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PARKIA BIGLOBOSA (AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN TREE)
Modupe Iretiola Builders*
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Bingham
University, Jos, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
P. biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G. Don (family fabaceae) popularly
called the African locust bean tree have been used traditionally as food
and medicine and are of high commercial value in the West African
region. The plant is reported to contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
minerals, vitamins, tannins and flavonoids. P. biglobosa possesses
antimalarial, antihelminthic, antibacterial, antivenom, antidiabetic,
and antihypertensive and antioxidant properties. The article covers its
phytochemical and pharmacological properties.
Key words: Parkia biglobosa, African locust bean tree,
Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity.
INTRODUCTION
Parkia biglobosa tree is deciduous with a very broad crown that may reach a height of 20 m.
The species grows under a wide range of conditions, where annual rainfall ranges from 600 to
1500 mm and the dry season lasts 5–7 months. It occurs in natural and semi-natural habitats
such as savannahs and woodlands, sometimes on rocky slopes, stony ridges and sandstone
hills. It is able to withstand drought because of its deep taproot. Together with the shea butter
tree (Vittelaria paradoxa), African locust bean is one of the main components of agroforestry
parklands in West Africa. [1]
Parkia biglobosa belongs to the genus Parkia which belongs to the tribe Parkieae. It consists
of about 35 species with a pantropical distribution but there are five well recognized species
besides African locust bean: P.filicoidea, P. bicolor, P. roxburghii, P.biglandulosa and P.
madagascariensis. [ 2]
World Journal of Pharmaceutical research
Volume 3, Issue 2, 1672-1682. Research Article ISSN 2277 – 7105
Article Received on
12 December 2013
Revised on 07 January2014,
Accepted on 13 February
2014
*Correspondence for
Author
Dr. Modupe Iretiola
Builders,
Department of Pharmacology
and Therapeutics, College of
Health Sciences, Bingham
University, Jos, Nigeria.
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Geographical Distribution
P. biglobosa has a wide distribution across the Sudan and Guinea savanna ecological zones.
The range extends from the western coast of Africa in Senegal across to Sudan. P. biglobosa
is found in nineteen African countries: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra
Leone, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon,
Chad, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, and Uganda .[3] In Nigeria, P. biglobosa is
found everywhere.[4]
Fig. 1: Distribution range of P.biglobosa [3]
Botanical Description
P. biglobosa belongs to the family Fabaceae .[5,6] It is a perennial deciduous tree occurring in
a belt between 5° N and 15° N 7 to 20 m tall, and in some cases it can reach up to 30 m. The
fruit is a slightly curved, brown indehiscent pod, 30 to 40 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide
producing up to 20 seeds . [2] P. biglobosa seeds number 5 - 20 per pod. The individual
brown, smooth seeds are oval, 0.9 –1.5 cm long by 0.8 – 1.1 cm wide and weigh 0.25 grams
each. Each seed consists of 30% testa and 70% green cotyledons. [7] The seeds constitute 22%
of the fruit, while the pod case is 42% and the pulp is 36% . [7]Taproot often present, lateral
roots up to 10–20 m spreading from bole; bole usually straight and robust, cylindrical, up to
130 cm in diameter, often branching low. [1] Barks are distinctly longitudinally fissured, often
with more or less regular scales between the fissures, thick, ash-grey to greyish-brown, slash
fibrous and reddish-brown, exuding an amber gum; crown dense, wide spreading and
umbrella-shaped, consisting of heavy branches. [8] Leaves are alternate, dark green and
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bipinnate (doubly compound). They are up to 30 cm long and consist of up to 17 pairs of
pinnae, with 13–60 pairs of leaflets on each . [1]
Traditional Uses
The traditional uses for P. biglobosa can be defined as non timber forest products (NTFP),
which include wood energy (fuel wood and charcoal) and all other tangible products other
than timber. [9] Non-timber forest products derived from P. biglobosa are food, medicine,
animal fodder, soil amendments, charcoal, and firewood. The most significant product from
P. biglobosa is food. The food products collected from P. biglobosa are especially important
due to the seasonality of fruit maturation and food availability. The seeds are used in
preparation of dawadawa, a protein and fat rich food. The yellow starchy pulp that surrounds
the seed is an important food supplement rich in Vitamin C and carbohydrates. The dried
powder is often mixed with water to produce a drink called dozim. [1, 4]
Table 1: Uses of different parts of P. biglobosa [1]
Uses Parts of plant
Food Flowers, fruits , pods, pulp, seed
Fodder Fruits, leaves
Fuel wood or wood production Branches, stems
Soil production Whole tree
Medicines Flowers, fruits, leaves, barks, roots
Medicinal Uses
Several authors have reported on the medicinal uses and treatments summarized in Table 1[3,4,
10-15]
Table 2: Medicinal uses of P. biglobosa
Parts Vernacular
name Preparation Medicinal uses Country
Stem
bark
Dorowa, nèrè,
dona (Bariba
Decoction,
powder
Malaria, wounds, dysentery,
rheumatism, headache,
cough, pain, fungal infection,
tonic, anti-diarrhoea, female
sterility,skin infection,
leprosy, blennorrhoea,
Schistosoma infection ,
sores, ulcers, mumps,
enema, antiemetic, severe
colic and snake bites.
Nigeria.
Senegal,
Ivory
coast,
Burkina
Faso,
Mali.
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Leaves Iru, nèrè Decoction,
poultices Malaria, pain, diabetes,
palpitation eye lotion,
toothache, burns, fever,
hemorrhoids,constipation,
anorexia, bronchitis,
whooping cough,
amenorrhoea, snake bites.
Nigeria.
Senegal,
Niger,
Gambia,
Mali,
Togo,Bur
kina
Faso.
Fruits Dowa (lobi,
wale) Maceration
Skin eruption, abscess,
stomach ache, yellow fever,
conjunctivitis, snake bites.
Ghana,
Benin,
Mali.
Pulp Nere
(Malinke)neri
Sedative, diuretic, purgative,
Malaria Guinea
Conakry.
Seeds Irugba,
dorowa,
orgiri
Tension, wounds, mouth
ulcers, wasp, bee sting. Nigeria
Mali.
Pods Dòó
(Dagomba),
porgu, yulo
Pounded
with salt,
fermented
Stomach ache. Ghana.
Roots Decoction Bronchitis, pneumonia,
dysentery, diarrhoea. Senegal.
Phytochemisrty
The stem bark is reported to contain flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, sterols, phenols
and reducing sugars. [16, 17] elemental analysis showed the presence of magnesium, calcium,
iron, zinc, potassium, sodium and copper [16]. Leaf of African locust bean tree contains
flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and reducing sugars. [18-20]. Long-
chain ester of trans-ferulic acid, a mixture of long-chain cis-ferulates and different kinds of
catechins (catechins and ferulates) were identified in the stem bark of P.biglobosa. [21]
Phytochemical results indicated that the root bark of the plant contained a lot of glycosides
and tannins, appreciable amounts of saponins and traces of alkaloids. [17] Also saponins,
carbohydrates, tannins and flavonoids were detected in the root of P.biglobosa . [17]
The chemical composition of the African plant Parkia biglobosa (Fabaceae) roots and barks
by Liquid Chromatography - ElectrosprayIonization and Direct Injection Tandem Mass
Spectrometry analysis was also investigated. [22] Mass spectral data indicated that B-type
oligomers are present, namely procyanidins and prodelphinidins, with their gallate and
glucuronide derivatives, some of them in different isomeric forms.
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The yellowish fruit pulp is very rich in carbohydrate (60%), 10-20% of which is sucrose,
291mg Vitamin C. [23] The seeds contain 35% proteins, 29% lipids, 16% carbohydrates,
calcium and have good organoleptic properties . [7] A non-toxic oil of variable composition is
also present. Some sources indicate arachidic acid as the most abundant fatty acid,
accompanied by behenic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic acids. [1, 7, 24] The proximate analysis
of the nutritive contents of P.biglobosa seeds indicated the presence of high amount of lipid,
crude protein, pureprotein, carbohydrates, total soluble sugar and starch. [5]
Pharmacology
Antiplasmodial and antipyretic activity
The antiplasmodial activities of the methanol extract and methanol fraction of the stem bark
of African locust bean tree were evaluated against malaria model Plasmodium berghei
berghei and clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. The crude extract and methanol
fraction exhibited dose dependent reduction of parasitaemia at the different doses
administered. Methanol fraction showed higher reduction of parasitaemia. [16] Antipyretic
properties of the crude extract and methanol fractions were studied; reduction in yeast-
induced hyperpyrexia was produced by the extract and the fractions. The methanol fraction
exhibited a significant reduction in yeast induced elevated temperature. [16]
The antiplasmodial activity of the leaves of P. biglobosa was evaluated in vivo and in vitro
against Plasmodium berghei berghei and clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum
respectively. There was a dose dependent inhibition of parasitaemia in the in vivo
antiplasmodial tests. The in vitro screening demonstrated a weak and concentration-
dependent activity of the extract against P. falciparum. [18]
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity
The hexane extract from the bark of P. biglobosa had some analgesic and anti-inflammatory
effects. [25] Intraperitoneal administration of the methanolic extracts of P.biglobosa stalk
significantly antagonized the formation of croton pellet granuloma in a dose-dependent
manner. The extract also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the croton oil ear
inflammation in test animals, there was also appreciable inhibition of carrageenin-induced rat
paw oedema compared with controls. The extracts of P.biglobosa further inhibited the
arachidonic acid induced paw oedema in a dose-dependent manner comparable to the dual-
blocker, phenidone .Thus, suggesting that the observed anti-inflammatory activities may be
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produced by the inhibition of the lipo-oxygenase pathways, the cyclooxygenase pathways or
both which are involved in metabolism of arachidonic acid . [26]
Antisnake venom
A water-methanol extract of P. biglobosa stem bark had been shown to possess antisnake
venom activity. This extract also reduced the loss of responses to acetylcholine (Ach),
carbachol and KCl, which are normally blocked by N. nigricollis venom, and significantly
reduced the contractures of the preparation induced by venom. [27]
Anti-diarrhoeal
Research showed that P. biglobosa had anti-diarrhoeal properties in mice. [28] Anti-diarrhoeal
activities of the aqueous stem bark extract of P. biglobosa and its fractions designated PF1-
PF4 investigated in mice indicated that the extract and its column chromatographic fraction
F3 significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced frequency of stooling in castor-oil-
induced diarrhoea, castor-oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and intestinal transit . [29]
Anti-bacterial
The anti bacterial activity of the stem bark and leaves of P.biglobosa has been conducted on
four strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in the National Hospital Yalgado
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. [30] Also Antibacterial evaluation of the methanolic extract and
aqueous fractions of the leaf, stem bark and root of the African locust bean tree, Parkia
biglobosa was carried out using the agar- well diffusion method. The extracts and their
fractions were tested against two gram positive organisms – Staphylococcus aureus and
Bacillus subtilis and two gram negative organisms–Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Results obtained confirmed a broad spectrum of activity as all the organisms
used were inhibited by the extracts and their aqueous fractions. [31]
Anti-microbial
Ethanolic extract of the P.biglobosa exhibited antimicrobial activities against the multi-drug
resistant isolates. [32] The antimicrobial screening of the leaves P.biglobosa was done using
standard strains of microorganisms. The extracts exhibited a concentration dependent
antibacterial, inhibiting the growth of the gram – positive bacteria used in the study. [20] Anti-
microbial activities of the aqueous stem bark extract of P. biglobosa and its fractions
designated PF1-PF4 were investigated in against selected diarrhoea-causing micro-
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organisms, the crude extract as well as fractions F3 and F4 strongly inhibited growth of
selected microorganisms . [29]
Antioxidant
Antioxidant activities of the leaves and stem barks were determined by the means of 1, 1-
diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. [33] The result of the antioxidant activities of the
methanol extract and methanol fraction indicated that the sensitivity of the antioxidant
activity of the methanol fraction is higher than that of crude un-fractionated methanol extract.
[16] Study on the antioxidant properties of the stem bark of P.biglobosa showed that the
radical- scanvenging potential of P.biglobosa was dose-dependent; this activity was higher
than that of standards (rutin, ascorbic acid, butylated hydro-anisole (BHA) and alpha-
tocopherol). [20] The stalk of P.biglobosa also showed in vitro anti-oxidant activities using the
DPPH. [26]
Anti-diabetic
The hypoglycaemic effect of fermented seeds of Parkia biglobosa, a natural nutritional
condiment that features frequently in some African diets as a spice, was investigated in
alloxan-induced diabetic rats. [34]
Hypotension
An alcoholic extract of crude seeds of P.biglobosa showed anti-hypertensive activity and
contractile effect on smooth muscles of the intestine, and increased the tonus and mobility of
the uterus. Ichthyotoxic and molluscicidal activities have been recorded for the seeds due to
the presence of saponins. [35]
Hypolipidemia
The hypolipidemic effect and the improvement in serum lipid profile of triton-induced
hyperlipidemic rats by Parkia biglobosa saponins were investigated. The result indicated that
P. biglobosa-mediated therapeutic effects may be associated with its hypolipidemic
components. [36]
The cardioprotective effect of P. biglobosa stem bark used on isoproterenol (ISO) induced
myocardial infarction in rats was evaluated. P. biglobosa ameliorated positively biochemical
alterations, prevented oxidative stress and histological and morphological changes induced by
isoproterenol. [37]
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Toxicity
The acute and sub acute toxicity profile of the water and alcohol extracts of the stem bark of
P. biglobosa was investigated. The result of this study showed that the lethal dose (LD50)
was greater than5000mg/kg per oral (p.o) for both extracts and the toxicity characteristics of
the methanol and water extracts of the stem bark P. biglobosa in short time treatment with the
extracts . [38]
The result of acute toxicity study of the stem, leaf and root of P.biglobosa indicated that
LD50 fell within the range of 500 – 5000 mg/kg body weight confirming them to be only
slightly toxic and hence not potentially dangerous . [39] The toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic
extracts of Parkia biglobosa pods on Clarias gariepinus was investigated. It was concluded
that aqueous and ethanol extracts of P. biglobosa pods are toxic to C. geriepinus juveniles
with the ethanol extract being more toxic, which shows that apart from the bark of P.
biglobosa, the pods has piscicidal property and can be put into use in the control and
management of fish ponds to eradicate predators by farmers. [39,40]
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