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(2020) 44 (1): 71-79
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/BOTSERB2001071Y
journal homepage: botanicaserbica.bio.bg.ac.rs
Original Scientic Paper
Receved: 17 September 2019
Revson accepted: 15 December 2019
© 2020 Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Belgrade
Chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia bracteata Banks and the
biological activity of its extracts: antioxidant, total phenolic, total avonoid,
antifungal and allelopathic eects
Melih Y1, Yusuf B1, Ahu Alev A B2 and Nusret G3
1 Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Kırşehir, Turkey
2 Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Kırşehir, Turkey
3 University Gaziosmanpasa, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, 60240 Tokat, Turkey
correspondence: melih.yilar@ahievran.edu.tr
AB STRACT:
e present study was conducted wth the am of determnng bologcal actvtes
of the Salva bracteata plant, actvtes such as ts antoxdant, total phenolc, total
avonod, allelopathc and antfungal eects. To ths end, aboveground parts
(owers + shoots + leaves) of S. bracteata plants were collected n the provnce
of Kırşehr, Turkey, durng the owerng stage n 2018. As a result of GC-MS
analyss, 23 consttuents were dentfed, representng 96.21% of the essental ol.
e major compounds of essental ol were dentfed as ledol (24.12%), camphor
(15.54%) and valencene (5.64%). In ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane extracts
of S. bracteata, total phenolc content was found to be 104.63, 121.66 and 20.97
mg of GAE/g of extract, respectvely, whle avonod content was 12.89, 10.85 and
1.13 mg of QE/g of extract, respectvely. In addton to ths, DPPH radcal removal
actvty was dentfed and found to be at ts hghest n the methanol and ethyl
acetate extracts. e TEAC (caton radcal removal actvty), FRAP (ron reducton
power) and CUPRAC (copper reducton power) reducton actvtes of these plant
extracts were also determned. e methanol extract of S. bracteata was found to
have an allelopathc eect on Rumex crspus and Taraxacum ocnale. s extract
had a weak eect on development of the mycelum of Alternara solan Sorauer, one
of the most sgnfcant of plant-pathogenc fung, but t was found to be neectve
on the Sclerotna sclerotorum pathogen.
Keywords:
Salva bracteata, antoxdant actvty,
total phenolc, avonod, antfungal and
allelopathc eects
UDC: 665.525:582.929.4(560)
INTRODUCTION
Dseases, pests, weeds and clmatc factors may negatvely
aect the yeld and qualty of cultvated plants durng
ther developmental phase. Weeds are an mportant
factor that aects crop qualty and causes economc loss
n agrcultural producton. About half of all crop loss s
caused by weeds, but the reported sze of ths loss vares
between 10 to 90% (U 2002; Ö et al. 2017).
Chemcal means are consdered the most eectve method
of weed control and synthetc drugs are used extensvely
around the world. Heavy use of synthetc pestcdes has
gven rse to problems such as loss of plant strength,
envronmental damage and toxc resdues (I 2000).
Intensve research s therefore beng conducted to fnd as
quckly as possble alternatve methods that would be less
harmful to human health and the envronment.
One of these alternatve methods s to seek natural pes-
tcdes by determnng the actvty of compounds naturally
present n plants. Of these natural compounds, essental
ols of herbal orgn are synthessed by aromatc plants as
specalsed metaboltes (A-Z et al. 2017).
72 | vol. 44 (1)
Essental ols are reported to act as natural fungcdes
(K et al. 2014) and nsectcdes (I et al. 2011;
A et al. 2014), n addton to havng a phytotoxc
eect on cultvated plants and weeds (S et al.
2017). Essental ols act just lke herbcdes n adversely
aectng both the germnaton process and growth of
plant seedlngs (A et al. 2013).
Turkey s rch n ts Salva dversty and s home to 96
speces and four subspeces. Salva speces are of economc
mportance, n addton to ther medcnal qualtes.
Moreover, these plants are ornamental, wth beautful
owers commonly grown n gardens and parks (D et
al. 2003). Salva bracteata Banks s a perennal herbaceous
plant that spreads to almost every regon n Turkey wth
alttudes rangng from 50 to 2000 m (A 2017).
e roots of S. bracteata contan dterpenods (U
et al. 1999) and were reported to act as an antmcrobal
(C et al. 2009).
In ths study, total phenolc compounds and the
presence of antoxdant, antfungal and allelopathc eects
were determned n the plant S. bracteata, whch has a wde
natural dstrbuton n the provnce of Kırşehr, Turkey.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Collecton and dryng of plant samples. e plant materal
was collected n the Kırşehr provnce of Turkey (vllage of
Akçakent/Hamzabey, wth coordnates of 39°36'32.01'' N
and 34°4'37.95'' E, stuated at an alttude of 1263 m) n
the year 2018. Sol samples taken from the locaton were
analysed. Collected plants were dred n shade under
room condtons n facltes of the Department of Plant
Protecton of the Faculty of Agrculture, Ah Evran
Unversty, Kırşehr. Dred plant samples were ground n
an electrc grnder.
Extracton of essental ols. Essental ols were obtaned
from the plants by hydro-dstllaton usng a Schlcher
apparatus. Aer the plant sample (100 g) was weghed,
pure water (1:10 w/v) was added and t was boled for
2 hours. s process was repeated several tmes. e
obtaned essental ols were preserved untl tests were
conducted (T et al. 2006).
GC and GC–MS analyss. e GC analyses of S. bracteata
essental ols were performed usng an Agilent 7890A
instrument (model GC). Ol was dluted n acetone (1:10)
and njected nto a separate BPX90 column (100m ×
0.25mm × 0.25µm). e carrer gas was helum at 5 ps
nlet pressure. Injector and detector (FID) temperatures
were 120 and 254°C, respectvely. e column temperature
was programmed from 60 to 120°C at 5°C/mn wth the
ntal and fnal temperatures held for 3 and 16 mn.
Dluted samples of 1.0 L were njected n the splt (1:5)
mode. Total analysis time was 43 min. Quanttatve data
were obtaned electroncally from FID area percent data
wthout the use of correcton factors.
e MS results were compared with the Wiley and
NIST computer mass lbrares. e relatve peak area
percentages of compounds were calculated on the bass of
FID data.
Preparation of plant extract. For antifungal and
allelopathic studies, 100 g of ground plant material
was placed in a 1-liter Erlenmeyer ask and 600 ml of
methanol was added. is solution was extracted at room
temperature in a shaker for 24 hours. Aer extraction, the
solution was ltered through lter paper. e methanol
in the solution was removed by evaporation at 32°C until
solid material was obtained. e remaining solid material
was treated with acetone-water to prepare a stock solution
(K & Y 2004). e solution was stored at
4oC until the test.
For antoxdant tests, 200 mg were taken from the
ground plant sample for hexane, ethyl acetate, and
methanol extracts. For the hexane extract, 10 ml of
hexane/chloroform (5/1) was added to the sample; for the
ethyl acetate extract, 10 ml of ethyl acetate/chloroform
(5/1) was added to t; and for the methanol extract, 10
ml methanol/chloroform (5/1) was added. Followng the
vortex, the samples were kept n an ultrasonc bath at 30oC
for 30 mnutes. e resultng extracton solutons were
removed by a rotary evaporator and stock solutons were
prepared at 1 mg/ml. ese stock solutons were stored
at 4°C for use n antoxdant actvty tests and analyses of
total phenolc and avonod content.
Producon of fungus cultures. Plant pathogenc fung
were obtaned from stock cultures mantaned by
the Phytoclncal Laboratory of the Department of
Plant Protecton of Ah Evran Unversty´s Faculty of
Agrculture. Used n these tests were young fungus cultures
that developed for 7 days at 25±2oC n 90-mm Petr dshes
contanng 20 ml of potato dextrose agar (PDA).
In vtro antfungal actvty of the plant extract. Methanol
extract was dssolved n an acetone-water mxture to
provde a stock soluton. e fnal concentraton of the
orgnal solutons was added to PDA meda cooled to 45-
50oC n batches of 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm (O
& Y 2012). As a control, fung were seeded n Petr
dshes contanng only PDA. Moreover, a fungcde wth
the actve ngredent thram was used as a postve control.
ese derent doses of PDA meda were poured nto 10-
ml Petr dshes wth a dameter of 60 mm. Mycelum dscs
of 5 mm dameter from plant pathogen cultures developed
7-10 days pror to the tests were seeded n Petr dshes
contanng extract-added PDA medum. Fungus cultures
were ncubated aer noculaton for 7 days at 25±1°C. s
study was repeated two tmes wth four replcatons. e
dameters of mycela developed n the Petr dshes were
measured wth a dgtal calper. e rate of nhbton of
| 73
M. Yılar et al.: Essential oil of Salvia bracteata
mycelum growth by the extracts was calculated accordng
to the followng formula:
I=100×(dc-dt)/dc
I – rate of nhbton of mycelum growth (%)
dc - mycelum growth n the control
dt - mycelum growth n the test (P et al. 1982)
Allelopathc eect study. Seeds of Rumex crspus L. and
Taraxacum ocnale F.H. Wgg (25 peces each) were
dstrbuted homogeneously n 90-mm Petr dshes lned
wth two layers of blottng paper. Derent concentratons
(50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm) of plant extract and pure
water for control purposes were mostened by addng 6
ml to contents of the Petr dshes. e Petr dshes were
ncubated at 25±1oC under condtons of 12 hours of lght
and 12 hours of darkness for 4 weeks. At the end of ths
perod, germnaton rates and root and shoot lengths of
the test plants were measured. e experment was carred
out n three replcatons and repeated two tmes (Y et
al. 2014).
Free radcal scavengng actvty DPPH (1,1-dphenyl-2-
pcrylhydrazyl) test. Free radcal scavengng actvty was
determned usng several modfcatons of the Lyana-
Pathrano method (L-P & S 2005).
Stock solutons of derent amounts of plant extract were
put n test tubes and topped up to ther fnal volume by
addng 3 ml of ethyl alcohol. A measured volume (1 ml)
of DPPH soluton (0.26 mM) was then added and mxed
by vortex. Aer t was kept n the dark for 30 mnutes,
absorbance was read at 517 nm. e DPPH radcal
scavengng actvty was calculated as IC50.
Caton radcal scavengng actvty (TEAC). s analyss
was performed accordng to the method used by RE
et al. (1999). Solutons of 2 mM ABTS (2,2’-azno-bs
3-ethylbenzothazolne-6-sulhonc acd) and 2.45 mM
sodum persulphate (Na2S2O8) prepared usng 0.1 M
phosphate buer wth a pH value of 7.4 M were mxed
at a rato of 1:2 and kept n the dark for 6 hours. Stock
solutons of derent amounts of plant extracts were
poured nto test tubes and ther volumes were topped up
to 3 ml wth a 0.1 M phosphate buer (pH 7.4). en 1 ml
of ABTS soluton was added, mxed by vortex and kept n
room condtons for 30 mnutes, aer whch absorbance
was read at 734 nm. e ABTS caton radcal scavengng
actvty was calculated as the IC50 value.
Iron reducng power actvty (FRAP). e FRAP analyss
was performed by a modfed verson of the Oyazu
method (O 1986). A 0.25-ml volume of plant extract
was topped up to 1.25 ml wth a 0.2 M phosphate buer
(pH 6.6). A measured volume (1.25 ml) of potassum
ferrcyande [K3Fe(CN)6] soluton (1%) was then added.
s mxture was kept at 50°C for 20 mnutes. Once the
mxture cooled down to room temperature, TCA (1.25 ml,
10%) and FeCl3 (0.25 ml, 0.1%) were added and a vortex
was appled to the mx, aer whch absorbance was read
at 700 nm. e obtaned results were calculated as the
amount of trolox-equvalent matter (TE).
Copper reducng power actvty (CUPRAC). An amount
of 0.1 ml was taken from the resultng sample solutons
and the volume was topped up to 1 ml wth methanol.
Followng the addton of CuCl2 (0.01 M), neocuprn
(7.5×10-3 M) and ammonum acetate solutons wth a
volume of 1 ml each, t was mxed by vortex. Aer restng
for 30 mnutes at room temperature, absorbance was
read at 450 nm. e obtaned results were calculated as
the amount of trolox-equvalent matter (TE) (A et al.
2004; E et al. 2018).
Total phenolc determnaton. e total phenolc
compound content was determned usng the Foln-
Cocalteu reagent (S et al. 1999). An amount of
0.2 ml was taken from stock solutons prepared wth plant
extracts and topped up to 4.6 ml wth purfed water. Wth
the addton of 0.3 ml of Na2CO3 soluton (2%) and 0.1
ml of Foln-Cocalteu reagent, t was placed n a vortex.
ereaer, t rested n room condtons for 2 hours and
absorbance was measured by a spectrometer at 760 nm.
Results were calculated as the amount of gallc acd-
equvalent matter (GAE).
Total avonod determnaton. An amount of 0.2 ml was
taken from the resultng sample solutons and the volume
was topped up to 4.8 ml wth methanol. en 0.1 ml of
Al(NO3) (10%) and 0.1 ml of NH4CH3COO solutons
(1 M) were added. Aer vortexng, t rested at room
condtons for 40 mnutes and absorbance was read at 415
nm. e obtaned results were calculated as the amount
of quercetn-equvalent matter (QE) (C et al. 2002).
Data analyss. e sgnfcance of derences between
treatments was determned through varance analyss
(ANOVA), and mean values were compared usng the
Duncan test. All statstcal analyses were performed wth
SPSS-15 soware.
RESULTS
Total phenolc and total avonod content. Extracts of
Salva bracteata obtaned usng derent solvents were
nvestgated. Table 1 shows the total phenolc content of
methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts obtaned
from S. bracteata. Sgnfcant derences were found
between derent extracts wth respect to total content
of phenolc substances. e hghest phenolc content was
n the methanol extract (121.66 mg of GAE/g of extract),
followed by the ethyl acetate extract (104.63 mg of GAE/g
of extracts) and the hexane extract (20.97 mg of GAE/g of
extract).
74 | vol. 44 (1)
Solvent
of extracts
Total phenolc content
(mg GAE/g extracts)
Total avonod content
(mg QE/g extracts)
Ethyl acetate 104.63±1.02 12.89±0.90
Methanol 121.66±2.14 10.85±0.59
Hexane 20.97±0.49 1.13±0.20
Table 1. Total phenolc and total avonod content n Salva bracteata.
No RRI*Compound name %
1 1394 Valencene 5.64
2 1402 Isocaryophllene 2.78
3 1417 γ-Muurolene 12.4
4 1429 camphor 15.54
5 1484 10-ep-cubebol 1.28
6 1485 Cyclohexanol 0.76
7 1521 Cunenol 0.81
8 1526 nd 1.68
9 1534 Vrdorol 5.23
10 1475 ep-alpha-cadnol 2.38
11 1478 Caryophylleneoxde 4.79
12 1482 Ledol 24.12
13 1484 α-Cadnol 4.7
14 1506 β-Eudesmol 3.16
15 1540 Epoxy-allo-alloaromadendrene 1.2
16 1570 Trcyclo[4.4.0.0(2,7)]DEC-8-EN-4-OL 1.46
17 1602 7R,8R-8-Hydroxy-4-sopropyldene-7-
methylbcyclo[5.3.1]undec-1-ene 3.33
18 1614 Isoaromadendreneepoxde 1.12
19 1622 Cylononasloxane, octadecametyhyl 0.48
20 1624 β-Oplopenone 1.8
21 1656 Benzene, 1-ethyl-3,5-dmethyl 0.52
22 1678 α-Guaıene 0.45
23 1689 1,2-Benzenedıcarboxylıc acd, bs2-
methylpropyl ester 0.58
Total 96.21
* RRI: relatve retenton ndces.
Table 2. GC/MS analyses of the essental ol of Salva bracteata.
Sgnfcant derences were found between derent
extracts wth respect to ther total avonod content. e
ethyl acetate extract was dentfed as the one wth the
hghest avonod content (12.89 mg of QE/g of extract),
followed by the methanol extract (10.85 mg of GAE/g
of extract) and the hexane extract (1.13 mg of GAE/g of
extracts).
DPPH free radcal actvty. As seen n Fg. 1, the DPPH
radcal scavengng actvtes of Salva bracteata extracts
were as follows: IC50, 24.71±0.13 g/ml (methanol
extract), IC50, 37.16±0.14 g/ml (ethyl acetate extract)
and IC50, 103.13±1.26 g/ml (hexane extract). er
comparson wth the standard antoxdants BHT(butylated
hydroxytoluene) (IC50,10.85±0.33 g/ml), BHA (butylated
hydroxyansole) (IC50,4.73±0.13 g/ml) and trolox (IC50,
4.48±0.08 g/ml) revealed hgh levels of DPPH radcal
scavengng actvty for the methanol and ethyl acetate
extracts (Fg. 1), whereas the hexane extract proved to
have a weak DPPH radcal scavengng actvty.
Reducng power. e reducng power of compounds s
ndcatve of ther antoxdant capacty. Fgure 2 shows the
ron reducng power of derent extracts, wth the hghest
actvty, compared to the standards BHT (4.73±0.16 µmol
of TE/mg of extracts) and BHA (5.63±0.23 µmol of TE/
mg of extract), found n the methanol extract (1.94±0.02
µmol of TE/mg of extracts), followed by the ethyl acetate
extract (1.68±0.002 µmol of TE/mg of extract) and the
hexane extract (0.018±0.005 µmol of TE/mg of extract). It
was found that the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of
S. bracteata had a notable ron reducng power.
CUBRAC. Fgure 3 shows results of determnng the
copper reducng power of extracts. e tested extracts
had farly hgh copper reducng actvty compared to the
standard antoxdant substances BHT (5.68±0.15 µmol of
TE/mg of extract) and BHA (11.18±0.35 µmol of TE/mg
of extract), wth the hghest actvty found n the methanol
extract (4.00±0.05 µmol of TE/mg of extract), followed
by the ethyl acetate extract (2.99±0.01 µmol of TE/mg of
extract) and the hexane extract (1.34±0.02 µmol of TE/mg
of extract).
ABTS caton radcal scavengng actvty. Fgure 4 shows
the results of determnng the levels of ABTS caton
radcal scavengng actvty. Caton radcal scavengng
actvtes of the tested extracts n descendng order were
as follows: IC50, 11.20±0.20 g/ml (methanol extract);
IC50, 14.54±0.10 g/ml (ethyl acetate extract); and IC50,
112.57±0.12 g/ml (hexane extract). Comparsons wth
BHT (IC50, 4.71±0. 03 g/ml), BHA (IC50, 3.86±0.03 g/
ml) and trolox (IC50, 6,92±0.07 g/ml) reveal a notable
ABTS caton radcal scavengng actvty for the methanol
and ethyl acetate extracts.
| 75
M. Yılar et al.: Essential oil of Salvia bracteata
Propertes of sol at the collecton ste. Sol samples
obtaned from the locaton where S. bracteata plants were
collected had the followng values: water saturaton 58.3%,
pH 8.09, total salnty 0.008, lme rato 14.074%, organc
matter 3.501%, K2O (kg/da-1) 98.766 and P2O5 (kg/da-1)
3.914.
GC and GC–MS analyss. Accordng to GC/MS analyses,
96.26% of the essental ol of S. bracteata was obtaned and
23 components were dentfed. Ledol (24.12%), camphor
(15.54%) and valencene (5.64%) were dentfed as the
man components (Table 2).
Fg. 1. Salva bracteata extracts - DPPH free radcal actvty.
Fg. 2. Salva bracteata extracts- reducng power actvty.
Fg. 3. Salva bracteata extracts – C copper reducng power actvty.
Fg. 4. ABTS caton radcal scavengng actvty.
Doses
Rumex crspus Taraxacum ocnale
%
Germnaton Root Length Shoot Length %
Germnaton Root Length Shoot Length
Control 100.0±0.0a* 1.67±0.07a2.07±0.10a94.66±3.52a1.08±0.10a1.03±0.11a
50 ppm 100.0±0.0a1.56±0.05a1.46±0.02b74.66±2.66b0.57±0.04b0.83±0.12ab
100 ppm 100.0±0.0a1.20±0.05b1.07±0.02c69.33±2.58b0.42±0.14bc 0.72±0.04ab
200 ppm 98.66±1.33a0.63±0.05c0.99±0.09c28.00±5.04c0.32±0.06bc 0.62±0.14b
400 ppm 86.66±2.33a0.32±0.02d0.63±0.03d25.33±3.52c0.15±0.04c0.56±0.06b
*Means n the same column wth the same letter were not sgnfcantly derent as ndcated by ANOVA (a = 0.05).
Table 3. Eects (%) of Salva bracteata methanol extract on seed germnaton and seedlng growth.
Doses (ppm) A. solan S. sclerotiorum
Control+100±0.00a* 100±0.00a
Control-0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
50 0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
100 0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
200 0.00±0.00c0.00±0.00b
400 26.11±3.01b0.00±0.00b
*Means n the same column wth the same letter were not
sgnfcantly derent as ndcated by ANOVA (a = 0.05).
Table 4. Antfungal eects (%) of Salva bracteata methanol extract.
76 | vol. 44 (1)
Allelopathc eect. e methanol extract showed an
allelopathc eect on test plants, although at derent
levels. Wth an ncrease of dose, there was an ncrease of
negatve eects. Table 3 shows the allelopathc eect of the
plant extract on test plants.
e methanol extract of S. bracteata dd not have a
statstcally sgnfcant eect (p<0.005) on germnaton
of R. crspus seeds compared to the control group. It
reduced the rate of germnaton by 13.34%. However, R.
crspus prevented root and shoot growth of the seedlngs
at a statstcally sgnfcant level (p<0.005) compared to the
control group.
Taraxacum ocnale was found to be more senstve
to the methanol extract of S. bracteata. As compared to
the control group, seed germnaton n T. ocnale was
aected to an extent of 69.33% by S. bracteata extract, root
growth to an extent of 86.11% and shoot growth to an
extent of 45.63% (Table 3).
Antfungal actvty. e study dd not show 100%
nhbton of mycelum development by the plant
pathogens used. e methanol extract of the plant showed
the hghest eect on A. solan wth a value of 26.11% as
compared to the negatve control. On the other hand, t
was determned that the doses used had no eect on the
other pathogen, Sclerotna sclerotorum (Lb.) de Bary
(Table 4).
DISCUSSION
Phenols are very mportant plant components wth
ther actvtes of free radcal scavengng thanks to ther
hydroxyl groups (H et al. 1989). e phenolc
content of plants can therefore drectly contrbute to
ther antoxdant actvtes. e man phenolc substances
dentfed n sage extracts are rosmarnc acd, carnosc
acd, salvanolc acd and dervatves, carnosol, rosmanol,
eprosmanol, rosmadal and methyl carnosate (W et al.
1982; M & B 1995; L & F 2001). e
DPPH scavengng capacty of plant extracts s mostly
assocated wth phenolc hydroxyl groups. However, the
propertes of these assumed antoxdants are lnked to a
varety of mechansms, ncludng nhbton of ntaton
of the radcal chan, bndng of catalysts for transton
of metal ons, separaton of peroxdes, nhbton of
contnuous hydrogen abstracton and radcal cleanng
(D 1997).
e DPPH radcal scavengng actvtes of the ethyl
acetate and dchloromethane extracts of S. bracteata
were demonstrated n prevous studes. e ethyl acetate
extract was reported to dsplay a DPPH radcal actvty of
13.95±0.32 at 250 µg ml−1, 16.29±0.22 at 500 µg ml−1 and
21.04±0.32 at 1000 µg ml−1, whereas the same values for
the dchloromethane extract were reported as 3.99±0.32
at 250 µg ml−1, 3.92±0.47 at 500 µg ml−1 and 4.79±0.01 at
1000 µg ml−1 (O et al. 2013). In the same study, the
authors determned total phenolc and avonod content
of the acetate, methanol and dchloromethane extracts
of S. bracteata. ey dd not determne total phenolc
content of the ethyl acetate and dchloromethane extracts
of S. bracteata, but the total phenolc content of ts ethanol
extract was found to be 63.25±9.85. In the same study,
O et al. (2013) reported that total avonod content
for the dchloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts
was 81.4±7.99, 134.99±3.01 and 101.57±6.02, respectvely.
us, both the current study and prevously publshed data
confrm that S. bracteata has notable antoxdant actvty
thanks to the phenols t contans.
Smlar studes have reported chemcal composton
of the essental ol of S. bracteata. In a study from Iran,
46 components were dentfed n the essental ol of
ths speces, ncludng β-caryopyllene (10.7-41.6%),
y-muurolene (27.1-36.3%), bcyclogermacrene (1.8-9.9%),
caryophylleneoxde (1.5-9.6%) and α-humulene (1.1-
9.4%) (S et al. 2007). In a study performed wth
derent parts of S. bracteata, a total of 41 components
were detected n the plant´s essental ols obtaned before
owerng. e man components of ths ol were dentfed
as α-pnene (29.60%), myrcene (9.70%), lmonene (7.10%),
β-pnene (6.50%) and germacrene-D (5.96%). In the
owerng phase, 50 components were dentfed, ncludng
α-pnene (28.90%), myrcene (7.65%), lmonene (7.17%)
and β-pnene (7.90%). Aer owerng, 39 components
were dentfed n the ol obtaned from plants, wth
α-pnene (19.40%), myrecene (9.45%), lmonene (13.93%)
and bornyl acetate (5.44%) as the man ones (A 2007).
As seen n prevous nvestgatons and the present
study, there are derences between the percentages of
man components n the essental ol of S. bracteata. ese
derences are a result of derent ecologcal condtons,
propertes of sol (pH, organc matter, salnty, etc.) at
the locatons where the plants grow, characterstcs of the
plants (owerng tme, harvestng tme, post-harvest and
dryng condtons) and extracton condtons (S
et al. 1997; S & M 1999; A 2013;
M et al. 2013; R et al. 2015).
As the dose of S. bracteata methanol extract ncreased,
so dd ts negatve eects on test plants (A & T
2010). Very few studes have been conducted on the
plant S. bracteata, and the exstng ones are all on ts
antmcrobal actvty. e antmcrobal actvty of S.
bracteata was reported by C et al. (2009). ere
are studes on the allelopathc eects of members of the
genus Salva. Accordng to the fndngs of these studes,
aboveground exudants of the speces Salva namaenss
Schnz, S. fallax Fernald, S. dsermas L., S. chamaedryodes
Cav., S. confertora Pohl., S. × jamenss J. Compton,
S. bunchanan Hedge, S. wargnerana Polak, S. scabra
Lnn. fl., S. mnata Fernald, S. cacalaefola Benth., S.
adenophora Fernald and S. rutlans Carrere have varyng
phytotoxc eects on Papaver rhoeas L. (poppy) and Avena
satva L. (oats) (B et al. 2010); the essental ol of S.
| 77
M. Yılar et al.: Essential oil of Salvia bracteata
ocnals nhbts germnaton and root development
n Lepdum satvum L. (cress) (B et al. 2013); S.
mnata stops the germnaton of Papaver rhoeas L. and
Avena satva n Petr applcatons (B et al. 2011); the
essental ol of S. leucophylla s eectve on the germnaton
of Brassca campestrs (N et al. 2005); Hordeum
vulgare (barley) and Portulaca oleracea (purslane)
show reduced germnaton n the aqueous extract of S.
ocnals (B et al. 2013); and the aqueous extract
of S. macrosphon aects the germnaton and seedlng
development of Zea mays L. (corn) (R & K
2013). Furthermore, H & G (2013)
showed that a 5% dose of the aqueous extract of S.
ocnals reduced the germnaton of Cuscuta campestrs
Yunck by 25%.
Salva bracteata had antmcrobal actvty aganst
the pathogens S. aureus, E. col, M. smegmats and C.
albcans; and the MIC values aganst these pathogens were
determned as 1.1, 0.5, 1.1 and 1.1 mg/ml, respectvely
(K et al. 2005). C et al. (2009) reported that
the essental ol of S. bracteata had an antmcrobal eect
on human-pathogenc Gram-postve and Gram-negatve
bactera. It was also shown by varous researchers that
many plant speces of the genus Salva exhbted bologcal
actvty (B & G 2018; Y et al. 2018).
Results of the present study show that S. bracteata
extracts possess promsng antoxdant propertes n
vtro. Salva bracteata was shown to be rch n mportant
phenolcs wth a potental to drectly aect the presence
of antoxdants. We suggest that the methanol extract of
S. bracteata may represent an alternatve to synthetc
chemcals n the control of weeds and plant-pathogenc
fung. It s consdered to have a sgnfcant potental,
especally for cultvated plants wdely grown n organc
farmng, whch s of ncreasng mportance n Turkey, as
well as on a global scale.
Acknowledgements − s work was supported by the
Ah Evran Unversty Scentfc Research Projects Unt
(Project No. ZRT.A3.17.005).
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Ovo stražvanje je sprovedeno s cljem utvrđvanja bološkh aktvnost vrste Salva bracteata, kao što su njen antoksdansn, ukupn
fenoln, ukupn avonodn, alelopatsk antgljvčn efekt. U tu svrhu, nadzemn delov (cvetov + zdanc + lstov) bljaka S. bracteata
sakupljen su u provncj Krsehr, Turska, u faz cvetanja, tokom vegetacjske sezone 2018. Prema rezultatma analze GC-MS dentfkovano
je 23 sastojka, koj predstavljaju 96.21% esencjalnog ulja. Otkrvena su glavna jednjenja esencjalnog ulja, kao što su ledol (24.12%), kamfor
(15.54%) valenn (5.64%). Ekstrakt etl acetata, metanola heksana dobjen su z bljaka određen su njhov ukupn fenoln (104.63,
121.66 20.97 mg GAE/g ekstrakta), kao sadržaj avonoda (12.89, 10.85 1.13 mg QE/g ekstrakta). Zatm je dentfkovana aktvnost
uklanjanja radkala DPPH, koja je najveća u ekstraktma metanola etl acetata. Takođe, kod ovh bljnh ekstrakata su utvrđene aktvnost
TEAC (radkalsko uklanjanje katjona), aktvnost FRAP (redukcja gvožđa) aktvnost smanjenja bakra. Utvrđeno je da metanoln ekstrakt
S. bracteata ma alelopatsk učnak na bljke Rumex crspus Taraxacum ocnale. Iako je metanoln ekstrakt bljaka mao malo utcaja na
razvoj mcelja Alternara solan, jedne od značajnh patogenh gljvca kod bljaka, pokazalo se da nje delotvoran na patogen Sclerotna
sclerotorum.
Ključne reč: Salva bracteata, antoksdatvno delovanje, ukupno fenolno-avonodno delovanje, antfungalno alelopatsko delovanje
Hemijski sastav esencijalnog ulja Salvia bracteata i biološka aktivnost njenih
ekstrakata: antioksidansni, ukupni fenolni, ukupni avonoidni, antifungalni i
alelopatski efekti
Melh Y, Yusuf B, Ahu Alev A B Nusret G
REZIME
