Impacts of Body Area Network IEEE802.15.6 MAC Protocols on Medical Sensors Performances

Abstract

IEEE802.15.6 is one of the most appropriate candidate to perform remote patient health monitoring, WBAN. However for the special context of medical exploitation, IEEE 802.15.6 has many challenge to complet Thus, this protocol should have a high reliability and very low energy consumption. In this paper, we analyze IEEE802.15.6 MAC polling mechanism performances. The study is based on WBAN IEEE802.15.6 protocol specifications for standardized data rates under two Narrow Band frequencies. Finding results shows the originality of this study by recommending decisive factors to select the appropriate medical sensor Data Rate in order to decrease packets loss ratio and consequently improve reliability. Moreover, our presented recommendations decrease energy consumption and consequently increase sensors lifetime for medical sensors exploitation.

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Impacts of Body Area Network IEEE802.15.6 MAC
Protocols on Medical Sensors Performances
EDDABBAH MOHAMED
MOUSSAOUI MOHAMED
LAAZIZ YASSINE
LABTIC. ENSA Tangier
Abdelmalek Essaadi University
Tetouan , Morocco
AITZAOUIAT CAHARF EDDINE
LATIF ADNANE
LABTIM ENSA Marrakech,
Cadi Ayyad University
Marrakech, Morocco
Abstract:- IEEE802.15.6 is one of the most appropriate
candidate to perform remote patient health monitoring.
WBAN. However for the special context of medical
exploitation, IEEE 802.15.6 has many challenge to
complet Thus, this protocol should have a high
reliability and very low energy consumption. In this
paper, we analyze IEEE802.15.6 MAC polling
mechanism performances. The study is based on WBAN
IEEE802.15.6 protocol specifications for standardized
data rates under two Narrow Band frequencies. Finding
results shows the originality of this study by
recommending decisive factors to select the appropriate
medical sensor Data Rate in order to decrease packets
loss ratio and consequently improve reliability.
Moreover, our presented recommendations decrease
energy consumption and consequently increase sensors
lifetime for medical sensors exploitation.
Keywords:- Polling; WBAN; IEEE802.15.6; Energy
consumption, Medical Sensors.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensors networks (WSN) are the best
candidate to perform medical patient remote monitoring
[1][3], then performances evaluation are required to provide
a high QoS medical systems. IEEE802.15 working group
offers several standard for WSN, each standard has specific
advantages in term of bandwidth, data rate, coverage, and
energy consumption, the IEEE802.15.6 specifications
provide one MAC layer and three possible PHY layer;
Ultrawide-Band PHY layer, Narrowband PHY layer and
Human Body Communication layer[1][2]. Current literature
on WBAN gives particular attention to protocols
performances simulation and evaluation [4]-[9]. However,
some studies remain narrow in focus, while dealing only
with simulator default protocols parameters. WBAN is
intended to hold patients data, therefore a powerful
performances study is important; authors in [4] use an
analytical model to analyze contention-based CSMA/CA
mechanism performance of IEEE 802.15.6 under saturation
condition and error prone channel. In a protocols
performances study [5] authors studied the effect of
contention-based access, pooling-based access, and
schedule-based access on MAC performances. And in order
to increase MAC energy efficiency authors in [6] propose a
sleeping mechanism for CSMA/CA access. Authors in [7]
they analyze different real sensors characteristics and
priorities of IEEE 802.15.6 MAC that should be adjusted. In
[8] authors study the IEEE 802.15.6 coexistence strategies
and interference mitigation, a reference scenario; time
shared, random channel CSMA/CA, is also done. Authors in
[9] compare the IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 MAC
performances, for medical applications for particular
medical sensors data rate. Authors in [10] propose an
adaptive priority-based MAC (AP-MAC) protocol with
transmission opportunities for IEEE 802.15.6 WBSNs. To
improve WBAN reliability and energy efficiency Authors in
[11] present two novel and generic TDMA based
techniques. In [12][13] for nodes carrying emergency data
frames authors propose and analyze an efficient channel
access scheme, to compute the average delay and reliability
they also present an analytical model. In [14] to maximize
WBAN sensors lifetime authors develop a methodology in
two steeps, maximizing batteries capacity, and saving this
capacity by using low-power wireless sensor technologies
and MAC mechanisms to minimize current consumption.
All those studies provides an important insights into WSN
MAC protocols performances evaluation and improving
principally IEEE802.15.6 MAC protocol, but these studies
and simulations would have been more useful if they had
based on standards specifications and parameters and data
rates. In this paper we study IEEE802.15.6 MAC protocols
using OMNet++ Castalia simulator and taking into
consideration possible Data Rates and frequency band for
Narrowband physical layer. Our simulations are based on
IEEE802.15.6 std specifications , the rest of this paper is
organized as fellow, section 2 gives a brief overview of
IEEE802.15.6 std, then section 3 begins by laying out the
theoretical parameters of our simulations, and the results
discussion in the section 4, in the end we conclude the
paper.

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II. AN OVERVIEW OF THE IEEE 802.15.6
STANDARD
The IEEE802.15.6 standard defines one MAC layer for
different PHY layers, namely; NB (Narrowband), UWB
(Ultra-wideband), and HBC (Human Body
Communications) layers. The choice of a PHY depends on
the use case, in this section we give a summary of the PHY
and MAC layers specifications.
A. PHY Layers Specification
 Narrowband PHY (NB)
The Narrowband PHY is responsible for radio
transceiver activation/deactivation and CCA (Clear Channel
Assessment). The PPDU (Physical Protocol Data Unit)
frame of is composed of PLCP (Physical Layer
Convergence Procedure) preamble, a PLCP header, and a
PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) as given in Fig 1.
Fig 1:- NB PPDU structure
In the timing synchronization and carrier-offset recovery the receiver uses the PLCP preamble which is the first transmitted
component. For a successful packet decoding, the PLCP header transmits necessary information. The PLCP header is transmitted in
the operating frequency band using the given data rate in the header. The PPDU is the last component of the PSDU which consists
of a MAC header, MAC frame body and FCS (Frame Check Sequence). The PPDU is transmitted after PLCP header using default
data rates in the operating frequency band. A WBAN node must support transmission and reception in one of the frequency bands
reviewed in Table1.
Table 1:- NB Frequency Bands Specifications

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The table shows the data-rate and the modulations
parameters for PSDU and PLCP header. In narrowband
physical layer, the standard uses DBPSK (Differential
Binary Phase-shift Keying), DQPSK (Differential
Quadrature Phase-shift Keying), and D8PSK (Differential 8-
Phase-shift Keying) modulation techniques, except for 420-
450 MHz frequency that uses a GMSK (Gaussian minimum
shift keying) technique [19].
 Ultra-Wideband physical layer (UWB)
UWB physical layer uses a low band and a high band.
The low band uses 3 channels (1-3). However the high band
uses 8 channels (4-11). All channels are characterized by a
bandwidth of 499.2 MHz. Fig. 2 shows the Ultra-Wideband
PPDU, composed of a SHR (Synchronization Header), a
PHR (PHY Header), and PSDU. The SHR contains a
preamble and an SFD (Start Frame Delimiter). The PHR
contains the data rate of the PSDU, length of the payload
and scrambler seed. The PHR is used to decode the PSDU.
The SHR is contains a repetitions of Kasami sequences of
length 63. Usual data rates range from 0.5 Mbps up to 10
Mbps with 0.4882 Mbps as the mandatory one.
Fig 2:- IEEE802.15.6 UWB PPDU structure
 Human Body Communications physical layer (HBC)
HBC physical layer operates in 2 frequency bands
centered at 16 MHz and 27 MHz with a bandwidth of 4
MHz [18]. HBC physical layer uses EFC (Electrostatic Field
Communication), that covers the entire WBAN protocols,
such as packet structure, modulation, preamble/SFD, and the
rest. Fig. 3 describes the PPDU structure of EFC. The PPDU
is composed of a preamble, SFD, PHY header and PSDU.
The preamble and SFD are fixed data patterns. The
preamble and SFD are pre-generated and sent ahead of the
packet header and payload. The preamble sequence is
transmitted four times to ensure packet synchronization. The
SFD is transmitted only once. The preamble sequence
shows the start of the packet When the packet is received,
and then SFD indicate the start of the frame.
Fig 3:- IEEE802.15.6 EFC PPDU structure
B. MAC Layer Specifications
IEEE802.15.6 standard specifications divided channel
into super frames. Super frame is comprised of beacons. All
beacons have the same size. The hub selects the beacon
period boundaries, transmits a beacon frame at every super
frame beacon period. To inactive super frames the
corresponding beacon transmission time is shifted, this
process is done including a beacon Shifting Sequence field
in the beacons of inactive super frame sequences. The hub
transmits a beacon at every allocation time. The IEEE
802.15.6 MAC layer works under 3 modes, beacon mode
with beacon period super frame boundaries, non-beacon
mode with super frame boundaries, and non-beacon mode
without super frame boundaries.
Fig 4:- Beacon mode with beacon period super frame boundaries
Fig 5:- Non- beacon mode with super frame boundaries
Fig 6: Non-beacon mode without super frame boundaries

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 Beacon mode with beacon period SF (super frame)
boundaries: The hub transmits a beacon frame in each
beacon period during the issue of a SF but remains
inactive otherwise. The SF structure of IEEE 802.15.6
consists of the following phases beacon, EAP1, EAP2
(Exclusive Access Phase), RAP1, RAP2 (Random
Access Phase), Type I/II phase, Exclusive Access and a
CAP (Contention Access Phase). (Figure 4)
 Non-beacon mode with SF boundaries: The hub can
have SF only one in type I or II access phase. The
transmission time is attached to the current SF start,
given by timed frame T-Poll. The T-poll is an equivalent
to the Poll frame that contain a transmit timestamp for
SF boundary synchronization. The hoop can improvise
in terms of post and poll allocation of the time frames.
(Figure 5)
 Non-beacon mode without SF boundaries: The hub can
provide only unscheduled type II polling access method.
In this mode there are no SF boundaries. (Figure 6)
 Access mechanisms
The allocations in EAP, RAP and the CAP are more
confined, CSMA/CA and slotted aloha access are the access
methods that are used to get the allocations. If a hub or a
node try to send data types frames in an emergency access
phase with a high priority the hub attains allocation right at
the start of the phase of EAP without affecting the
CSMA/CA or slotted aloha access mechanisms. If the hub
wants to transmit data either in the random access phase or
the contention access phase, The allocation is constrained
and does not have the pre-emptive privilege of an EAP.
 CSMA/CA: This access mechanism uses a back off
counter and a CW (contention window) to get a new
allocation. A node has the privilege to initiate, use,
modify, abort or end a contended allocation. The node
use its counter to a random integer value between one
and a CW. CW varies depending on the user priority it
varies from CWmax to CWmin. Then the counter
decremented constantly till a CSMA slot is equal to
pCSMASlotLength. Data is transmitted When the
counter reaches zero. The CW will be doubled and the
channel will be busy if the counter reaches CWmax
(higher priority).
 Slotted Aloha access: This access mechanism is based
on contention probability. Based on this probability a
node can obtains a new allocation in an Aloha slot. A
node has privileges similar to CSMA/CA mechanism.
 Unscheduled access: To send polls or posts a hub uses
unscheduled polling and posting access at any time
across the frame. The active bit of the node will be set to
1 and the node will stay active making itself available
for grant polled or post allocations which may be even
unscheduled.
 Improvised access: Unscheduled polling and posting
access can be used by the hub. In both polling and post
allocations, it has the privileges of a RAP.
III. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
A. simulation platform overview
Among the existing simulators, we chose the Castalia
simulator to test the functioning and performance of our
model in situations more in line with reality. Castalia [15] is
a simulator for sensor networks which have very limited
resources such as wireless body networks. It is based on the
OMNeT ++ platform which is a simulation environment
based on the C ++ language, is an open source application
under the GNU license [15]. It is widely used to test
algorithms and protocols in real wireless communication
modules, with realistic behavior. Castalia offers the
possibility of manipulating different layers of the OSI
model. Indeed, it is possible to define MAC, Network and
Application layers, thus making it possible to create
networks of static or mobile nodes. Figure 7 shows how a
simulation works on Castalia.
Fig 7:- Node composite module

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B. Simulations Parameters
In this study, we consider a BAN network deployed on
the human body where the position of the nodes is fixed, as
presented in Figure 8, we consider 6 nodes placed on the
right wrist, the left wrist, right ankle, left ankle, chest and
left hip.
Fig 8:- Model of a BAN network deployed on the human
body
The Path-Loss model used in the simulations is derived
from experimental channel measurements performed by the
NICTA group [16]. However, for each simulation scenario,
the parameters of the path loss model must be properly
adjusted to reflect the simulation scenarios as closely as
possible.
The path fading PL (d) in dB as a function of the
distance between two nodes can be modeled as a
combination of the mean path loss PL0 (d) and the
shadowing and is written as follows:
X
d
d
dPLdPL












0
1000 log10)()(
(1)
Where
)( 00 dPL
, is the path loss in free space
(Equation1) at a reference distance d0 generally equal to 1
meter, it depends on the frequency









4
log20 100
PL
,
f
c


(2)
η is the exponent of the path weakening, it depends on
the environment.
Here, Xσ is a random variable that describes fading
(shadowing) with a lognormal distribution with mean µ = 0
and standard deviation σ.
The distribution function of the variable Xσ, is defined
by [81]:
 








2
2
2
exp
2
1


X
Xf
(3)
In the case where the path loss model of equation 1
does not give good results, we use an option given by the
Castalia simulator, which explicitly defines a path loss map
of all the nodes in A file. This means that the file contains
the values of the path loss between each pair of nodes. In
our simulation model, we defined 5 nodes and a coordinator
(node 0), Table 3 shows the path loss values in dB between
each pair of nodes from the experimental tests.
Node
Node
0
1
2
3
5
5
0
0
56
40
59
54
58
1
56
0
52
52
58
61
2
40
52
0
58
54
61
3
59
52
58
0
50
63
4
54
58
54
50
0
63
5
58
61
61
63
63
0
Table 2:- Values of the Lowering of the DB Route Between
the Nodes
Another very important aspect of the radio channel is
the temporal variation. In our simulation, we are based on
the model implemented in the Castalia simulator drawn
from experimental measurements [17]. The model is based
on the Gamma distribution of probability density function:
 
 
 (4)
Γ(.) is the gamma function
In the Castalia simulator, we have introduced the radio
parameters of the Narrow-band physical layer of the IEEE
802.15.6 standard for two frequency bands 902Mhz-
928Mhz and 2.4Ghz-2.4835Ghz, These parameters are: the
frequency band, the bit rate, the modulation type, the
number of bits per symbol, the bandwidth, the sensitivity
and the power consumed. Tables 3 and 4 give the different
radio parameters defined in the band 2.4-2.4835 GHz and in
the band 902-928MHz respectively.

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Bit rate
242,9 Kb/s
485,7 Kb/s
971,4 Kb/s
Modulation
D-BPSK
D-BPSK
D-QPSK
Number of bits per symbol
1
1
2
Bandwidth (MHz)
1
1
1
Sensitivity (dbm)
-90
-87
-83
Power consumption (mw)
3,1
3,1
3,1
TxOutputPower (dbm)
15
15
15
Table 3:- Radio Parameters Defined In the Band 2.4-2.4835 GHz
Bit rate
202,4 Kb/s
404,8 Kb/s
607,1 Kb/s
Modulation
D-BPSK
D-QPSK
D-8PSK
Number of bits per symbol
1
2
3
Bandwidth (MHz)
0,4
0,4
0,4
Sensitivity (dbm)
-91
-87
-82
Power consumption (mw)
3,1
3,1
3,1
TxOutputPower (dbm)
15
15
15
Table 4:- Radio Parameters Defined In the Band 902-928 MHz
The other parameters used in the simulation model are
listed in Table 5
Slot allocation length (ms)
10
Mac Buffer
48
Number of Slots allocation
32 (RAP length= 32-
EAP length)
Noise Floor (dBm)
-104
Table 5:- Simulation Parameters
In this simulation model, routing is not used, because
on the one hand, we use a star network managed by a
coordinator. And on the other hand, we want to evaluate the
performance of the MAC layer without influence of the
upper layers.
C. IEEE 802.15.6 MAC performances Simulations
The base MAC layer, of an IEEE802.15.6 BAN
network, divides time into BI (beacon intervals). Each tag
interval consists of several access phases: EAP1, RAP1,
type I / II access phase, EAP2, RAP2, the type I / II access
phase and the CAP. The hub or node can obtain time slots in
EAP1 and EAP2, valid per access instance, only if it wants
to send data type frames with the highest user priority. The
access method can be either CSMA / CA or Slotted Aloha.
In the MAP access phase, access to the channel is managed
by the hub, which plans the allocation of slots. The polling
access method is used in the MAP I / II access phase. The
polling mechanism in the MAC base layer of the 802.15.6
standard is illustrated in Figure 9.
In this work, we are study the polling mechanism used
by the MAC layer of the IEEE802.15.6 standard, we
analyze, in particular, the impact of transmission rate and
frequency band on performance of the BAN 802.15.6
network in the physical layer NB (Narrow Band) in terms of
lost packets and energy consumption.
It is also assumed, in all simulation scenarios, that the
packet rate of each node varies between 0.1k packets / s and
250k packets /s.
The narrowband physical layer (“Narrowband”, NB) is
intended for the communication of sensors worn or
implanted on the human body. It works mainly on three
aspects, namely, activation and deactivation of the radio
transceiver, Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) and data
transmission / reception
Two hundred and thirty channels have been defined in
seven operating frequency bands:
 402 ~ 405 MHz (10 channels);
 420 ~ 450 MHz (12 channels);
 863 ~ 870 MHz (14 channels);
 902 ~ 928 MHz (60 channels);
 950 ~ 958 MHz (16 channels);
 2360 ~ 2400 MHz (39 channels);
 2400 ~ 2483.5 MHz (79 channels).
Our study covers two frequency bands: 902 ~ 928
MHz (60 channels), and 2400 ~ 2483.5 MHz (79 channels).
 Bande de fréquence 2.4-2.4835 GHz
Fig 9:- energy consumption for the nb frequency 2.4-2.4835
ghz.

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Fig 10:- packet loss rate for the nb frequency 2.4-2.4835
ghz.
 Bande de fréquence 902-928 MHz
Fig 11:- energy consumption for the nb frequency 902-928
mhz
Fig 12:- packet loss rate for the nb frequency 902-928 mhz
D. Results Analysis
The MAC layer is responsible for the process by which
each node has access to shared resources during a given
period. The shared resource in this case is the wireless
channel. There are different approaches, some are better
suited than others, depending on the application. In general,
they all try to achieve a low power consumption and a low
packet loss ratio.
A BAN body network must interconnect sensors
around or inside the human body, these sensors measure
parameters predefined by a medical team, which implies
different sending frequencies and subsequently different
data rates. The NarrowBand layer standardizes several data
rates and several frequency bands which makes it the most
suitable for implementing a network of body sensors.
However, the choice of data rates and frequency band
impacts the of packets loss ratio and the energy
consumption.
 Packets loss ratio:
Knowing that a BAN must communicate critical
information from a patient, therefore a high packets loss
ratio will delay communication and have a negative impact
on quality of service [21]. The fewer the number of
retransmissions, the better the reliability of data
transmission. Retransmission occurs when a sending device
does not receive an acknowledgment from the recipient
(Figure 13). There are different reasons for not receiving the
acknowledgment, i.e. loss of data packets due to collision on
the receiving side, lost acknowledgment, late receipt of
acknowledgment , etc. The high number of retransmissions
guarantees reliability, but at the same time causes delays in
network performance because retransmissions involve
access of the same packet to the channel and bandwidth,
which will affect the performance of other nodes, and cause
additional energy consumption.
In our simulation the nodes send packets for 50
seconds. Thus, if the reception is perfect, we will reach 2000
packets per node for the case of 40 packets / s / node.
So;
Np (ideal) = (packet rate) * (simulation time) (5)
Np (ideal): Number of packets received in ideal
communication cases.
During a simulation scenario the receiver receives a number
of Np packets (received).
Np (received) <Np (ideal) (6)
In this case the packet loss ratio can be calculated by
the following formula:
TPP = (Np (received)) / (Np (ideal)) (7)
The following diagrams explain the packet interactions
between a transmitter and a receiver.
Fig 13:- Paquet perdus avec absence d’ACK .
T_ACK=C/(data rate) (8)

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 Energy consumption
The energy consumed must be determined in each
decision taken when designing a medical remote monitoring
system [20], for example, if the nodes must wait for an
acknowledgment from the base station before they can go to
standby, this means more power consumption, more return
of lost packets, less battery life time.
Energy consumption is also important, since a sensor /
actuator implanted inside the human body must save its
energy consumption in order to avoid surgical procedures
for batteries replacement.
The IEEE802.15.6 standard operates in the
narrowband frequencies 2.4-2.4835GHz, in our analysis we
note that the energy consumption and almost invariable
compared to the bit rate of packets sent per second for the
three data rates 971.4kb /s 485,7 kb/s and 242.9 kb/s (figure
9).
Simulation results presented in figure 9, illustrates the
energy consumption which is low for the data rate of 971.4
Kb/s while it increases for the weak data rates 242.9 Kb/s
and 485,7 Kb/s.
The simulation result presented in Figure 10 shows
that the packets loss ratio increases with the rate of packets
sent per second, unlike the energy consumption which is
invariable with this parameter. The result of this figure also
explains that the packets loss ratio is very low for the data
rate 971.4Kb/s compared to that of 242.9Kb/s
From the figures we notice that the packet loss ratio for
the two NB frequency bands increases for low data rates and
for high data rates the loss ratio is lower, this result is due to
the optimization behavior offered by the polling mechanism
because it allows dynamic and variable allocation of
communication frames as already explained.
For high data rate the allocation offered by each node
is efficiently exploited and thereafter the packet loss ratio
becomes very low for high data rates, on the other hand for
low data rates wasting the allocation given to the node is a
direct cause of l loss ratio.
The causality between the high loss ratio for low bit
rates and the retransmission of lost packets creates another
constraint on energy consumption.
As can be seen from the results figures, the low-speed
scenarios generate significant energy consumption which
has reached up to 0.15 joule and for high-speed
consumption does not exceed 0.12 d where a significant
gain in energy and flow especially for a medical application
where the battery constraint is very considerable.
IV. CONCLUSION
WBAN performances evaluation is essential, if not
primordial when the network transmit patients data, the
communication delay, the packet loss and the power
consumption should be estimated to design a remote patient
health monitoring platform with high QoS. Thus in our
study we was interested more in the Narrowband physical
layer possible data rates, for two important WSN QoS
parameters; energy consumption and packet loss ratio.
Running several simulations under tow frequency band
902MHz-928MHz and 2.4GHz-2.4835GHz, our study
highlight an important issue about real data rate used by
Narrowband physical layer. further works are needed for
other physical layers
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