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Addressing Southeast Asian vernacular architecture studies in the changing environment
Abstract
Scholars in Southeast Asian studies, including Roxana Waterson, Reimar Schefold, Stephen Sparkes, Signe Howell, and James Fox have pointed out about the fragmented scope of Southeast Asian vernacular architecture studies, due to the geographic separation and the lack of regional cooperation. Ariel Heryanto once raised a question, ‘Will there be Southeast Asian studies in Southeast Asia?’ which implies the need for Southeast Asian studies by Southeast Asian scholars in a more cooperative manner. These days, when regional cooperation is getting increasingly established with the formation of organisations, such as Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), ASEAN University Network (AUN), ASEAN Subcommittee on Education (ASCOE), and ASEAN Architects Council (AAC), there is a need to address how the changing cooperative environment affects Southeast Asian vernacular architecture studies in Southeast Asia, how Southeast Asian scholars react to and position themselves in the growing regional network, and what this means to a global network of vernacular architecture studies.
... Accordingly, the work of Serghides [48] also highlighted the limitations of purely disciplinary methods to conceptualise housing energy requirements; this study explicitly discussed the thermal performance of vernacular buildings in Cyprus and had a significant impact on the adoption of passive-cooling design strategies in contemporary buildings. The author primarily investigated traditional Cypriot houses, which were constructed to provide shelter from climate extremes and a variety of determinant factors related to energy use that took the efficiency of natural ventilation and solar energy in base-case representative residential buildings into consideration [83,84]. Moreover, this study posited that passivecooling strategies on a hot summer afternoon never failed to impress contemporary occupants and other locals, who wonder how the vernacular buildings were able to offer such a comfortable indoor air environment without the benefit of advanced scientific knowledge. ...
... At the same time, there has been a considerable amount of extant literature in the area of the potential energy efficiency of either incorporating locally available building materials onto building envelopes or adopting passive-cooling design strategies in building retrofitting efforts [85,86] Different studies have, however, highlighted the potential of the housing sector to significantly contribute to the reduction of domestic energy use by implementing several methods from sustainable building materials implemented in vernacular architecture [87,88]. As such, some of these studies indicated that vernacular structures primarily relied on the presence of a courtyard, which provided appropriate natural ventilation and solar penetration throughout liveable spaces [84]. These studies also indicated that the single-storey, centralcourtyard house was the most common type of structure in historic urban settlements; these types of vernacular houses contained a symmetrical or partially inorganic layout design of private open spaces in the form of a courtyard [88,89]. ...
This paper presents a systematic review of the extant literature on bio-climatic design systems with the aim of conserving global energy resources. The study explores the ways in which specific passive-cooling design strategies can be tailor-made to their locality, and residential buildings can be purpose-built and modified to optimise occupant thermal comfort and acclimatise indoor-air environments. A range of state-of-the-art vernacular passive-cooling designs that address the sustainability of a given proposal in relation to their respective locations and climate characteristics are presented; the extensive interpretations of these passive-cooling design strategies are in sharp contrast to the highly expensive, technical and exclusive environmental solutions that are so often universally applied in different locations, regardless of the physical, cultural and socio-economic contexts of each. The aim of this research is to investigate the efficiency of passive design systems in light of the thermal performance of prototype vernacular buildings to demonstrate the applicability and feasibility of installing vernacular passive-cooling design strategies onto building envelopes.
One of the prominent conceptual frameworks utilised in this paper is intended to address concerns related to the use of technologies that promote energy efficiency and ecological sustainability, most of which rely upon complex technological devices and a one-size-fits-all approach that only wealthy corporations and institutions are able to afford. Alternately, an increasing number of architects, theorists and politicians—albeit not yet enough—are investigating affordable technologies that are better able to be embedded in cultural practices. These manifestos are main determinant factors for a thorough review of the extant literature on passive-cooling design strategies and undertaking building energy simulations on base-case prototype vernacular buildings to demonstrate the energy effectiveness of implementing existing construction strategies onto current building envelopes.
The study findings suggest that contemporary design methods lack sustainable designs on a purely technical basis on which it is typically discussed and demonstrates that significantly more needs to be done to conform to locally identifiable requirements and practices. It was determined that while many of vernacular passive-cooling design strategies are still effective, others are disappearing due to changes in construction technology. This systematic review outlines an alternative, hybrid approach to sustainability that is proudly inherent in vernacular environmental design principles. The study conclusions offer an alternative perspective on sustainable design and brings to the forefront a broader systematic analysis of current literature that focusses on environmental technologies in the south-eastern Mediterranean area and the Middle East, where the weather is subtropical (Csa) and partly semi–arid (Bsh). The study further demonstrates that for environmental design to be sustainable, a fundamental reorientation needs to emerge and move away from current construction practices with purely understanding of the domestic built environment, which fails to address the societal values of a particular place and people; and the findings underscore the necessity of recalling invisible technologies that are embedded in socio-cultural practices to effectively ventilate our dwellings and optimise occupant levels of thermal comfort throughout the year.
... In the Eastern World, a settlement takes place on an open space, and the routes are not systematically developed; they are extended when required (Pranom Tansukanun, 2006). The whole area in the society is considered a public area because there is no clear-cut boundary between the dwelling area and the agricultural area (Rawiwan Oranratmanee, 2013). A small open space accommodates routes and shortcuts known only to the community members (Khaisri Paksukcharern, 2008). ...
This article proposes guidelines to develop agro-cultural tourism routes based on spatial configuration analysis. A village growing rubber trees in Songkhla Province, Thailand, was taken as the case study. The data analysis involved the theory of urban morphology and the space syntax. Given the characteristics of the area and the planters’ socio-cultural characteristics, the results revealed that potential tourist attractions should be charted only on a movement network with high visibility and accessibility whereas those on a movement network with low visibility and accessibility should be left intact. However, some rules and regulations should be imposed to preserve the livelihood of the villagers and the ecosystem of the area.
... The main dwelling house is made of wood, generally teak, which can be found in the tropical rainforests surrounding their settlements. As shown in Fig. 2, the Dai's wooden houses on stilts are based on an open plan and are spatially aligned to their daily life activities, with the structures typically based on the application of a wooden post and beam system that is prevalent in Southeast Asia (Knapp 2000;Oranratmanee 2013Oranratmanee , 2018Waterson 2014;Zhu 1992). ...
The Dai (or Tai) are an indigenous ethnic group distributed across the upper part of Southeast Asia and South China. Whereas the majority of the Dai living on the Southeast Asian mainland build wooden houses on stilts, Dai populations in South China, especially in Dehong Prefecture, are known for the distinctive architectural style of their hybrid earthen–wooden houses, which stems from their enduring social contact and cultural assimilation with Chinese settlers. This paper, which draws on comprehensive fieldwork conducted in Dai villages in Dehong Prefecture, explores the Dai’s hybrid earthen–wooden architecture. Specifically, it examines the development of forms, the relationship between settlement layouts and house plans, as well as building materials, structures and constructions characterising this architecture using data from qualitative surveys, architectural measurements and interviews. The hybrid architecture of the Dehong Dai demonstrates the fusion of two building cultures—earthen and wooden—that has shaped a vernacular architectural identity that is unique to this area. This paper also presents illustrative examples of earthen–wooden houses, thereby contributing to advancing knowledge about this eclectic, hybrid architecture that remains a gap in the academic literature.
This paper explores the vernacular architecture of the Shan ethnic group in Myanmar within the context of South-east Asian architecture. The purpose is to understand the relationship between the settlement system, village and houses that together form the cultural landscape and architecture of the river valleys of mainland South-east Asia. The fieldwork is comprised of an architectural enquiry through geographic surveys of settlements and measurements of houses, and a social enquiry, including observations and interviews about the social dimensions of architecture. The detailed spatial analysis embraces three tiers, namely settlements, villages and houses, together identifying the characteristics and underlying concepts of Shan architecture, meanwhile deepening the understanding of the holistic relationships between people, ethnicity, geography, social system and the production of dwellings and cultural geographies of South-east Asia.
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