Identification of oviposition deterrents from Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

Abstract

Aim : The present study was carried out to identify and explore novel areas of semiochemical based pest management like oviposition deterrents.

Methodology : The oviposition deterrents were identified from larval faecal pellets of pink bollworm using methanol as solvent and analysed in GC-MS. Three fatty acids were identified and evaluated for oviposition deterrent effect.

Results : In the present study, three major compounds namely; oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids were identified for the first time from larval faecal pellets of pink bollworm. Their oviposition deterrent effect was confirmed in bioassays carried out with different concentrations of identified compounds. The avoidance index (A) 0.78 ± i 0.05 and per cent effective deterrency (PED) 87.42% was recorded in oleic acid at highest concentration followed by linoleic acid (Ai: 0.77 ± 0.03; PED: 86.61%) in reducing the egg laying by conspecific female. This clearly showed the role of these compounds as oviposition deterrent.

Interpretation : The compounds, oleic and linoleic acids evaluated in laboratory showed oviposition deterrent effect on female pink bollworm reducing egg laying considerably. However, further field studies need to be conducted to validate these observations.

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DOI : http://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/3/MRN-1188
p-ISSN: 0254-8704
e-ISSN: 2394-0379
CODEN: JEBIDP
JEB
TM
Abstract
Aim :
Methodology :
Results :
Interpretation :
The present study was carried out to identify and explore novel areas of semiochemical based pest management like oviposition deterrents.
The oviposition deterrents
were identified from larval faecal pellets of
pink bollworm using methanol as solvent and
analysed in GC-MS. Three fatty acids were
identified and evaluated for oviposition
deterrent effect.
In the present study, three major
compounds namely; oleic, linoleic and
palmitic acids were identified for the first time
from larval faecal pellets of pink bollworm.
Their oviposition deterrent effect was
confirmed in bioassays carried out with
diffe rent concentrations of identified
compounds. The avoidance index (A) 0.78 ±
i
0.05 and per cent effective deterrency (PED)
87.42% was recorded in oleic acid at highest
concentration followed by linoleic acid (Ai:
0.77 ± 0.03; PED: 86.61%) in reducing the
egg laying by conspecific female. This clearly
showed the role of these compounds as
oviposition deterrent.
The compounds, oleic and linoleic acids evaluated in laboratory showed oviposition deterrent effect on female pink bollworm reducing
egg laying considerably. However, further field studies need to be conducted to validate these observations.
Key words: Avoidance index, Effective deterrency, Faecal pellets, Fatty acids, Semiochemicals
Identification of oviposition deterrents from pink
bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)
Journal of Environmental Biology
Original Research Journal Home page : www.jeb.co.in « E-mail : editor@jeb.co.in
Journal of Environmental Biology 644-649
Vol. 412020
May
© Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India)
Paper received: 25.05.2019 Revised received: 16.09.2019 Accepted: 25.10.2019
1 1 2 1 3
V. Shah *, R. Pande , P. Verma , N. Gokte-Narkhedkar and V.N. Waghmare
1Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur- 440 010, India
2Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur- 440 010, India
3Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur- 440 010, India
*Corresponding Author Email : vivek4256@gmail.com
How to cite : Shah, V., R. Pande, P. Verma, N. Gokte-Narkhedkar and V.N. Waghmare: Identification of oviposition deterrents from pink
bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). J. Environ. Biol., 41, 644-649 (2020).
P Dlagiarism etector
White Smoke
Just write.
Collection of faecal pellets GC-MS analysis
Evaluation of compounds
Counting of Eggs

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¨Journal of Environmental Biology, May 2020¨
oviposition deterrents have been identified and validated in many
coleopteran species as well (Anbutsu and Togashi, 2002;
Anderson, 2002). The specificity of deterrents have been proved
with a single blend of compounds identified from Ostrinia zealis
that remains effective for other species within the same genus (Li
and Ishikawa, 2004). Howlader and Ambadkar (1995) reported
82% oviposition deterrency in whole body wash extract of
tobacco beetle, Lasioderma serricorne against conspecific
female. The studies on per cent effective deterrency (PED) or per
cent oviposition deterrence (OD%) in blow fly species, Lucilia
sericata using essential oils had shown the deterrency more than
80%, after 24 h of incubation (Bedini et al., 2019). Studies on the
chemical identification and detection of larval faecal pellet-
originated oviposition deterrents from pink bollworm have not
been attempted so far, which may be a great alternative as
ethological pest management for these insects. In the present
investigation, an attempt was made to explore the role of these
chemicals in formulating oviposition deterrent based
management strategy.
Materials and Methods
Insect culture collection and maintenance: Pink bollworm
larvae collected from Nagpur, Maharashtra, India from cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety Suraj during 2017-18 were
reared on natural food, i.e., on cotton (G. hirsutum) bolls and on
artificial diet under controlled conditions (65 ± 5% relative
humidity (RH); 14L:10D photoperiod 27 ± 1ºC temperature) in an
insectary. Faecal pellet was collected from larvae reared on
cotton bolls for GC-MS analysis. Whereas for bioassays on adult
response towards oviposition deterrence as moth number is
required in huge quantity population was reared on artificial diet.
The male and female sexes were separated at larval stage itself
th
as male larvae have two dots (testes) on dorsum of 5 abdominal
segment, which is otherwise absent in female. The pupae were
kept separate up to adult emergence. Total 30 male and female
moths were chosen after eclosion and transferred to a plastic
container, covered with muslin cloth. Cotton twig containing
squares was provided as an oviposition substrate to moths. Moths
were supplied with cotton plug dipped in 10% honey solution as
food. Moths were allowed to pair and lay eggs on cotton twigs. Base
of cotton twigs were dipped in eppendorf tubes provided with water
and covered with parafilm to keep twigs fresh for long time.
Collection of faecal pellet : Fresh larval faecal pellet was
collected in methanol (1 mg faecal pellet/10 µl) from pink
bollworm, reared on cotton bolls and were incubated overnight at
4ºC. The supernatant was subjected to GC-MS analysis for
identification of compounds.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis:
Compounds extracted in HPLC grade methanol (Himedia®) from
larval faecal pellet of pink bollworm were subjected to GC-MS
(Schimadzu QP-2020 system) analysis. Capillary non-polar
phenylene dimethyl polysiloxane capillary column (Rxi-5 Sil MS)
with dimension 0.25 mm x 30 m x 0.25 μm was used for
Introduction
The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the most destructive, cosmopolitan
lepidopteran pest of cotton. The pest originates from South-Asian
part of the world and was first described from India in 1842 from
cotton and by mid-nineties subsequently spread across major
cotton growing parts of the world (Ballou, 1920; Ingram, 1994;
Byers and Naranjo, 2014). However, Indo-Pakistan origin of this
pest was reconfirmed recently (Sridhar et al., 2017). Female moth
lay eggs on squares, flowers or green bolls. The destructive
larvae of pink bollworm usually feeds on flower buds, bolls and
seeds therein, which results in malformation, rotting, premature
or partial boll opening, reduction in fibre length and overall
deterioration in the quality of cotton crop due to staining of the lint.
The larval stage is usually hidden within the cotton fruiting bodies
making them unreachable by insecticidal sprays owing to which
its management is a difficult task for cotton growers. This marks
the importance of this pest in cotton production system.
Pink bollworm remains to be the pest of global concern
with its most destructive nature of feeding habit known to cause
economic loss in seed cotton yield to the extent of 2.8 to 61.9 per
cent, reduction in oil content to the tune of 2.1 to 47.1 per cent and
10.7 to 59.2 per cent poor opening of bolls (Shrinivas et al., 2019).
After initial introduction of Bt-cotton as Bollgard I in 2002 and
subsequently Bollgard II in 2006, the cotton crop could with stand
the bollworms till 2010. The first incidence of pink bollworm on
Bollgard-II was reported from Amreli in Gujarat which showed
mean survival of 72% at diagnostic concentration Cry1Ac
(Dhurua and Gujar, 2011). Subsequent research studies from
Monsanto in 2010 confirmed the Cry1Ac resistance reporting
unusual survival of pink bollworm on Bt cotton during 2009 in four
districts of Gujarat viz., Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagarh and Rajkot.
Diet incorporation bioassays to evaluate resistance levels of
-1
Cry1Ac at diagnostic concentration (10 µg ml ) in two populations
collected from Bt cotton (Anand, Gujarat) and non-Bt cotton
(Akola, Maharashtra) fields during 2010-11 were done. The
population collected on Bt cotton showed survival of 65%
whereas complete mortality was observed in non-Bt field
collected population (Fabrick et al., 2014). Recently, pink
bollworm resistance in Bt cotton to both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab has
been reported from India indicating future threat to cotton
cultivation (Naik et al., 2018). To address this dual problem of
resistance to Bt toxins and ineffectiveness of insecticides to reach
target insect due to concealed feeding habit of pink bollworm
(Lykouressis et al., 2005), there is a need to develop an
alternative control strategies for its management.
One of the best options is application of info-chemicals
that disrupt feeding, mating and oviposition behaviour in insect.
Oviposition deterrent from larval faecal pellets have been
documented to reduce oviposition of conspecific females in an
array of lepidopteran insects studied (Renwick and Radke, 1980;
Dittrick et al., 1983; Williams et al., 1986; Klein et al., 1990;
Anderson and Lofqvist, 1996; Rhainds et al., 1996). Similarly,
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V. Shah et al.: Oviposition deterrents in pink bollworm

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¨Journal of Environmental Biology, May 2020¨
V. Shah et al.: Oviposition deterrents in pink bollworm
646
Quere (1991) found the blend of oleic and palmitic acid along with
their methyl esters as major compounds from eggs of Ostrinia
nubilalis. According to Thiery et al. (1992a and 1992b), combination
of fatty acids and methyl esters, namely hexadecanoic, 9-
hexadecenoic, (Z)-9-octadecenoic, 9,12-octadecadienioc and
octadecanoic acid were the active compounds present in the eggs
of Lobesia botrana and O. nubilalis. Blend of myristic, palmitic,
palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid was reported
from egg extract of L. botrana (Gabel and Thiery, 1996). Fatty
acids of varying chain length ranging from C14 to C20 were found
in egg mass of O. scapulalis with C16:0 being most abundant
followed by palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and oleic acid (C18:1) (Li and
Ishikawa, 2004; 2005). Oleic acid (C18:1) and palmitoleic acid
(C16:1) and their methyl esters were the active compounds
present in the egg masses of cabbage seed weevil,
Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Mudd et al., 1997). From eggs of Cydia
pomonella, myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0),
palmitoleic acid (C16:1), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1),
linoleic acid (C18:2) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) were
identified as oviposition deterrents (Thiery et al., 1995).
GC-MS analysis of larval faecal pellet samples collected
in methanol revealed the presence of three fatty acids and four
methyl esterified forms. The compounds were further quantified
using fatty acid standards from Sigma Aldrich®. Upon
quantification, oleic acid (9-octadecenoic acid) (323.53±1.55
ppm), linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid) (155.94±6.06
ppm) and palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid) (113.73±2.39 ppm)
were identified as major compounds. The quantity of methyl ester
derivatives was negligible (less than 15 ppm) which would have
been derived due to use of methanol as solvent. Study conducted
on identification of compounds in larval faecal pellets of four
lepidopteran species (Ostrinia furnacalis, O. scapulalis, O. zealis,
and O. latipennis) reared on artificial diet have also confirmed the
blend of five fatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and
linolenic acids (Li and Ishikawa, 2004).
Similar blend of fatty acids, palmitic and oleic acid in the
ratio of 1:1 has been identified from the egg and/or faecal pellet
extracts of Helicoverpa armigera that produced oviposition
deterrent effect (Li et al., 2001). Identification of oviposition
deterrents having blend of fatty acids and their corresponding
methyl esters have been documented in many species of
lepidoptera as per the literature reports. Blend of fatty acids
proved to be oviposition deterrent identified in larval frass extract
of H. armigera contained myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid
(C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) along with
their methyl esters were identified (Li et al., 2001; Xu et al. 2006).
The main components in larval frass of O. zealis were five free
aliphatic fatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic
acids (Li and Ishikawa, 2004). Study conducted on identification
of compounds in larval frass of four lepidopteran species (O.
furnacalis, O. scapulalis, O. zealis, and O. latipennis) reared on
artificial diet have also shown blend of five fatty acids, palmitic,
stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids (Li and Ishikawa, 2004;
2005). Our results were in concurrence with these reports, where
separation and identification of compounds was done using NIST
mass spectral library. Helium (99.99% purity, LabPulse India Ltd)
was used as carrier gas. The split less mode of injection was used
with inlet temperature of 280˚C. The oven temperature
programmed maintained at initial temperature of 40˚C with 3 min
hold and a ramp of 10˚C/min till 250˚C and held for 25 min with
column (Rxi-5 Sil MS) flow of 1.4 ml/min with linear velocity of 38.6
cm/sec and pressure of 60 kPa. Mass spectral detector was
maintained at a temperature of 200˚C with the interface
temperature of 260˚C. Sample was injected into the column in 1 μl
aliquots. Finally, for identification and quantification of
compounds, data was evaluated by TI C (Total i on
chromatogram). The mass spectra generated using MS was
compared with the stored data base of NIST mass spectral library
(NIST 2014 version).
Bioassay: Bioassays were carried out under the following
environmental conditions: 65 ± 5% relative humidity; 14L:10D
photoperiod, 27 ± 1ºC temperature in the insectary as outlined for
larval rearing. Before the test, about five pairs of newly emerged
moths were paired in plastic container (13.5 cm H and 11.5 cm D)
during scotophase for arbitrary mating provided with cotton plug
dipped in 10% honey solution as food source. Mating was allowed
for 48 hr. Cotton twig from cotton variety Suraj containing square
was provided as an oviposition substrate. Twigs were treated with
desired concentration (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%) of identified
compounds. Twigs treated with water and methanol (diluent) was
used as control. After evaporation of the solvent, treated twigs
were provided to mated females. The experiments were
th
terminated on 10 day after the twig was provided. In all tests, the
numbers of eggs for control (C) and treatments (T) were counted.
The Avoidance index (A) (Renwick and Radke, 1980) and per
i
cent effective deterrency (PED) (Rajkumar and Jebanesan,
2009) was calculated by taking into consideration reduction in
number of eggs laid over control.
Statistical analyses: Statistical software SPSS Version 16.0 for
windows was used to calculate mean and standard error. For
comparison of mean values, Tukey's HSD (honest significant
difference) test at P=0.05 level of significance was used (SPSS,
2007).
Results and Discussion
(Data not provided here). The active deterrence crude
extract was subjected for component identification using GC-MS.
The previous studies conducted on identification of oviposition
deterrent compounds from different substrates (egg, faecal
pellet, tarsi, abdomen, scales, anal truft) across diverse insect
groups have proved the oviposition deterrent activity using crude
extract, artificial compounds either solely or in combination.
Available reports on identification of oviposition deterrents have
clearly shown that fatty acids and their methyl esters are the main
compounds having oviposition deterrent effect as found in the
present study. Many studies have been conducted on
identification of compounds solely from eggs. Thiery and Le

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¨Journal of Environmental Biology, May 2020¨
647
V. Shah et al.: Oviposition deterrents in pink bollworm
Fig. 1: Average number of eggs laid in (A) Oleic; (B) Linoleic and (C) Palmitic acid treatment. Values are mean of replicates +S.E. Bars followed by same
letters are not significant at P= 0.05 Tukey's HSD (honest significant difference).
0
50
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300
350
400
450
500
Control (W) Control (M) 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1%
Average number of eggs laid
Treatment
aa
b
bc
ccc
A
0
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Control (W) Control (M) 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1%
Average number of eggs laid
Treatment
B
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Control (W) Control (M) 0.20% 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1%
Average number of eggs laid
Treatment
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C

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¨Journal of Environmental Biology, May 2020¨
V. Shah et al.: Oviposition deterrents in pink bollworm
648
we found three fatty acids palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid,
C16:0), linoleic acid (9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, C18:2) and oleic
acid (9-octadecenoic acid, C18:1) along with methyl esters of four
fatty acid palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid, C16:0), linoleic acid
(9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, C18:2), oleic acid (9-octadecenoic
acid, C18:1) and stearic acid (octadecanoic acid, C18:0). In the
present investigation, blend of three fatty acids viz., oleic, linoleic
and palmitic acid along with their methyl esters were identified. As
the concentrations of methyl esters were almost negligible, only
fatty acids alone were evaluated for oviposition deterrent effect. This
is in agreement with the study conducted in egg extracts of Ostrinia
nubilalis (Thie´ry and Le Quere, 1991) where they identified the
blend of oleic and palmitic acid along with negligible amount of their
methyl esters. Bioassay was performed using five different
concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%) of each
compound following the standard protocol. A significant
difference was observed with increasing concentration of
individual compound in case of oleic and linoleic acid. The test of
significance did not hold good for palmitic acid where all
concentrations were on par with control. The mean number of
eggs laid in each set of experiments with three different fatty acids
is depicted in Fig. 1. The mean number of eggs laid in water
(413.57±32.15) and methanol (426.86±29.38) control were
significantly different from the lowest concentration (0.2%) of oleic
acid (189.57± 10.73) and linoleic acid (237.71±18.03). Palmitic
acid did not show any significant difference across all the
concentrations (Fig. 1).
In order to check the efficacy of compound and
preference of conspecific female for egg laying on treated surface
A and PED were calculated. The study clearly showed that oleic
i
acid had A ranging from (0.37 to 0.76) compared to water treated
i
control. The A increased with increase in concentration of oleic
i
acid but not significant from the concentration of 0.6% conc.
(0.68) and above. The PED ranged from of 54.16% to 87.01% for
oleic acid compared to water treated twig similarly. A (0.38-0.78)
i
and PED (55.59%-87.42%) were found for methanol treated
twigs. No significant difference was observed between methanol
and water treated twigs indicating PED to be 0.00. Comparable
results were obtained using increasing concentrations of linoleic
acid as A (0.27±0.04-0.75±0.04) and PED (42.52-86.18%) when
i
compared with water treated twig as control. In case of methanol
treated twig as control, the A and PED values ranged from 0.28-
i
0.77 and 44.31-86.61%, respectively.
Similar to the results of oleic acid here as well no
significant increase in effect was observed with increase in
concentration above 0.6%. Though, palmitic acid was one of the
major identified compounds, however, no significant effect on egg
laying was recorded in terms of either A (-0.05-0.04 when
i
compared with water control; -0.03-0.06 when compared with
methanol control) or PED (-11.74–8.12% when compared with
water control; -8.27–10.98 when compared with methanol
control). The larval faecal pellet extract and their identified
components have shown significant oviposition-deterring effects
in this experiment. The avoidance index of 0.37-0.76, 0.27-0.75
(water control) and 0.38-0.78, 0.28-0.77 (methanol control) were
observed in oleic acid, and linoleic acid respectively. The
avoidance index value of Agrotis segetum (Anderson and
Lofqvist, 1996) and O. nubilalis (Dittrick et al., 1983) which was as
high as 0.8, comparable values were also obtained in the present
study. However, Li and Ishikawa (2004) reported lower values of
avoidance index (0.28 - 0.55) in four Ostrinia species.
Similarly, per cent effective deterrency in present
experiment, 54.16 - 87.01% (water control) and 55.59 - 87.42%
(methanol control) for oleic acid and 42.52 - 86.18% (water
control) and 44.31 - 86.61 (methanol control) for linoleic acid was
supported by the work of Howlader and Ambadkar (1995), who
studied the oviposition deterrency in whole body wash extract of
tobacco beetle, Lasioderma serricorne in hexane, and found 82%
deterrence against conspecific female. Studies conducted in blow
fly species, Lucilia sericata using essential oils showed
deterrency greater than 80%, after 24 hr of incubation (Bedini et
al., 2019). Various studies have been carried out in many
lepidopteran species where significant reduction in egg laying
was observed (Thiery and Le Quere, 1991; Anderson and
Lofqvist, 1996; Li and Ishikawa, 2004)
. However, the results in most of the studies have been
reported in absolute number of eggs reduced after treatment
rather than per cent effective deterrency.
In the process of oviposition, female insect releases
intentionally or perchance blend of fatty acids on host plant
surface as its ‘footprints’ (Li et al., 2001) to minimize
intraspecific competition for resources. A profile of seven
compounds was detected in faecal pellets of pink bollworm with
three as major compounds, in which two compounds were
found promising, i.e., oleic and linoleic acid. Given the
indiscriminate use of pesticides and subsequent resistance
development of target pest, promising deterrent compounds
identified in the present study would serve a better option for the
management. However, these compounds needs to be further
evaluated in combinations for effective and eco-friendly pest
management option under field conditions.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to the Director, ICAR-CICR for
providing the required facilities during research work.
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