Changes in the material properties of bone arise from cellular formation and resorption processes, and systemic factors such as serum chemistry. These processes typically act at the nanometer and micron length scales. Treatments of bone disease aim to increase bone strength by altering bone formation or remodeling processes and serum chemistry to increase bone quantity and quality. The purpose of this review is to summarize the changes in the material properties of bone with disease and drug treatment. In this article we review the effects of the most common metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, vitamin D deficiency, and diabetes mellitus, along with their treatments, on tissue material properties in (a) human studies and (b) pre-clinical animal models.