")'*
& .& $.) .# $!'"%& % ")$"& 
"# $ ") "".& "%) % %
% ) "! '  $"   "%& embodied
knowledge 4$"G& 1D,;-* F#  ") " "'$ "
" % '"  %." " ")  
)*
A@
2A@3 6
A"%%%'")
%''%"
'!)))
$!'"%
 8
-Wacław Niziński,
August 2017
6@2A8
 &@&@***
<Interviewer:%&'
"(
#)#("&
Grandpa: %#

*(
+,&
 (%$ ' 1D,P&   '"# '"  " .& !"
'#'#"!"'"'"%'"+"
.%)'"("%#biady )!$')&
"")$"$.))'"%%""'
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.$U!)).$)%)
""")
4structural archaeology-*
'$"""!.$"%)
/'#memory&lasting&community&
identity")"!&linear temporality*
embodied interview $.9+
,- @) "  )%$"% !  "%%& )
")$" remember the same tradition  !")# " )"'
@O8
1- @"!")#!%")"tradition ""8
K- "   %" "   !")#  %9
%  %%) B %"  "#  "  remember
!")#.")$"%tradition8
   %"%" )/  tradition   ' " "
"%" '  !   "  9* 
%&  '"# " " # %" ! & !%"
"%"%"%%$<)")%="))")")*
2%)"")$"#.!")#$"%
%) /) ") " "$%) ' ' "%"# $'
''"%%9$"#&biady is
not a living tradition either*".!#""
 %% !#   " %" ") '$" '!*
"$ " $.    $!' "")# (  
"$%"$%"%"#%B$
"  )% $") !#  $"  . ' "
%"%  ($%9")").% "")B! 
"'""*&!$'#"'$
""))%.*
2 6Y 6N2
AF
")#"')%")"&%"%""%")"!"%)/tradition "%"#".!
%%))"%'''""%%"")%"#%'$")"%4""&1DD,-*
Biady&"""""'#& '%/)3$")/%")E%
'"%%9!)E"%%B)!")!))&)$)'")$"%&
"$&<"=&""%%$"!")%%".""..C"%*
""%)'"%#'&!"""%%$."#"%"))E
%(*F.&'."%)biady"%)"#$%")"'")%)/)
%")*Biady """#")'")"#&"$"%%)"#$%/%'
#"&$"%&%""*'"$$$"%%&"#!")"%%"""
$"%&"")$)%"'")"%*
")&biady ""$'*@OU$"$",H1L"'%#
'"%'#")$"U"%%%#,H5D"#,H>D*@O""'
$$"%)"'")$"'"#%".""!")!%&""&%
")$"U"".B'),H>D)""$"))'%"&"."")
)"%3$")!#)&")$)#$"%%)biady "'.)%!"*"%
""."$)#,H>D")!%"'!!#))%")B!"'
'#")..* %%)'&biady "$"%%)&")"'!"'&
!"%"2!G"&"$#%%)")""E'""'%""'"*
2 6Y 6N2
AF BIADY: a non-tradition?
"%%"'#+biady "))E.""
")""%''##'%"zapasy 4-*
%%&%""'$"%"'.
'")"%
"$"%"#.")"%.#+#"$$""'
/()"""'+$$%$"%%
6")")#&!#9".
<"=.%
BIADY: a tradition?
"""'$"$"
())$"")!
")'"%#'B"/()"#)
$$4#-
)#))"'#
'"%'$%")&"%""biady*%""%&
%"#"&)!$!!"#U
)%$"&!%"#.""!'"%'$"
#* .&"  $"$$!)!# @O ")&. '
&%""biady techniques%'$))'!))"%
")$""$!)%.'"%"#")B
""%""*
 $ #)) $ * Biady ) %& "' ,+,& $""  
")"")$"%%)#'%")&"
backhold, ")/%"."$%"$"("%")"
')."'"$""4()-*
2 6Y 6
N2AF
%backhold "%%""biady*
'   %%" "'& !  ))
"%. B !#:' $') '#   %
"'  '& " :' %) " $%"
 '"%*2 # " %' ' <!"%"= ""&
'"E!""%'"%"$%&
 ")"$ ."& ")  " "  !%& 
Z% #$  '"%#*  $  "& backhold "
 " /() ) % %" ! %")  !  
%   '"% 4" 9 %''& !  %"#
"   #  "-  '  )%" 
" )%!) !# '# ")$"* .& . 
""$%" )"% ") ") %""%  
$%. %''&  $" " %" )E 
'"!#",;%#&
3$)."#"%")'"'&
)!9"%*
'%""!biady&"""#
).$) "  !)") ! ") ") "#
'") "& ") '" Ringen* ,;%#
'" %"$#    9 % ") %) "
."#) %)!' %'$"!
  " .""  biady 4 /   -*
.&$"$'"%%%''"
 '"" %'$) ") ") !# !% 6J
4,;,1- % %) " %9 ))  % 
crosswise hold %# '!   )%!) !#
")$"+
<#'!)# $""4-
)&%'""#$"%"')")
"!.&***=41>-
4Ringen-
"$"%%)!#
'"$""&
",;%*
%backhold
"$"%%)!#
S"")
%)%&
"#1,%*
AA.% /01'0!21
8
'"")""%"%"$.&%""#biady)!
$)""$%"(%"4)E-.)%"
)$"%%B"%''"%!backhold ")biady*6"")
)")E!")")$.%""),H1D%#&
%''"%#$'#%"($""&$%"#
'"""%'!"%!".)%*
.&"$&'%)%)"%"%"%"$&"
")$'""("'$%.%B"$"".*'"#!")"
"crosswise biady&backhold&")"Ringen ".%''""))"
""%"%"#'&!)U!)*"%#%)!
$"%%)")")"%%"!""U$')"U&$#'"%#'&
)$)$.#"%%'")'""%&%"!C"%*%&
"#'""#'"#".!.))$)#'$'
'"#"))E"$%"%(*2).9
"!'%"'%$biady ".""""B)
%""$%.)%$)',H1D,H>DB)$
#U"%$%.)%"/%"%")"!)')#%%")
)"%%"'*
 '# "'$  .  " 9&   ! '  )" ).$) !#
$$6G&"))'""U$$%.!#X""%G
41D,5-&")$#%)%@*2"4,HK1-&'#$"!#2")#
" 41D,K-*  )  $  $" %%&   ' '# )% 
 )"     ! $ ''"  '  !."
%)"'$$"'"%).'$"#")*
6BFFB
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$"$4"%G&1D,5&$*
1LP-0
<$"""!'&!""
'  %%"  '"& ." . %
'"# ! "%") " "# ' 4***-   ) 
U"%U .# " "$$) ! ' ") 
$''=4$*1LL-*
the present as a practice%"U
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(&'"")$"&)&
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'""%".'*
)%2"
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"'%""%)E%!$"
""")"")"))/)
#(&**'"%"M'"
"!)&%)'"")M%4"&1D,K&
$*;;L-0
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'%(U%"$"U*A%'"&
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'""  "  "' ' '" ".# "! "%
'* 4***-  ! .& " M(! $"  '$)  
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)/''!!")#("<""%.#
))!#"'")%#=4$*;;H-%$"
'"#$")!"<'""%).
."")$"#(''")
"=&C!#$""'"
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"!#&")4***-.'#$"')=
42"&,HK1&$$*1D,1D1-*
"<")=%"biady&$$"%%B$#$')%9Bnot a repetition of the
past practice&%'$")$"%"#%%)'"4%*$"G&1D,;-&!%"biady "%)
"#%%#$.)""%#/$"%*")&$"%%'"C%!
."U&!C%.&")"".'"%(4%)%"""'""'"%"%-*
E%&practice is always invented anew*
"''&reinvention "$$in dialogue with other agents&'"")'""&'%
represent the past or „the weight of history”&"%)"")#).$)$"/#
"%) !# " # !# "   !")#*   %(& memory ) ! " )  '!))& '"% practice
"")U$)"U2"U#(&"tradition B"%%.!"$#%"")#(&
) ") %% $")  4- ") $(  U $*  %"&     ""&
'''"$"#!& $""") .&")%"'""%( %
"*"$&biady )!""$%"#$tradition%)"%'""%!)
!#%"%""%"%")/*
"&)$")."%''#&""%%.$""
")'.$$.%$$"%#).)"''!*")&)"!"
" "%%'"  " 2 $"G $$  %" technique B )   $"%" "  #" %" !
"!#/)<.  '" /) !)") .'=4$"G& 1D,;& $*5,-* %&! "#
'$.)#)"%"%$"%%&biady '"")!#"$$""&
! !# %      ") ($%   $"%& $ ") $" "& "  "  
'!)'")'""#)*
'&  UU  U$"!#U  biady " " ")& M%) "   "') ."#  !#
)"'"'&$"#B"""#!"$&!%''*
"B")$"")@O""$)$")")biady&!""''")$"
% " #  " '""# %9   C"%) .""B biady w klapy*  ")   1D,H .
$$")&")")$)+<'%'$")&#)"#BU#
&  ( ' # $ '#  #[U***=   " . !"% ) "   U")U
%"#$"*
"#&  ' " ).$'   ") %" ")# !  " "& $%) ")# ' %" 
)%&!%"%"")%)")%"!"%"#rememberedB'(
)*
6BFFB
@@
6F
FF2BIADY8
 ("'$  biady ") %%!# ! '9 % $"$ )". ")'#!
""%Bdoes anyone actually remember biady?
")$"GI&'#$'"#&""'LD#")")$C%*''#biady '"#".
#)).'&!"!%'%"'")!#"')#'$%C)"')
B)) ) $ "("'$ '$"% ) .* .& . "%"# $"%%)
')$&%"'""'))%.''#&).%)
 embodied memory B "  !)# ) "% '   ) )'" )  ")   "
)$)'"")")$)"'"#!%")<)')"%#=4$"G&1D,;&$*;D-&**#"
" ' M(   '% ''#*  %" !& & ") "  ")$" $"$ )) 
''!biady&!)#/'#))*
&.&"!)")!B%)"")$"!#"$!"!#))"%9
")%$"biady&C"))<")=<#=."")%!)!#@O&%"))
! ") "  !)# ''!)  '!))  ")8 " "  %" &  ) ! C/)  "# & %
 ) ".9.# $!#  ''! '"%%9 %""# <"/
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4$"G&1D,;&$*>K-*
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