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ACTA SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE (ISSN: 2581-365X)
Volume 4 Issue 5 May 2020
Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm ( L.)
Barbara Sawicka1*, Piotr Pszczółkowski2, Piotr Barbaś3 and
Bernadetta Bienia4
1
2
3
4
*Corresponding Author: Barbara Sawicka, Department of Plant Production
Technology and Commodity Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka,
Lublin, Poland.
Review Article
Received: February 18, 2020
Published: April 24, 2020
© All rights are reserved by Barbara
Sawicka., et al.
Introduction
Abstract
The botanical, geographical and herbicidal aspect of the species of the genus Melissa is presented. These species, especially Melissa
, have been assigned a number of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral, antiallergic,
lemon balm herb can be associated with the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as terpenoids, alcohols, rosmarinic acid and
phenolic antioxidants. A rich source of bioactive substances, of various Melissa species, can be considered as a promising candidate
for the development of nutra-pharmaceuticals and bioherbicides. This review covers the botanical, geographical, nutritional,
phytochemical and traditional medical aspects as well as the numerous biological activities of some commonly available Melissa sp.
to prove their potential use in the food processing industry, the nutra-pharmaceutical and cosmetics-nutraceutical industry.
Keywords:
Melissa
The search for new antibacterial, antiviral, anti-cancer agents
currently available therapy and the emergence of drug resistance
strains. For a very long time, herbal medicines have been used to
relieve the symptoms of some diseases [1]. The traditional phar-
macological properties of lemon balm herb can be associated with
the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as terpenoids, alco-
hols, rosmarinic acid and phenolic antioxidants [2-4]. A rich source
of bioactive substances from various Melissa species can be consid-
ered as a promising candidate for the development of nutra-phar-
maceuticals or nutra-cosmetics [5,6]. Therefore, an attempt was
made to describe and evaluate this group of plants as a potential
candidate to develop new, safe, pro-ecological food preservatives,
medicines and cosmetics. This material can be used in the food,
pharmaceutical, cosmetics and other industries that are interested
in tips on aromatic plants and essential oils.
Systematics and biology
Genus Melissa (Melissa L.) - belongs to Kingdom: Plantae, Fam-
which four: (Benth.) Bakh. f., Benth.,
L. - lemon balm; C.Y.Wu and
Y.C. Huang are recognized in the world [7,8] (Table 1). These spe-
cies are found in the area from Central Asia, through Western Asia,
southern Europe and northern Africa to the islands of Macaronesia
[7]. Only one species grows in Europe - lemon balm . In
nature, these plants grow in bright thickets [6].
the genus Melissa. Of these, only 4 are accepted as species names.
-
nus Melissa. Species names are synonyms of adopted child names.
One of the species names is registered as invalid, 2 are registered
as illegal [8]. The new Melissa species found were assigned a level
of trust as follows (Table 2).
Citation: Barbara Sawicka, et al. “Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm ( L.)". 4.5
(2020): 34-39.
NameStatus The level
of trust
Delivery
date Sources
laris (Benth.) Bakh.
f.
Adopted *** 23.03.2012 WCSP*
Melissa ×
Simon.
Unresolved * 23.03.2012 WCSP
Benth. Adopted *** 23.03.2012 WCSP
Hassk.
Unresolved * 23.03.2012 WCSB
Simon.
Unresolved * 23.03.2012 WCSB
L. Adopted *** 23.03.2012 WCSP
Lour. Unresolved * 23.03.2012 WCSB
Kitt. Unresolved * 23.03.2012 WCSB
sis C.Y.Wu YCHuang
Adopted *** 23.03.2012
Table 1: Selected species of the genus Melissa
*Checklist of selected plant families.
Synonymy can be obtained directly from the source data (show-
ing identical data as the source data) or can be obtained indirectly
using automatic decision rules [8]. Unresolved names are those
that cannot yet be assigned the status “Accepted” or “Synonym”.
Unresolved names are divided into two subclasses: Invaluable
names for which there is no evidence in any of the data sources
that the status of this name has been assessed by the data own-
names are presumably accepted until they are shown to be syn-
onymous. Unplaced names for which the data source providing this
record positively indicates that data owners tried to resolve their
status and were not able to request that they be placed either as
a synonym or as the accepted name of a new species. This hap-
specimens are known, or when one or more nomenclature acts are
required. The record status marked with “*” is intended to indicate
that it originates from the procedures used to create the Plant List
and the original name status (registered in the source database) is
indicated on the details page of that name. For each name with the
SpecificationAdopted Synonym* Not
placed Unrated Total
High
4 19 0 0 23
(77%)
Average trust** 0 0 0 0 0 (0%)
Low
0 2 0 5 7
(23%)
Table 2: Level of trust in found species of the genus Melissa.
*: Synonym - an alternative name that has been used to refer to the
species (or subspecies, variety or form) but whose plant list does
not consider to be the name currently accepted. The decision to
assign a synonym status to a name record is based on a taxonomic
opinion registered in the cited data source (selected using an au-
tomatic rule-based approach, according to which the list of plants
was created)
status “Unresolved,” the list of plants is intended to ensure that the
for that name [9]. Unresolved names are generally designated as
the entry “Low trust.” In turn, “incorrect” and “illegal” names mean
that some names from the Plant List have been registered by their
data sets that are to be published incorrectly or illegally, contrary
-
ture. Levels of trust for each record, the name ‘Plant List’ indicates
assessments are primarily based on the nature and taxonomic in-
tegrity of the source data. A high level of trust is applied to the
status of name records from taxa data sets omics, which treat the
entire discussed taxonomic group in global terms and have been
[10]. The average
national as well as regional databases by means of an automated
taxonomic differences between different datasets of names of the
same species for different geographical areas. Regional datasets
used as sources for the Plant List are primarily stored in Tropicos,
or taxonomic datasets that treat the entire taxonomic group glob-
ally, but which have not yet been peer reviewed. The low level of
trust applies to the status of name records from any participating
datasets that have been saved as unresolved in these sets. To re-
-
vide an opinion on the status of the species name and which have
been assigned the status “Undecided” on the Plant List. WCSP - pro-
selected plant families. It contains over 320,000 names and allows
of the world in which it grows (distribution). The data collection
is based on over 16 years of cooperation of 132 specialists from
25 countries who provided data or acted as reviewers. In addition
to published family checklists, the WCSP (World Review List) con-
tains data for many other families that have either been completed
and are waiting to be checked by specialists or are being compiled
[9]. The list of plants also contains unpublished data that includes
over 290 000 additional names [11,12]. Sources of records of spe-
cies names appearing in “The Plant List” in the genus Melissa are as
follows (Table 3).
Short historical background
Historically, lemon balm ( ) has already been
recognized as an herb with a lemon scent, calming, anti-gas, fever-
reducing, antibacterial, spasmolytic, hypotensive, memory enhanc-
ing, menstrual, thyroid associated. The plant has been used for cen-
turies by various cultures internationally. Lemon balm was used
because of its sedative properties, and folk medicine in Portugal
and Cuba attributed its anti-cancer properties [9]. Lemon balm has
been assigned to the FDA’s Generally Recognized List of Safe Spe-
cies (GRAS) in the United States [13]. Herbs and spices have been
used since ancient times to improve the sensory properties of food,
acting as preservatives and for their nutritional and healthy prop-
35
Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm (L.)
Citation: Barbara Sawicka, et al. “Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm ( L.)". 4.5
(2020): 34-39.
SourceAdopted Synonym Not
placed
Unrated Badly
used
Total
WCSP 4 21 0 5 0 30 (100%)
Table 3:
Source: WCSP.
erties. Herbs and spices are widely recognized as a safe raw mate-
rial (GRAS) and are excellent substitutes for chemical additives. In
turn, the oils from these plants are mixtures of volatile compounds
obtained mainly by steam distillation from medicinal products and
aromatic plants [13]. They are an alternative to synthetic additives
for the food industry and have importance as a potential source
of natural food preservatives due to growing interest in the devel-
opment of safe, effective and natural food preservation. Genus Me
lissa, f. Lamiaceae is one of the most important in the production
of essential oils with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. You
can use essential oils with antimicrobial and antioxidant proper-
ties that increase the shelf life of food and this is a promising tech-
nology. Essential oils of the Lamiaceae family, such as rosemary,
thyme and sage, have been extensively studied for their use as food
in cosmetics and pharmacy shows the latest trends in the use of
these oils from aromatic plants as antimicrobials and antioxidants
in food, as well as their biological activity, future potential and
challenges. There are no serious side effects, although long-term
studies are limited [4,13-16]. Species of the genus Melissa are also
important plants resistant to ozone stress and salt stress [17-23].
Biological activities
The medicinal value of the species of the genus Melissa lies in
the contained in them some chemical substances that have a spe-
-
noids, saponins and phenolic compounds [6,14,15,24]. The variety
of these bioactive molecules makes them a rich source of various
types of potential drugs [16,25]. The essential oil content in lemon
balm ranged from 0.02% to 0.30%, which is quite low compared
with other members of the Lamiaceae family. 8-cineole [22].
The antibacterial activity of essential oils has been widely re-
ported by Dastmalchi., et al. [14], Meftahizade., et al. [25], Verma.,
et al. [15],[16]et al. [6] and Chidi., et al [22].
EOs are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds, phytochemicals
such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, alcohols, alde-
hydes, ketones, phenolics, esters, and other complex aromatic and
aliphatic compounds. These phytochemicals possess antibacterial,
antifungal, anti-parasitic, and antiviral properties [6,16,21,22,26].
The plant phenolics, especially rosmarinic acid, are considered to
contribute to the therapeutic potential of . The dif-
ferent biological effects of EOs are due to the concentration and
proportion of their chemical constituents [27]. For example, EOs
with higher concentrations of terpenoids exhibit higher antifungal
activity compared with EOs rich in monoterpenes and sesquiter-
penes [14,22,28]. EOs rich in thymol and carvacrol show higher
membrane-damaging activities in bacteria than those less rich in
phenolics. These authors reported that phenolic compounds pres-
ent in essential oils, for example, carvacrol, eugenol, and thymol
(from various plant origins), are active against many microorgan-
isms [28]. They show different activities against Gram-negative and
Gram-positive bacteria, mainly due to the position of the hydroxyl
group in the phenolic structure of the terpenes [6,21,29]. The main
mechanism of antibacterial activity is the denaturation of proteins.
An increase in the antibacterial activity of terpenoids depends on
the type of alkyl substituent incorporated in a non-phenolic cycle.
The presence of a carbonyl function in the terpenoids’ chemical
structure also increases the antibacterial properties. Another as-
-
reochemistry and the introduction of a double bond which increas-
es the activity against Gram-negative bacteria [6,14,16,22,25]. The
inhibition of microorganisms’ growth (food safety) and the control
of natural spoilage processes (food preservation) [14,22].
Synonyms/shared names/related substances
Balsam, balsam mint, bee balm, blue balsam, Citra, citronel-
lae, citronmelisse, balsam, medicine for everything, down plant,
English balsam, citronellae leaves, foil Melissae citratae, garden
balm, gastrovegetalin, hjertensfryd, honey plant, pneipp Labiatae/
Lamiaceae (family), lemon balm, lomaherpan, Melissa, houseleek,
beekeeper, L., , Melisse
(German and French), melissenblatt, melissengeist, sweet balsam,
are synonyms for common names of the same species [30,31].
Melissa was named by one
of the nymphs who disturbed Zeus with her love so much that he
impatiently turned her into a bee. When she died, a bee-growing
plant grew out of a bewitching smell, luring all insects to itself. An-
other version of the myth says that Melisa taught people to collect
honey, and to make it aromatic, planted a lemon fragrance herb
called beehive, called melissophyllon - a honey leaf. It was used in
Greek medicine 2,000 years ago. She was called “joy for the heart,”
the Assessment Report [30] and Paracelsus called her “the elixir of
life,” believing that it could completely restore a weakened human
strength. Melissa refers to honey or the honeybee because the plant
-
cially used in medicine. The Greeks called it “melisophyllon” with
“meliso” meaning “bee” and “phyllon”, denoting “leaf”. The Romans
referred to the plant as “apiastrum” from “apias”, to mean simply
“bee”. Sixteenth-century gardeners rubbed the leaves on beehives
in order to promote the production of honey [9,15]. In ancient
times, lemon balm infusion was eagerly bathed to give the body a
by bees and wasps. The herb was eagerly grown in monastery gar-
dens, and monks mass-produced wine and spirit tinctures from it.
Lemon balm was recommended for diseases of the heart, stomach,
head, eyes and uterus. In the 17th century, the “Carmelite soul” was
famous - spicy lemon balm vodka, secretly produced by Parisian
Carmelites. It was believed that it would help everything - from bad
36
Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm (L.)
Citation: Barbara Sawicka, et al. “Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm ( L.)". 4.5
(2020): 34-39.
charms, migraines, gout, runny nose, abdominal pain to hysteria,
angina, rickets, palpitations and restoring youth [9,14,15].
Geographical origin
Plant species of the genus Melissa
(Morocco, Tunisia, Madeira, Canary Islands), Southern Europe and
Asia (West and Central Asia, Caucasus, Pakistan), they also spread
outside these areas. Currently, the most popular species - Melissa
is known and cultivated around the world [13,15,18,31].
Aromatic plants are rich in essential oils and occur mainly in the
Mediterranean region, where the production of such oils is a prof-
itable source of ecological and economic development [16,32]. Me
L. is indigenous of Southern Europe, Mediterranean
-
ed worldwide. In India lemon balm is cultivated in the Kashmir, Ut-
tarakhand and some part of South India. There are two subspecies:
subsp. , the common cultivated
lemon balm; and subsp. altissima, naturalized in
subsp. is known for its lemon fragrance [15,33].
Herbicidal potential
The continuous use of synthetic herbicides to control weeds, in
of production, has raised and continues to raise concerns on their
potential impact on health and the environment [34] and the devel-
opment of herbicide resistance among various weed species [35-
37].
control agents are increasingly used in agriculture [35,36,38,39].
There have been numerous reports of essential oils from aromatic
plants that have herbicidal effects on seeds and their germination
[10,40-42]. It has been shown, among others, that essential oils of
various aromatic plants, such as: L. (Apiaceae),
spp., L., L.,
L., L., L. (Lamiaceae) and
other members of the family inhibit seed germination
and/or root extension of various weed species [36,40-46]. Lemon
balm ( L.) - a plant originating in southern Europe
and the Mediterranean region is used in medicine, food, perfum-
ery and cosmetics [38,47,48]. Furthermore, it has been established
that essential oil is one of the four most active oils
against the germination and root elongation of L.
[10,48]. Gitsopoulos., et al. [37] studied the herbicidal effect of the
essential oils of L. and on the
germination and root length of two monocotyledonous weed spe-
cies ( L. and L.) in labora-
tory conditions. Carvacrol and citral were their main constituents
of essential oils, respectively [49,50]. The essential oil from Melissa
showed a higher inhibitory effect on the germination and
root length of and . Also, phytotoxic ef-
fects were more pronounced in these last weed species (Table 4).
In another study, Iqba., et al. [51] proved the bio-herbicidal po-
tential of acetone extract obtained from 30-day shoots of lemon
balm ( ). The growth inhibiting compound was
obtained using silica in gel column chromatography. Their study
with an extract concentration of 0.3 mg ml/l, it shows the highest
bioherbicidal effect on weeds [52-55].
Conclusion
Various applications of lemon balm () extracts
as raw materials for the production of medicines, cosmetics and
effectiveness, there may be a need to introduce some biotechnol-
ogy techniques that they can improve the effectiveness of these
improve the performance of numerous metabolites containing bio-
logically active ingredients in established plants showing increased
biological activity against diseases and weeds. There is also a need
to establish a policy that will support the use of home biopesticides
-
aspects of lemon balm extracts that are easily adaptable, and which
are balanced and environmentally friendly as well as their durabil-
ity and stability in nature are not threatened.
Essential oil Lollium rigidum
% of control
54a 47a 82a 38a
47a 35b 72b 41a
ns p < 0.001** p < 0.05**
Table 4:
Satureja hortensis on germination and root length Lollium
rigidum and reed canary brachystachis (Phalaris brachystachis).
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not
Source: Gitsopoulos., et al. [37]
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39
Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm (L.)
Citation: Barbara Sawicka, et al. “Botanical, Geographical, Herbicidal Aspects of Lemon Balm ( L.)". 4.5
(2020): 34-39.
