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A new genus Allodiatrype, five new species and a new host record of diatrypaceous fungi from palms (Arecaceae)

January 2020
mycosphere 11(1):239–268

January 2020
11(1):239–268

DOI:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/4

Authors:

Sirinapa Konta

Mae Fah Luang University

Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

Indunil C. Senanayake

University of Chinese Acedemy of Science

Eric Mckenzie

Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research

Show all 12 authorsHide

Diatrypaceous fungi on palms (Arecaceae) in Thailand were collected and identified based on morphological characteristics as well as combined DNA sequence analyses (ITS and TUB2). One new genus Allodiatrype, and five new species, Allocryptovalsa elaeidis, Allodiatrype arengae, A. elaeidicola, A. elaeidis and Diatrypella elaeidis are introduced. A checklist of Diatrypaceae occurring on palms (Arecaceae) and Thai diatrypaceous fungi is also provided.

Bayesian analyses the majority rule consensus tree of selected species in Diatrypaceae generated from combined ITS and TUB2 sequence data. Bootstrap support values for maximum

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Continued.

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Allocryptovalsa elaeidis (MFLU 15-1438, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b Close up of stroma. c Section of ascoma. d Peridium. e Ostiolar canal. f Paraphyses. g-j Asci. k-p Ascospores. q Colony on MEA. Bars: a = 500 μm, b, c = 200 μm, d, e = 20 μm, f = 10 μm, g-j = 50 μm, k-p = 5 μm.

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Allodiatrype arengae (MFLU 15-1444, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b Close up of stroma (ostiole opening surrounded with a ring-like structure). c, d Section of stroma. e Ostiolar canal. f Peridium. g-j Asci. k-p Ascospores. q Colony on MEA. Bars: a = 500 μm, b, c = 200 μm, d, g-j = 50 μm, e, f = 20 μm, k-p = 5 μm.

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Allodiatrype elaeidis (MFLU 15-1439, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b Close up of stromata (ostiole opening surrounded with a ring-like structure). c, d Section of stromata. e Ostiolar canal. f Peridium. g, h Asci. i-m Ascospores. n Colony on MEA. Bars: a, b = 500 μm, c = 200 μm, d, g, h = 50 μm, e, f = 20 μm, i-m = 5 μm.

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Submitted 2 July 2019, Accepted 2 December 2019, Published 28 January 2020

Corresponding Author: Prapassorn D. Eungwanichayapant – e-mail – prapassorn@mfu.ac.th 239

A new genus Allodiatrype, five new species and a new host record of

diatrypaceous fungi from palms (Arecaceae)

Konta S1,2,3, Maharachchikumbura SSN4, Senanayake IC5, McKenzie EHC6,

Stadler M7, Boonmee S1,2, Phookamsak R1,3,11,12, Jayawardena RS1,2, Senwanna

C1,8, Hyde KD1,3,12, Elgorban AM9,10 and Eungwanichayapant PD2*

1 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

2 School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand

3 Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201,

Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

4 School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731,

People’s Republic of China

5 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen

University, 3688, Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China

6 Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

7 Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124

Brunswick, Germany

8 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,

Thailand

9 Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

10 Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451,

Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

11 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy

of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

12 East and Central Asia Regional Office, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s

Republic of China

Konta S, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Senanayake IC, McKenzie EHC, Stadler M, Boonmee S,

Phookamsak R, Jayawardena RS, Senwanna C, Hyde KD, Elgorban AM, Eungwanichayapant PD

2020 – A new genus Allodiatrype, five new species and a new host record of diatrypaceous fungi

from palms (Arecaceae). Mycosphere 11(1), 239–268, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/4

Abstract

Diatrypaceous fungi on palms (Arecaceae) in Thailand were collected and identified based on

morphological characteristics as well as combined DNA sequence analyses (ITS and TUB2). One

new genus Allodiatrype, and five new species, Allocryptovalsa elaeidis, Allodiatrype arengae, A.

elaeidicola, A. elaeidis and Diatrypella elaeidis are introduced. A checklist of Diatrypaceae

occurring on palms (Arecaceae) and Thai diatrypaceous fungi is also provided.

Keywords – 6 novel taxa – Diatrypaceae – morphology – palm fungi – phylogeny – Thai fungi –

Xylariales

Introduction

The ascomycete family Diatrypaceae Nitschke was introduced and typified by Diatrype Fr.

(Nitschke 1869). Diatrypaceous taxa have a worldwide distribution in aquatic and terrestrial

habitats (Chlebicki 1986, Glawe & Jacobs 1987, Carmarán et al. 2006, de Almeida et al. 2016,

Mycosphere 11(1): 239–268 (2020) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019

Article

Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/4

240

Dayarathne et al. 2016, Mayorquin et al. 2016, Senwanna et al. 2017, Shang et al. 2017, 2018,

Moyo et al. 2018a). Most genera in Diatrypaceae are wood-inhabiting saprobes (Trouillas et al.

2011, Grassi et al. 2014, Mehrabi et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2019, Phookamsak et al. 2019); some are

plant pathogens causing cankers, dieback and grapevine trunk diseases (caused by Anthostoma

decipiens (DC.) Nitschke, Cryptovalsa ampelina (Nitschke) Fuckel, Eutypa lata (Pers.) Tul. & C.

Tul., Eutypella citricola Speg, E. microtheca Trouillas, W.M. Pitt & Gubler, E. parasitica R.W.

Davidson & R.C. Lorenz (Mostert et al. 2004, Jurc et al. 2006, Luque et al. 2006, 2012, Pitt et al.

2013, Rolshausen et al. 2014, Paolinelli-Alfonso et al. 2015, Mayorquin et al. 2016, Kowalski &

Bednarz 2017, Moyo et al. 2018b); and some are endophytes such as Diatrypella frostii Peck,

Libertella Desm. and Peroneutypa scoparia (Schwein.) Carmarán & A.I. Romero (de Errasti et al.

2010, Vieira et al. 2011, Grassi et al. 2014).

The number of genera accepted in Diatrypaceae has changed over the years, and four genera

have been introduced in the past ten years e.g. Allocryptovalsa Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D.

Hyde, Diatrypasimilis JJ. Zhou & Kohlm., Halodiatrype Dayarathne & K.D. Hyde and

Neoeutypella M. Raza, Q.J. Shang, Phookamsak & L. Cai (Chalkley et al. 2010, Liu et al. 2015,

Dayarathne et al. 2016, Senwanna et al. 2017, Phookamsak et al. 2019). Wijayawardene et al.

(2017a) included 17 genera in the family; Phookamsak et al. (2019) introduced the new genus

Neoeutypella, with two new species, while Hyde et al. (2019) introduced the new species

Diatrypella delonicis R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde. Diatrypaceae is, however, relatively poorly studied

with regard to potential biotechnological applications, such as the production of enzymes and

beneficial secondary metabolites (Ciavatta et al. 2008, Grassi et al. 2014). The only species that

have been studied thoroughly for bioactive compounds are the plant pathogenic Eutypa lata and

Peroneutypa (syn: Eutypella) scoparia (Helaly et al. 2018).

Divergent time estimates and the evolution of major lineages in the Sordariomycetes have

indicated that Diatrypaceae has an affinity to many families, such as Graphostromataceae M.E.

Barr, J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju, Hypoxylaceae DC., Lopadostomataceae Daranag. & K.D. Hyde,

Microdochiaceae Hern.-Restr., Crous & J.Z. Groenew., Requienellaceae Boise., and Xylariaceae

Tul. & C. Tul. in the order Xylariales at 66–252 Mya, which is the same as the common divergence

times of most of fungal families (Samarakoon et al. 2016, Hongsanan et al. 2017). Members of

Diatrypaceae mostly have immersed to erumpent or rarely superficial, black or dark brown,

eustromatic or pseudostromatic stromata, 8-spored or polysporous asci, hyaline to light brown,

allantoid ascospores and a libertella-like asexual morph (Senanayake et al. 2015, Wijayawardene et

al. 2017b). The concepts of segregating genera in Diatrypaceae are still rather confused as

mentioned in Maharachchikumbura et al. (2016) and Shang et al. (2017, 2018). The placement of

species in each genus of Diatrypaceae is very confused with many genera being polyphyletic

(Shang et al. 2017, 2018). Hence, it is necessary to use both molecular (mostly based on ITS and

TUB2 sequence data) and morphological data for the primary identification and classification of

diatrypaceouse taxa.

The number of new microfungi that can be potentially discovered in Thailand is large (Hyde et

al. 2018). In this study, we introduce a new genus, five new species, a new combination, new host

and new geographical record for Diatrypaceae occurring on palms with morphological and

phylogenetic evidence. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and notes for each taxon are also provided.

Materials & Methods

Collection, isolation, and identification

Fresh materials were collected from Thailand (Chiang Rai, Krabi, and Phang-Nga Provinces)

during 2014–2015 on Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr., Brahea armata S. Watson, Calamus L., and

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. The taxa were identified based on morphological characteristics and DNA

sequence data. Isolations and specimen examinations were conducted following the method

provided by Konta et al. (2016). The specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Mae Fah Luang

University (MFLU) and duplicated in the herbarium of Cryptogams, Kunming Institute of Botany

241

Academia Sinica (KUN-HKAS). Cultures were deposited in Mae Fah Luang Culture Collection

(MFLUCC) at Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Facesoffungi and Index

Fungorum numbers were registered as outlined in Jayasiri et al. (2015) and Index Fungorum

(2019).

DNA extraction and amplification (PCR)

Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal mycelium using the Biospin Fungus Genomic

DNA extraction Kit (BioFlux, P.R. China) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The partial

nucleotide genes were subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer

regions and intervening 5.8S rRNA gene (ITS) of the rDNA operon (White et al. 1990), 28S rRNA

gene (LSU) (Vilgalys & Hester 1990), 18S ribosomal RNA (SSU) (White et al. 1990), translation

elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) (Rehner & Buckley 2005), RNA polymerase II second largest

subunit (RPB2) (Liu et al. 1999, Sung et al. 2007) and β-tubulin (TUB2) (Glass & Donaldson 1995,

O’Donnell & Cigelnik 1997). For primers and conditions see Table 1.

The total volume of PCR mixtures for amplification were 25 μl containing 8.5 μl ddH2O, 12.5

μl 2× Easy Taq PCR Super Mix (mixture of Easy Taq TM DNA Polymerase, dNTPs and optimized

buffer (Beijing Trans Gen Biotech Co., Beijing, P.R. China), 2 μl of DNA template, 1 μl of each

forward and reverse primers (10 pM). The quality of PCR products was checked on 1% agarose gel

electrophoresis stained with 4S green nucleic acid (Life Science Products & Services, Shanghai,

P.R. China). Purification and sequencing of PCR products were carried out by Sangon Biotech Co.,

Shanghai, P.R. China. The resulting fragments were sequenced in both directions with primers

above. The DNA sequences generated were analyzed and consensus sequences were computed using

SeqMan software.

Table 1 Details of genes/loci with PCR primers and PCR conditions.

Genes/loci

PCR primers

(forward/reverse)

PCR conditions

ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1

ITS5/ITS4, LR5/LR0R,

NS4/NS1, 983F/2218R

a; 95 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 50 s, 72°C: 30 s (35 cycles); c

RPB2

fRPB2-5f/fRPB2–7cR

b; 95 °C: 1 min, 54 °C: 2 min, 72 °C: 1.5 min (35 cycles); c

TUB2

T1/ Bt2b

b; 94 °C: 1 min, 52 °C: 1 min, 72 °C: 1.5 min; c

a Initiation step of 95 °C: 3 min. b Initiation step of 95 °C: 5 min. c Final elongation step of 72 °C: 10 min and final hold

at 4 °C.

Phylogenetic analysis

The new sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 2) even if they

were not used in the phylogenetic tree. The sequences generated in this study were analysed with

additional sequences obtained from GenBank, based on BLAST searches and the literature (Hyde

et al. 2019, Phookamsak et al. 2019). Sequences of the ITS and TUB2 were analysed individually

and in combination. Only ITS and TUB2 sequence data were used in the analyses based on

previous literature and other gene sequences were deposited in GenBank for future studies.

Sequence alignments were carried out with MAFFT v.6.864b (Katoh & Standley 2013) and

alignments were manually improved where necessary. The single gene datasets were combined

using Mega7 (Kumar et al. 2016). Data were converted from fasta to nexus and PHYLIP format

with Alignment Transformation Environment online, https://sing.ei.uvigo.es/ALTER/ (Glez-Peña et

al. 2010).

The phylogenetic methods used in this study included maximum likelihood analysis (ML)

performed with RAxMl GUI v.1.0. (Stamatakis 2006, Silvestro & Michalak 2011) and Bayesian

posterior probabilities (BYPP). The latter method was performed at CIPRES using Bayesian

analysis on XSEDE (v.3.2.6) as part of the “MrBayes on XSEDE” tool (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist

2001, Miller et al. 2010). MrModelTest v. 2.2 was used to determine the best nucleotide substitution

242

model settings for the alignment for each data partition of the Bayesian analysis (Nylander 2004).

The model of evolution was performed using MrModelTest 2.2 (Nylander 2004) under the Akaike

information criterion (AIC). GTR+I+G model was selected as the best-fit models of the combined

dataset for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis (Nylander 2004). Bayesian posterior

probabilities (BYPP) were determined by Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC) in

MrBayes on XSEDE v.3.2.6. Six simultaneous Markov Chains were run for 3,000,000 generations

and trees were sampled every 1,000th generation. MCMC heated chain was set with a “temperature”

value of 0.20. All sampled topologies beneath the asymptote (25%) were discarded as part of a

burn-in procedure; the remaining trees (4,502) were used for calculating posterior probabilities in

the majority rule consensus tree. BYPP equal to/or greater than 0.90 is given near to each node

(Fig. 1). The phylogenetic trees were visualized in Fig Tree v1.4.0 (Rambaut 2006) and edited

using Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2010 and Adobe Illustrator CS6 (Adobe Systems, USA). The

alignments and respective phylogenetic trees were deposited in TreeBASE (submission ID: 25674).

Results

Phylogenetic analyses

Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS and TUB2 sequence data based on ML and BYPP

analyses indicate that the two tree topologies are similar. The dataset consists of 117 taxa for

representative strains of species in Diatrypaceae. The total alignment length comprises 2,570

characters including gaps. The RAxML analysis resulted in a best scoring likelihood tree selected

with a final ML optimization likelihood value of -22955.866702 which is represented in Fig. 1. The

final likelihood tree was evaluated and optimized under GAMMA model parameters, with 1,547

distinct alignment patterns and 65.11% of undetermined characters or gaps. Bayesian posterior

probabilities from MCMC were evaluated with a final average standard deviation of the split

frequency of 0.011661.

The phylogram generated from the combined ITS and TUB2 sequence data supports

establishment of a new genus, five new species and six new host records of diatrypaceous fungi

within Diatrypaceae (Fig. 1). Allodiatrype species formed a basal clade to Neoeutypella, with

Diatrype enteroxantha as the sister clade. Of the five new species, Allocryptovalsa elaeidis

(MFLUCC 15-0707) formed a sister clade with A. polyspora (MFLUCC 17-0364, type species) and

A. rabenhorstii with high bootstrap support within the genus Allocryptovalsa (100% ML, 1.00

BYPP). Allodiatrype arengae (MFLUCC 15-0713) clustered with A. elaeidis with high bootstrap

support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP). Allodiatrype elaeidis (MFLUCC 15-0708) clustered with A.

elaeidicola with 61% ML bootstrap support. Allodiatrype elaeidicola (MFLUCC 15-0737)

clustered with A. thailandica with low bootstrap support. Diatrypella elaeidis (MFLUCC 15-0279)

is sister to Diatrypella delonicis (MFLUCC 15-1014) with low bootstrap support (61% ML). Of the

new hosts and geographical records, Allodiatrype thailandica (MFLUCC 15-0711) appeared related

to the generic type of the genus (MFLUCC 14-1210). Our new isolate of Diatrypella (MFLUCC

17-0368) grouped with ex-type strain of D. heveae (MFLUCC 15-0274) with high bootstrap

support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP).

Table 2 GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in phylogenetic analyses.

Species Strains

GenBank accession

numbers

References

ITS

TUB2

Allocryptovalsa cryptovalsoidea

HVFIG02

HQ692573

HQ692524

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Allocryptovalsa cryptovalsoidea

HVFIG05

HQ692574

HQ692525

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Allocryptovalsa elaeidis

MFLUCC 15-0707

MN308410

MN340296

This study

Allocryptovalsa polyspora T

MFLUCC 17-0364

MF959500

MG334556

Senwanna et al. (2017)

Allocryptovalsa rabenhorstii

WA07CO

HQ692620

HQ692522

Trouillas et al. (2011)

243

Table 2 Continued.

Species Strains

GenBank accession

numbers

References

ITS

TUB2

Allocryptovalsa rabenhorstii

WA08CB

HQ692619

HQ692523

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Allodiatrype arengae T

MFLUCC 15-0713

MN308411

MN340297

This study

Allodiatrype elaeidicola

MFLUCC 15-0737a

MN308415

MN340299

This study

Allodiatrype elaeidicola

MFLUCC 15-0737b

MN308416

This study

Allodiatrype elaeidis

MFLUCC 15-0708a

MN308412

MN340298

This study

Allodiatrype elaeidis

MFLUCC 15-0708b

MN308413

This study

Allodiatrype thailandica

‘Diatrype thailandica’

MFLUCC 14-1210

KU315392

Li et al. (2016)

Allodiatrype thailandica

MFLUCC 15-0711

MN308414

This study

Anthostoma decipiens T

IPV-FW349

AM399021

AM920693

Unpublished

Anthostoma decipiens T

JL567

JN975370

JN975407

Luque et al. (2012)

Cryptosphaeria eunomia T

C1C, CBS 216.87

AJ302417

Acero et al. (2004)

Cryptosphaeria eunomia T

C5C, CBS 223.87

AJ302421

Acero et al. (2004)

Cryptosphaeria ligniota

CBS 273.87

KT425233

KT425168

Acero et al. (2004)

Cryptosphaeria moravica

CBS 244.87

HM164735

HM164769

Trouillas & Gubler (2010)

Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis

ATCC 52655

KT425235

KT425170

Trouillas et al. (2015)

Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis

HBPF24

KT425202

GQ294014

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Cryptosphaeria subcutanea

CBS 240.87

KT425232

KT425167

Trouillas et al. (2015)

Cryptosphaeria subcutanea

DSUB100A

KT425189

KT425124

Trouillas et al. (2015)

Cryptovalsa ampelina

A001

GQ293901

GQ293972

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Cryptovalsa ampelina

DRO101

GQ293902

GQ293982

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Diatrype brunneospora

CNP01

HM581946

HQ692478

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Diatrype bullata

UCDDCh400

DQ006946

DQ007002

Rolshausen et al. (2006)

Diatrype decorticata

1056

KU320621

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrype bullata

D6C, CBS 215.87

AJ302422

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype enteroxantha

HUEFS155114

KM396617

KT003700

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrype enteroxantha

HUEFS155116

KM396618

KT022236

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrype disciformis T

D21C, CBS 205.87

AJ302437

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype disciformis T

D7M, GB5815

AJ302423

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype macowaniana

D15C, CBS 214.87

AJ302431

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype oregonensis

DPL200

GQ293940

GQ293999

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Diatrype palmicola

MFLUCC 11-0018

KP744439

Liu et al. (2015)

Diatrype palmicola

MFLUCC 11-0020

KP744438

Liu et al. (2015)

Diatrype polycocca

D16C, CBS 213.87

AJ302432

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype spilomea

D17C

AJ302433

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype stigma

DCASH200

GQ293947

GQ294003

Diatrype stigma

UCD23-Oe

JX515704

JX515670

Úrbez-Torres et al. (2013)

Diatrype undulata

D20C, CBS 271.87

AJ302436

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype undulata

Olrim324

AY354239

Lygis et al. (2004)

Diatrype whitmanensis

CDB011

GQ293954

GQ294010

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Diatrype whitmanensis

DCHES100

GQ293951

GQ294008

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Diatrypella atlantica

HUEFS 136873

KM396614

KR259647

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrypella atlantica

HUEFS 194228

KM396615

KR363998

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrypella banksiae

CPC 29118

KY173402

Crous et al. (2013)

Diatrypella delonicis

MFLUCC 15-1014

MH812994

MH847790

Hyde et al. (2019)

Diatrypella delonicis

MFLU 16-1032

MH812995

MH847791

Hyde et al. (2019)

Diatrypella elaeidis

MFLUCC 15-0279

MN308417

MN340300

This study

Diatrypella favacea

Isolate 380

KU320616

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrypella frostii

UFMGCB 1917

HQ377280

Vieira et al. (2011)

Diatrypella heveae

MFLUCC 17-0368

MF959501

MG334557

Senwanna et al. (2017)

Diatrypella heveae

MFLUCC 15-0274

MN308418

MN340301

This study

Diatrypella iranensis

KDQ18

KM245033

Mehrabi et al. (2015)

Diatrypella major

Isolate 1058

KU320613

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrype oregonensis

CA117

GQ293934

GQ293996

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Diatrypella prominens

DL28A, ATCC 64182

AJ302442

Acero et al. (2004)

Diatrype oregonensis

DPL200

GQ293940

GQ293999

Trouillas et al. (2010)

Diatrype prominens

FJ430594

Unpublished

244

Table 2 Continued.

Species Strains

GenBank accession

numbers

References

ITS

TUB2

Diatrype prominens

SBen212

KU721868

Lawrence et al. (2017)

Diatrypella pulvinata

H048

FR715523

FR715495

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Diatrypella tectonae

MFLUCC 12-0172a

KY283084

Shang et al. (2017)

Diatrypella tectonae

MFLUCC 12-0172b

KY283085

KY421043

Shang et al. (2017)

Diatrypella verruciformis T

UCROK1467

JX144793

JX174093

Lynch et al. (2013)

Diatrypella verruciformis T

UCROK754

JX144783

JX174083

Lynch et al. (2013)

Diatrypella vulgaris

HVFRA02

HQ692591

HQ692503

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Diatrypella vulgaris

HVGRF03

HQ692590

HQ692502

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Eutypa armeniacae

ATCC 28120

DQ006948

DQ006975

Rolshausen et al. (2006)

Eutypa astroidea

E49C, CBS 292.87

AJ302458

DQ006966

Rolshausen et al. (2006)

Eutypa flavovirens

E48C, CBS 272.87

AJ302457

DQ006959

Rolshausen et al. (2006)

Eutypa laevata

E40C CBS 291.87

AJ302449

Acero et al. (2004)

Eutypa lata T

CBS 290.87

HM164736

HM164770

Trouillas & Gubler (2010)

Eutypa lata T

EP18

HQ692611

HQ692501

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Eutypa lata T

RGA01

HQ692614

HQ692497

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Eutypa lejoplaca

CBS 248.87

DQ006922

DQ226974

Rolshausen et al. (2006)

Eutypa leptoplaca

CBS 287.87

DQ006924

DQ006961

Rolshausen et al. (2006)

Eutypa maura

CBS 219.87

DQ006926

DQ006967

Rolshausen et al. (2006)

Eutypa microasca

BAFC 51550

KF964566

KF964572

Grassi et al. (2014)

Eutypa sparsa

3802 3b

AY684220

AY684201

Trouillas & Gubler (2004)

Eutypella cerviculata T

EL59C

AJ302468

Acero et al. (2004)

Eutypella cerviculata T

M68

JF340269

Arhipova et al. (2012)

Eutypella citricola

HVGRF01

HQ692579

HQ692512

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Eutypella citricola

HVVIT07

HQ692589

HQ692521

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Eutypella leprosa

EL54C, CBS 276.87

AJ302463

Acero et al. (2004)

Eutypella leprosa

Isolate 60

KU320622

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Eutypella microtheca

ADEL200

HQ692559

HQ692527

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Eutypella microtheca

BCMX01

KC405563

KC405560

Paolinelli-Alfonso et al. (2015)

Eutypella parasitica

CBS 210.39

DQ118966

Jurc et al. (2006)

Eutypella semicircularis

MP4669

JQ517314

Mehrabi et al. (2016)

Eutypella vitis

UCD2291AR

HQ288224

HQ288303

Úrbez-Torres et al. (2012)

Eutypella vitis

UCD2428TX

FJ790851

GU294726

Úrbez-Torres et al. (2009)

Halodiatrype avicenniae

MFLUCC 15-0953

KX573916

KX573931

Dayarathne et al. (2016)

Halodiatrype salinicola T

MFLUCC 15-1277

KX573915

KX573932

Dayarathne et al. (2016)

Kretzschmaria deusta

CBS 826.72

KU683767

KU684190

U’Ren et al. (2016)

Monosporascus cannonballus T

CMM3646

JX971617

Unpublished

Monosporascus cannonballus T

ATCC 26931

FJ430598

Unpublished

Neoeutypella baoshanensis T

EL51C, CBS 274.87

AJ302460

Acero et al. (2004)

Neoeutypella baoshanensis T

LC 12111

MH822887

MH822888

Hyde et al. (2019)

Pedumispora rhizophorae T

BCC44877

KJ888853

Klaysuban et al. (2014)

Pedumispora rhizophorae T

BCC44878

KJ888854

Klaysuban et al. (2014)

Peroneutypa alsophila

EL58C, CBS 250.87

AJ302467

Acero et al. (2004)

Peroneutypa comosa

BAFC 393

KF964568

Grassi et al. (2014)

Peroneutypa curvispora

HUEFS 136877

KM396641

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Peroneutypa diminutiasca

MFLUCC 17-2144

MG873479

Shang et al. (2018)

Peroneutypa diminutispora

HUEFS 192196

KM396647

de Almeida et al. (2016)

Peroneutypa kochiana

EL53M

AJ302462

Acero et al. (2004)

Peroneutypa longiasca

MFLUCC 17-0371

MF959502

MG334558

Senwanna et al. (2017)

Peroneutypa mackenziei

MFLUCC 16-0072

KY283083

KY706363

Shang et al. (2017)

Peroneutypa mangrovei

NFCCI-4246

MG844286

MH094409

Phookamsak et al. (2019)

Peroneutypa rubiformis

MFLUCC 17-2142

MG873477

Shang et al. (2018)

Peroneutypa scoparia

MFLUCC 11-0478

KU940151

Dai et al. (2016)

Peroneutypa scoparia

MFLUCC 18-1111

MK603519

MK101307

Hyde et al. (2019)

Quaternaria quaternata

EL60C, CBS 278.87

AJ302469

Acero et al. (2004)

Quaternaria quaternata

GNF13

KR605645

Mehrabi et al. (2016)

Xylaria hypoxylon

CBS 122620

AM993141

KX271279

Peršoh et al. (2009)

Note: Newly generated sequences are in bold; T denotes the type species of the genus.

245

Figure 1 – Bayesian analyses the majority rule consensus tree of selected species in Diatrypaceae

generated from combined ITS and TUB2 sequence data. Bootstrap support values for maximum

246

likelihood (ML) greater than 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) greater than 0.90

are given at the nodes. Branches with 100% ML and 1.00 BYPP are shown with a blue dot. Ex-type

strains are in bold. Newly generated sequences are in red. Novel taxa are in red bold. The asterisks

represent unstable species.

Figure 1 – Continued.

Taxonomy

Allocryptovalsa Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, in Senwanna, Phookamsak, Doilom, Hyde

& Cheewangkoon, Mycosphere 8(10): 1839 (2017)

Type species – Allocryptovalsa polyspora C. Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde

Notes – Allocryptovalsa was introduced and is typified by A. polyspora Senwanna,

Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, which was collected from Hevea brasiliensis (Senwanna et al. 2017).

This genus comprises three species, A. cryptovalsoidea Trouillas, W.M. Pitt & Gubler ex

Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, A. polyspora and A. rabenhorstii (Nitschke) C. Senwanna,

Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde (Index Fungorum 2019).

Allocryptovalsa elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 2

Index Fungorum number: IF556570, Facesoffungi number: FoF05116

Etymology – Epithet refers to host genus, Elaeis

Holotype – MFLU 15-1438

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Saprobic on dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae). Sexual morph – Stromata (285–

)330–730(–950) μm long, (250–)350–890(–1030) μm wide (x

̄ = 568 × 600 μm, n = 20), mostly

solitary, sometimes gregarious, surrounded by black circle on host surface, immersed to erumpent

in the bark, black, raised, pustulate, dome-shaped, 1–2-ascomata, with umbilicate ostiole appearing

on the surface of stroma. Ascomata (including neck) 325–460 μm high, 315–515 μm diam. (x

̄ = 365

× 400 μm, n = 20), perithecial, immersed in the stroma, covered with the epidermis of plant tissue,

delimited by a black zone in host tissues, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostiole individual, with a

short neck. Ostiolar canal 180–250 μm high, 160–230 μm diam. (x

̄ = 250 × 230 μm, n = 5), sulcate,

with periphyses. Peridium 25–86 μm wide (x

̄ = 46 μm, n = 30), composed of two sections, outer

layer dark brown, thick-walled cells, arranged in textura angularis, inner layer hyaline, thin-walled

cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of 3–13 μm wide (x

̄ = 6 μm, n = 40), filiform,

septate, hyaline, unbranched, paraphyses. Asci (including stalks) (55–)68–147(−157) × 14–26 μm

̄ = 97 × 18 μm, n = 30), apex-bearing part (1.7–)2–4(−5.5) μm long (x

̄ = 3 μm, n = 30),

polysporous, unitunicate, clavate, with moderately short stalks, stalk-bearing part 35–56 μm long (x

= 50 μm, n = 10). Ascospores (6–)7.5–9(−10.5) × 2–4 μm (x

̄ = 9 × 3 μm, n = 100), overlapping,

yellowish to brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical or elongate-allantoid, aseptate, smooth-walled.

Asexual morph – Undetermined.

Geographical distribution – Thailand.

Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on Malt Extract Agar (MEA) within 24 hours.

Colonies on MEA, dense but thinner towards the edge, margin diffuse, white of upper surface (Fig.

2q). Additional sequence data – LSU (MN308401), SSU (MN308419) (MFLUCC 15-0707).

Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, on dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

(Arecaceae), 3 December 2014, S. Konta, KBM01f (MFLU 15-1438, holotype); ex-type living

culture = MFLUCC 15-0707.

Notes – Allocryptovalsa elaeidis is morphologically most similar to A. polyspora,

overlapping in the number of ascomata per stroma, size of ascomata and asci (Senwanna et al.

2017). Although A. elaeidis and A. polyspora are morphologically similar, the phylogenetic

analyses strongly support these collections as two distinct species. Allocryptovalsa elaeidis differs

from A. cryptovalsoidea, A. polyspora, and A. rabenhorstii in host association, that is Elaeis

guineensis (A. elaeidis), Ficus carica (A. cryptovalsoidea), Hevea brasiliensis (A. polyspora),

Robinia L. and Vitis vinifera (A. rabenhorstii), respectively (Saccardo 1882, Trouillas et al. 2011,

Senwanna et al. 2017). The species of this genus have been reported from Australia, Germany,

Thailand, and USA (Saccardo 1882, Trouillas et al. 2011, Senwanna et al. 2017). Comparisons of

the nucleotide between Allocryptovalsa species are shown in Table 5. Thus, A. elaeidis is

introduced as the fourth species in Allocryptovalsa based on its different morphology coupled with

high support values from the phylogenetic analysis (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP, Fig. 1).

Allodiatrype Konta & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF556641; Facesoffungi number: FoF06299

Etymology – In reference to the morphological resemblance to Diatrype

Saprobic on dead petiole of palm (Arecaceae), and on a dead stem of unidentified plants.

Sexual morph: Stromata scattered or aggregated on the host, erumpent, arising through cracks in

the bark, irregularly shaped or circular, orbicular, convex surface, 1–10-ascomata immersed in one

stroma, with or without a black stromatic zone. Ostiole opening through host bark and appearing as

black spots, surrounded with a ring-like, ostiolar opening, composed of an outer layer of dark

brown, small, tightly packed, thin parenchymatous cells and an inner layer of yellowish, large,

loosely packed, parenchymatous cells. Ascomata perithecial, immersed in stromatic tissue,

aggregated, brown, globose to sub-globose, narrowing towards the apex and very narrow at the

base of ostiolar canal, thin-walled, ostiolate; ostiolar canal, with periphyses, ostiolar opening

covered with carbonaceous, black cells; periphyses hyaline, filamentous. Peridium comprising an

outer layer of yellow-brown, thick-walled cells of textura angularis and a thin, inner stratum of

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yellow, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of septate, hyaline

paraphyses. Asci unitunicate, 8-spored, with long, narrow, thin-walled stalk, with cylindrical, thick-

walled, swollen upper portion, apex flat, with J-, cylindrical, conspicuous apical ring. Ascospores

seriate, hyaline becoming yellowish at maturity, allantoid, unicellular, thin-walled, with small fat

globules at each end, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Figure 2 – Allocryptovalsa elaeidis (MFLU 15-1438, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b

Close up of stroma. c Section of ascoma. d Peridium. e Ostiolar canal. f Paraphyses. g–j Asci. k–p

Ascospores. q Colony on MEA. Bars: a = 500 μm, b, c = 200 μm, d, e = 20 μm, f = 10 μm, g–j = 50

μm, k–p = 5 μm.

249

Geographical distribution – Thailand.

Type species – Allodiatrype arengae Konta & K.D. Hyde

Notes – Allodiatrype is introduced to accommodate Allodiatrype arengae, A. elaeidicola, A.

elaeidis, and A. (syn. Diatrype) thailandica. Allodiatrype is typified by A. arengae, which was

collected from Arenga pinnata (Arecaceae). The morphology of Allodiatrype species is closely

similar to that of Diatrype species. However, Allodiatrype differs in having 1–10-ascomata

immersed in one stroma, and with or lacking a black stromatic zone, while stromata of Diatrype

mostly spread over a large area, sometimes covering the host surface. As becomes evident from

Fig. 1, strains of both genera appear in distinct clades in a phylogeny based on multiple strains of

both genera, thereby justifying the erection of the new genus Allodiatrype.

Allodiatrype arengae Konta & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 3

Index Fungorum number: IF556929, Facesoffungi number: FoF05117

Etymology – Epithet refers to host genus, Arenga

Holotype – MFLU 15-1444

Saprobic on petiole of Arenga pinnata (Arecaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata 690–940 μm

long, 370–935 μm wide (x

̄ = 830 × 700 μm, n = 10), with well-developed interior, solitary,

superficial, black, without black stromatic, glabrous, subglobose to irregular, pustulate, 1–5-

ascomata, with umbilicate ostioles appearing on the surface of the stroma. Ostiole opening through

host bark and appearing as black spots, surrounded with a ring-like structure, composed of an outer

layer of dark brown, small, tightly packed, thin parenchymatous cells and an inner layer of yellow,

large, loosely packed, parenchymatous cells. Ascomata (excluding necks) 250–400 μm high, 240–

400 μm diam. (x

̄ = 340 × 300 μm, n = 25), perithecial, immersed in the stroma, globose to

subglobose, glabrous, ostioles individual, with a short neck. Ostiolar canal 100–170 μm high, 70–

130 μm diam. (x

̄ = 130 × 100 μm, n = 20), cylindrical, sulcate, with periphyses. Peridium 12–25

μm wide, (x

̄ = 20 μm, n = 40), composed of two sections, outer layer of brown to dark brown, thin-

walled cells, arranged in textura angularis, inner layer of hyaline thin-walled cells of textura

angularis. Hamathecium composed of 3–7 μm wide (x

̄ = 5 μm, n = 40), septate, hyaline

paraphyses. Asci (excluding stalks), spore-bearing part (14–)20(−45) × (4–)6–10(−12) μm (x

̄ = 30 ×

8 μm, n = 80), apically rounded, with J-apical ring, apex-bearing part (1.5–)3–5(−7.5) μm long (x

̄ =

4 μm, n = 40), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with long stalks, (28–)34–89(–103) μm long (x

̄ = 64

μm, n = 60). Ascospores (6–)7–10(−12) × 2–3 μm (x

̄ = 10 × 2 μm, n = 120), overlapping, yellowish

to light-brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical or elongate-allantoid, aseptate, smooth-walled. Asexual

morph: Undetermined.

Geographical distribution – Thailand.

Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hours. Colonies on MEA,

white in beginning, dense but thinning towards the edge, margin diffuse, reverse pale yellow in the

middle (Fig. 3q).

Additional sequence data – LSU (MN308402), SSU (MN308420), tef1 (MN525596), RPB2

(MN542886) (MFLUCC 15-0713).

Material examined – THAILAND, Phang-Nga Province, on dead petiole of Arenga pinnata

(Wurmb) Merr. (Arecaceae), 4 December 2014, S. Konta, PHR01b (MFLU 15-1444, holotype); ex-

type living culture = MFLUCC 15-0713.

Notes – Allodiatrype arengae was collected from a dead petiole of Arenga pinnata from

Phang-Nga Province, Thailand. Allodiatrype arengae is phylogenetically distinct from its sister

species A. elaeidicola, A. elaeidis, and A. thailandica with high statistical support (100% ML, 1.00

BYPP) (Fig. 1). A comparison of the nucleotide between Allodiatrype species and Diatrype

disciformis is given in Table 6. Morphologically, A. arengae has superficial stromata lacking a

black stromatic zone (Fig. 3a), while A. elaeidicola and A. elaeidis formed erumpent stromata,

arising through the cracks in bark or epidermis with a black stromatic zone (Figs 4a, b, 5a),

sometimes it covers the host surface (Fig. 4a, b). Other characters such as ascomata, asci and

250

ascospores are mostly similar to A. thailandica, and their sizes also overlap. Our new strain is also

recorded on a different host substrate from other species.

Figure 3 – Allodiatrype arengae (MFLU 15-1444, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b Close

up of stroma (ostiole opening surrounded with a ring-like structure). c, d Section of stroma. e

Ostiolar canal. f Peridium. g–j Asci. k–p Ascospores. q Colony on MEA. Bars: a = 500 μm, b, c =

200 μm, d, g–j = 50 μm, e, f = 20 μm, k–p = 5 μm.

251

Allodiatrype elaeidicola Konta & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 4

Index Fungorum number: IF556930, Facesoffungi number: FoF05118

Etymology – Epithet refers to host genus, Elaeis

Holotype – MFLU 15-1468

Saprobic on petiole of Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata 1.2–2.8 mm

long, 0.96–1.66 mm diam. (x

̄ = 1.86 × 1.19 mm, n = 15), with well-developed interior, solitary to

gregarious, erumpent, black, with black stromatic zone extending down to the host surface,

glabrous, irregular in shape, pustulate, multi-ascomata, with umbilicate ostioles appearing on the

surface of the stroma. Ostiole opening through host bark and appearing as black spots, surrounded

with a ring-like structure, composed of an outer layer of dark brown, small, tightly packed, thin

parenchymatous cells and an inner layer of yellowish to orange, large, loosely packed,

parenchymatous cells. Ascomata (excluding necks) 280–430 μm high, 180–435 μm diam. (x

̄ = 370

× 270 μm, n = 30), perithecial, immersed in the stroma, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostioles

individual, with a short neck. Ostiolar canal 120–185 μm high, 60–120 μm diam. (x

̄ = 140 × 95

μm, n = 30), cylindrical, sulcate, with periphyses. Peridium 14–40 μm wide (x

̄ = 29 μm, n = 30),

composed of two section layers, outer part; brown to dark brown, thick-walled cells, arranged in

textura angularis, inner layer; hyaline, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium

undermined. Asci (excluding stalks), spore-bearing part (17–)20–31(−43) × 4–7 μm (x

̄ = 26 × 6 μm,

n = 50), apically rounded, with J-apical ring, apex-bearing part (1.6–)2–3(−5) μm long (x

̄ = 3, n =

20), 8-spored, unitunicate, clavate, with long stalks, stalk-bearing part (32–)40–60(–76) μm long (x

= 50 μm, n = 20). Ascospores (6.5–)8–10(−11) × 1.5–3 μm (x

̄ = 9 × 2 μm, n = 100), overlapping,

yellowish to brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical or elongate-allantoid, aseptate, smooth-walled.

Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Geographical distribution – Thailand.

Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hours and germ tube was

produced from end cell. Colonies on MEA, white when beginning, dense but thinner towards edge,

margin diffuse, reverse coloration yellow (Fig. 4r).

Additional sequence data – LSU (MN308406), SSU (MN308424), tef1 (MN525598), RPB2

(MN542889) (MFLUCC 15-0737a); LSU (MN308407), SSU (MN308425), RPB2 (MN542890)

(MFLUCC 15-0737b).

Material examined – THAILAND, Phang-Nga Province, on dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis

Jacq. (Arecaceae), 5 December 2014, S. Konta, PHR10f (MFLU 15-1468, holotype, HKAS95035,

Fig. 4); ex-type living culture = MFLUCC 15-0737.

Notes – In the phylogenetic analyses, Allodiatrype elaeidicola is related to A. elaeidis and A.

thailandica with low bootstrap support (Fig. 1). However, the taxon is different in having yellow to

dark orange inner cells in the stromata (Fig. 4c, d) and thinner walled asci (Fig. 4i), while other

species have white to yellow inner cells in the stromata. A comparison of SSU, ITS, TUB2, RBP2

nucleotides to the type species, A. arengae shows that A. elaeidicola is significantly different from

A. arengae (SSU, 1/1030 bp (0.09%); ITS, 13/605 bp (2.14%); TUB2, 28/1586 bp (1.76%); RBP2,

3/1139 bp (0.26%) (Table 6).

Allodiatrype elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 5

Index Fungorum number: IF556931, Facesoffungi number: FoF05119

Etymology – Epithet refers to host genus, Elaeis

Holotype – MFLU 15-1439

Saprobic on petiole of Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae). Sexual morph – Stromata 470–860 μm

long, 440–710 μm diam. (x

̄ = 630 × 550 μm, n = 10), with well-developed interior, solitary to

gregarious, erumpent, black, with black stromatic zone on host surface, glabrous, irregular in shape,

pustulate, bi- to multi-ascomata, with umbilicate ostioles appearing on the surface of the stroma.

Ostiole opening through host bark and appearing as black spots, surrounded with a ring-like

structure, composed of an outer layer of dark brown, small, tightly packed, thin parenchymatous

cells and an inner layer of white to light-yellow, large, loosely packed, parenchymatous cells.

252

Figure 4 – Allodiatrype elaeidicola (MFLU 15-1468, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b

Close up of stromata (ostiole opening surrounded with a ring-like structure). c, d Section of stroma.

e, i Mature asci. f–h Immature asci stained in cotton blue. j Ostiolar canal. k Peridium. l–q

Ascospores. r Colony on MEA. Bars: a, b = 1000 μm, c = 500 μm, d = 200 μm, e–k = 50 μm, l–q =

5 μm.

253

Ascomata (excluding necks) 250–350 μm high, 230–300 μm diam. (x

̄ = 330 × 280 μm, n = 10),

perithecial, immersed in the stroma, globose to subglobose, glabrous, ostioles individual, with a

short neck. Ostiolar canal 100–130 μm high, 95–115 μm diam. (x

̄ = 120 × 110 μm, n = 10),

cylindrical, sulcate, with periphyses. Peridium 20–40 μm wide (x

̄ = 30 μm, n = 50), composed of

two section layers, outer part; brown to dark brown, thick-walled cells, arranged in textura

angularis, inner layer; hyaline, thick-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of

2–7 μm wide (x

̄ = 4 μm, n = 60), filiform, longer than asci, septate, branch, hyaline, paraphyses.

Asci (excluding stalks), spore-bearing part (17–)20–30(−39) × 9–11(−14) μm (x

̄ = 25 × 11 μm, n =

60), apically rounded, with J- apical ring, apex-bearing part (1.5–)2–3(−5) μm long (x

̄ = 3 μm, n =

60), 8-spores, unitunicate, clavate, with moderately long stalks, stalk-bearing part (28–)36–65(–94)

μm long (x

̄ = 50 μm, n = 60). Ascospores (6–)8–10(−11) × 1.5–3) μm (x

̄ = 9 × 2 μm, n = 120),

overlapping, yellowish to pale-brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical or elongate-allantoid, aseptate,

smooth-walled. Asexual morph – Undetermined.

Geographical distribution – Thailand.

Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hours and germ tube was

produced from end cell. Colonies on MEA, white at beginning, thinner towards edge, margin

diffuse, reverse coloration pale yellow (Fig. 5n).

Additional sequence data – LSU (MN308403), SSU (MN308421), tef1 (MN525597), RPB2

(MN542887) (MFLUCC 15-0708a); LSU (MN308404), SSU (MN308422), RPB2 (MN542888)

(MFLUCC 15-0708b).

Material examined – THAILAND, Krabi Province, on dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

(Arecaceae), 3 December 2014, S. Konta, KBM01g (MFLU 15-1439, holotype, Fig. 5); ex-type

living culture = MFLUCC 15-0708a.

Notes – Multigene phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1( show that A. elaeidis (MFLUCC 15-0708(

forms a distinct lineage within the Allodiatype clade and is related to A. elaeidicola with 61% ML

bootstrap support. Allodiatrype elaeidis is morphologically similar to A. arengae, A. elaeidicola

and A. thailandica in ascospore size. However, the species differs in its wider asci (9–14 μm). A

comparison of ITS, TUB2, RBP2 nucleotides with A. arengae shows that A. elaeidis is significantly

different from A. arengae (ITS, 13/621 bp (2.09%(; TUB2, 16/1579 bp (1.01%); RBP2, 2/1138 bp

(0.17%) (Table 6).

Allodiatrype thailandica (R.H. Perera, Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Konta & K.D. Hyde, comb. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF556932, Facesoffungi number: FoF01797

≡ Diatrype thailandica R.H. Perera, Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 78: 1–237.

10.1007/s13225-016-0366-9, [105] (2016)

Description: For original description see Li et al. )2016(.

Additional sequence data – LSU (MN308405), SSU (MN308423) (MFLUCC 15-0711).

Material examined – THAILAND, Phang-Nga Province, on dead petiole of Calamus sp.

(Arecaceae), 6 December 2014, S. Konta, DNH05f (MFLU 15-1442, Fig. 6); living culture =

MFLUCC 15-0711.

Notes – According to our analysis in Fig. 1, Diatrype thailandica grouped together with

Allodiatrype species without bootstrap support. This species only has LSU, ITS and SSU sequence

data and multigene analysis of ITS and TUB2 sequence data could not be resolved it from the ex-

type of A. elaeidicola. ITS is unlikely to provide good resolution in Diatrypaceae (Hongsanan et al.

2018). Thus, Diatrype thailandica is synonymized under Allodiatrype. Diatrype thailandica was

collected on stems of an unidentified plant from Chiang Rai, Thailand (Li et al. 2016) and in this

study, we collected it from Calamus (Arecaceae) in Phang-Nga Province. Morphological characters

obtained from the fresh specimen is similar to the description provided by Li et al. (2016).

254

Figure 5 – Allodiatrype elaeidis (MFLU 15-1439, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b Close

up of stromata (ostiole opening surrounded with a ring-like structure). c, d Section of stromata. e

Ostiolar canal. f Peridium. g, h Asci. i–m Ascospores. n Colony on MEA. Bars: a, b = 500 μm, c =

200 μm, d, g, h = 50 μm, e, f = 20 μm, i–m = 5 μm.

255

Figure 6 – Allodiatrype thailandica (MFLU 15-1442) a Stromata on host substrate. b Close up of

stromata. c, d Section of stroma. e Ostiolar canal. f Peridium. g–k Asci. l–o Ascospores. q Colony

on MEA. Bars: a = 1000 μm, b = 500 μm, c= 200 μm, e = 50 μm, f, h–k = 20 μm, l–o = 5 μm.

256

Diatrypella (Ces. & De Not.) De Not

Type species – Diatrypella verruciformis (Ehrh.) Nitschke

= Diatrypella favacea (Fr.) Ces. & De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 29 (1863))

Notes – The polyphyletic nature of Diatrypella has been reported based on the phylogeny of

ITS and TUB2 genes (de Almeida et al. 2016, Mehrabi et al. 2016, Senwanna et al. 2017, Shang et

al. 2017, Hyde et al. 2019). Currently, 114 epithets are listed under Diatrypella (Index Fungorum

2019). Recently an additional species, Diatrypella delonicis R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde. was

introduced by Hyde et al. (2019).

Diatrypella heveae Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde, in Senwanna, Phookamsak, Doilom,

Hyde & Cheewangkoon, Mycosphere 8(10): 1846 (2017) Fig. 7

Index Fungorum number: IF553859, Facesoffungi number: FoF05121

Saprobic on petiole of Brahea armata (Arecaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata 660–2155 μm

long, 285–860 μm wide (x

̄ = 1430 × 500 μm, n = 11), with well-developed interior, solitary to

gregarious, erumpent in the bark, black, fusiform in shape, pustulate, 1–2-ascomata. Ascomata

(excluding necks) 70–300 μm high, 90–260 μm diam. (x

̄ = 181 × 210 μm, n = 20), immersed in the

stroma, sub globose to irregular, ostioles individual, with a short neck. Ostiolar canal 110–180 μm

high, 80–140 μm diam. (x

̄ = 140 × 110 μm, n = 20), cylindrical, sulcate, with periphyses. Peridium

10–35 μm wide (x

̄ = 22 μm, n = 30), composed of two layers, outer layer of brown, thin-walled

cells, arranged in textura angularis, inner layer of hyaline, thick-walled cells of textura angularis.

Hamathecium composed of 2–5 μm wide (x

̄ = 3 μm, n = 30), filiform, longer than asci, septate,

hyaline paraphyses. Asci (including stalks), spore-bearing part (55–)64–90(−105) ×(12–)13–

16(−18) μm (x

̄ = 80 × 15 μm, n = 50), apically rounded, with J- apical ring, apex-bearing part 2–

4(−6) μm long (x

̄ = 3, n = 35), polysporous, unitunicate, clavate, with moderately short stalks, stalk-

bearing part 24–36 μm long (x

̄ = 35 μm, n = 20). Ascospores (5–)6–10(−13) × 1−2.5 μm (x

̄ = 7 × 2

μm, n = 130), overlapping, yellowish to brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical or elongate-allantoid,

aseptate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Geographical distribution – Thailand, Chiang Rai, Wiang Chiang Rung District (Senwanna et

al. 2017).

Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hours, germ tube produced

from end cell. Colonies on MEA smooth, white, dense towards the edge, margin diffuse (Fig. 7v).

Additional sequence data – LSU (MN308409), SSU (MN308427), tef1 (MN525600), RPB2

(MN542892) (MFLUCC 15-0274).

Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Chan District, on dead petiole

of Brahea armata S. Watson. (Arecaceae), 25 November 2014, S. Konta, HR01a (MFLU 15-0020);

living culture = MFLUCC 15-0274.

Notes – We collected and illustrated Diatrypella heveae (MFLU 15-0020) from Chiang Rai

Province, Thailand associated with Brahea armata (Arecaceae). This is the second record of this

species and the first record of D. heveae on a palm; the holotype was collected on rubber from the

same province (Senwanna et al. 2017). The phylogenetic results suggested that our strain is the

same species, D. heveae. The morphological characteristics largely resemble those of D. heveae

(e.g., the measurements of ascomata, ostiolar canals, peridia, asci, and ascospores, revealed

overlapping sizes). However, MFLU 15-0020 differs in having fusiform stromata while the type

specimen of D. heveae has rounded to irregular stromata and fewer ascomata within a stroma (1–2

versus 4–5) (Senwanna et al. 2017). The sequence data of LSU, SSU, ITS, tef1, RPB2, and TUB2

are almost identical to those of the ex-type.

Diatrypella elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. Fig. 8

Index Fungorum number: IF556572, Facesoffungi number: FoF05122

Etymology – Refers to host genus, Elaeis

Holotype – MFLU 15-0025

257

Figure 7 – Diatrypella heveae (MFLU 15-0020) a Stromata on host substrate. b, c Close up of

stromata. d Section of stroma. e Ostiolar canal. f Peridium. g–n Asci. o–u Ascospores. v Colony on

MEA. Bars: a = 1000 μm, b, c = 500 μm, d = 50 μm, e, f, g–n = 20 μm, o–u = 5 μm.

Saprobic on petiole of Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae). Sexual morph: Stromata 1025–3965

μm long, 285–860 μm wide (x

̄ = 1950 × 620 μm, n = 35), with well-developed interior, solitary to

gregarious, erumpent, black, glabrous, fusiform or lenticular in shape, pustulate, 1–2-ascomata.

Ascomata 242–600 μm high, 240–424 μm diam. (x

̄ = 350 × 335 μm, n = 25), perithecial, immersed

in the stroma, globose to subglobose, ostioles individual, with a short neck. Ostiolar canal 100–200

μm high, 70–190 μm diam. (x

̄ = 140 × 120 μm, n = 20), cylindrical, sulcate, with periphyses.

Peridium 22–55 μm wide (x

̄ = 33 μm, n = 45), composed of two layers, outer part of brown, thick-

walled cells, arranged in textura angularis, inner layers of hyaline, thick-walled cells of textura

angularis. Hamathecium composed of 2–8 μm wide (x

̄ = 4 μm, n = 70), filiform, longer than asci,

septate, hyaline paraphyses. Asci (excluding stalks), spore-bearing part (29–)40–70(−98) × (7–)11–

258

15(−17) μm (x

̄ = 60 × 12 μm, n = 70), apically rounded, with J-apical ring, apex-bearing part (0.5–

)1–3(−5) μm long (x

̄ = 2 μm, n = 35), polysporous, unitunicate, cylindrical, with moderately short

stalks, stalk-bearing part (18–)25–40(–57) μm long (x

̄ = 33 μm, n = 20). Ascospores (3.5–)5–7(−10)

× 1.5−3 μm (x

̄ = 6 × 2 μm, n = 130), overlapping, yellowish to brown, ellipsoidal to cylindrical or

elongate-allantoid, aseptate, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Geographical distribution – Thailand.

Culture characters – Ascospores germinated on MEA within 24 hours. Colonies on MEA

smooth, white, dense towards the edge, margin diffuse (Fig. 8r).

Additional sequence data – LSU (MN308408), SSU (MN308426), tef1 (MN525599), RPB2

(MN542891) (MFLUCC 15-0279).

Material examined – THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Chan District, on dead petiole

of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae), 25 November 2014, S. Konta, HR03a (MFLU 15-0025,

holotype); ex-type living culture = MFLUCC 15-0279.

Notes – Diatrypella elaeidis clearly differs from other species in the genus by its fusiform

stroma with 1–2-ascomata immersed in the stroma and their dimensions. Diatrypella elaeidis forms

a sister clade to D. delodicis with bootstrap support of 68% ML, 0.90 BYPP (Fig. 1). However, D.

elaeidis is distinguished from D. delodicis in having black long fusiform stroma, while, D.

delodicis has pale to dark brown globose to subglobose stroma with a flattened base. Additionally,

the number of perithecia per stroma, D. elaeidis is less than those in D. delodicis (1–2 vs 3–4), asci

and hamathecium of D. elaeidis are smaller than those of D. delodicis (asci; 61 × 12 μm vs 100 ×

18 μm, hamathecium 4 µm vs 9.8 μm wide) (Hyde et al. 2019). Diatrypella delodicis was found in

Chiang Rai on dried seed pods of Delonix regia (Fabaceae) (Hyde et al. 2019), while D. elaeidis

was collected from Elaeis guineensis. A comparison of the nucleotide of D. elaeidis to D. delodicis,

D. heveae, and D. verruciformis (type species) is given in Table 7.

Discussion

Diatrypaceae species are difficult to identify based on morphology due to overlapping

phenotypic characters (Glawe & Rogers 1984, Trouillas et al. 2011, Dayarathne et al. 2016,

Senwanna et al. 2017, Shang et al. 2017). Many studies have revealed several new hosts of species

and have contributed to our knowledge of their geographical distribution (Moyo et al. 2019). In this

study, we introduce a new genus and five new species for family Diatrypaceae based on

morphology combined with phylogeny. New hosts and new geographical distribution records are

also provided. This supports the high novelty of fungal species in Thailand in this family (Hyde et

al. 2018). The asexual morphs of Diatrypaceae are usually coelomycetes, but are not generally

useful in separating species (Glawe & Rogers 1982, 1984). Allocryptovalsa (Allocryptovalsa clade,

Fig. 1) appears to be a monophyletic group in Diatrypaceae, as was established in previous

phylogenetic studies (Senwanna et al. 2017, Hyde et al. 2019). Molecular data are available for A.

cryptovalsoidea, A. polyspora and A. rabenhorstii (Trouillas et al. 2011, Senwanna et al. 2017).

In our phylogenetic analyses, a novel genus Allodiatrype is introduced. Three novel taxa and

a novel combination grouped together but constitute separate lineages (Allodiatrype clade, Fig. 1).

The strains of Diatrypella form a well-resolved clade (Fig. 1). However, in this clade, some strains

of Diatrype (D. oregonensis, D. prominens) are placed between Diatrypella species. In same case,

some strains of Diatrypella species such as D. banksiae, D. decorticata, D. favacea and D.

iranensis often form distinct lineages within Diatrypaceae (Fig. 1). This may be due to lack of

TUB2 gene sequences or misidentified species. Hence, fresh collections and sequence data are

required to resolve their phylogenetic placement within the family.

Nine genera of Diatrypaceae out of 18 genera (Table 3) have been recorded from palms

worldwide (Arecaceae). Of these, seven genera and 20 species (Table 4) have been recorded in

Thailand. In addition, our taxa were isolated from dead parts of palms (Arecaceae). They were

collected in the same period (November to December 2014) but from different habitats. However,

our collection of diatrypaceous fungi are distributed in different hosts as well as different parts of

the palms (Arecaceae) and different locations. Moyo et al. (2019) have discussed these aspects and

259

Figure 8 – Diatrypella elaeidis (MFLU 15-0025, holotype) a Stromata on host substrate. b Close

up of stromata. c, d Sections of stromata. e, f Ostiolar canal. g Peridium. h–l Asci. m–q Ascospores.

r Colony on MEA. Scale bars: a, b = 1000 μm, c = 500 μm, d = 200 μm, e, f, h–l = 50 μm, g = 20

μm, m–q = 5 μm.

concluded that broad sampling across the globe might be required to fully comprehend the host

associations and distribution of Diatrypaceae.

Our analysis (Fig. 1) showed that Peroneutypa forms a monophyletic clade with high statistical

support (96% ML, 1.00 BYPP). A putatively named strain, Eutypa microasca (BAFC 51550) is

placed within this clade but without good statistical support, as shown in the original publication

and other studies (Grassi et al. 2014, Shang et al. 2018, Hyde et al. 2019, Phookamsak et al. 2019).

260

This is just one of many cases showing that the generic concepts of Diatrypaceae are in need of revision. In addition, many genera appear paraphyletic

or even polyphyletic in our current phylogeny based on the available material. This situation can only be changed by substantial amounts of fieldwork

aimed at collection and culturing of the “missing” taxa, along with careful morphological studies and multi-locus phylogenies.

Table 3 World distribution of Diatrypaceae on palms (Arecaceae).

Genera

Species name

Hosts

Countries

References

Allocryptovalsa

A. elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Elaeis guineensis

Thailand

This study

Allodiatrype

A. arengae Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Arenga pinnata

Thailand

This study

A. elaeidicola Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Elaeis guineensis

Thailand

This study

A. elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Elaeis guineensis

Thailand

This study

A. thailandica (R.H. Perera, Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde) Konta &

K.D. Hyde.

≡ Diatrype thailandica R.H. Perera, Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde

Calamus sp.

Thailand

This study

Anthostoma

A. cocois Höhn.

Cocos nucifera

Samoa

Dingley et al. (1981)

A. yatay Speg.

Cocos yatay

Argentina

Farr (1973)

Cryptovalsa

C. deusta (Ellis & G. Martin) Petr.

≡ Diatrypella deusta Ellis & G. Martin.

Sabal serrulata

China, U.S.A.

(Florida)

Cash (1952), Petrak (1953),

Teng (1996)

C. protracta (Pers.) De Not.

= Diatrypella nitschkei (Fuckel) L.C. Tiffany & J.C. Gilman.

Sabal palmetto

U.S.A. (Florida)

Petrak (1953)

Diatrype

D. chlorosarca Berk. & Broome.

Archontophoenix alexandrae,

Archontophoenix sp., Trachycarpus

fortunei, Trachycarpus sp.

China, Hong

Kong

Lu et al. (2000), Zhuang

(2001), Taylor & Hyde

(2003)

D. euterpes (Henn.) Rappaz.

≡ Eutypa euterpes Henn.

Euterpe oleracea

Brazil

Rappaz (1987), Mendes et

al. (1998)

D. palmarum Rick.

Phoenix sylvestris

India

Patil & Patil (1983)

D. palmicola Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde.

Caryota urens

Thailand

Liu et al. (2015)

Diatrype sp.

Rhopalostylis sp.

New Zealand

McKenzie et al. (2004)

Diatrypella

D. heveae Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde.

Brahea armata

Thailand

This study

D. borassi Chona & Munjal.

Trachycarpus fortunei,

Archontophoenix alexandrae,

Archontophoenix sp.

Australia, Hong

Kong

Lu et al. (2000), Zhuang

(2001), Taylor & Hyde

(2003)

D. caryotae R.K. Verma.

Caryota urens

India

Verma (1996)

D. elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Elaeis guineensis

Thailand

This study

D. tuberculata Ellis & Catkins ex Ellis & Everh.

Sabal serrulata

U.S.A. (Florida)

Cash (1952)

Diatrypella sp.

Rhopalostylis sp.

New Zealand

McKenzie et al. (2004)

Eutypa

E. rattanicola J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde.

Calamus moti

Australia

Fröhlich & Hyde (2000)

Eutypella

E. arecae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Rappaz.

Areca catechu, Calamus tetradactylus,

Calamus sp., Trachycarpus fortunei

China, Hong

Kong,

Rappaz (1987), Fröhlich &

Hyde (2000), Lu et al. (2000),

261

Table 3 Continued.

Genera

Species name

Hosts

Countries

References

Philippines,

Switzerland

Zhuang (2001), Taylor &

Hyde (2003)

E. rehmiana (Henn.) Höhn.

Areca catechu, Areca sp., Calamus sp.

Philippines

Reinking (1918, 1919),

Teodoro (1937)

E. sabalina Cooke.

Arecaceae, Chamaerops humilis, Sabal

minor, S. palmetto (≡ Sabal

blackburniana), Sabal sp.

Bermuda, China,

Georgia, U.S.A.

(Alabama, Florida,

Louisiana)

Vizioli (1923),

Anonymous (1960), Tai

(1979), Alfieri et al.

(1984), Rappaz (1987),

Teng (1996), Glawe &

Jones (1989), Zhuang

(2001)

Eutypella sp.

Rhopalostylis sp.

New Zealand

McKenzie et al. (2004)

Peroneutypa

Peroneutypa sp.

Cocos nucifera

Cuba

Urtiaga (1986)

Table 4 Distribution of diatrypaceous fungi on plants in Thailand.

Genera Species name Hosts Collection site

(Province) Collection date References

Allocryptovalsa

A. polyspora Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde.

Dead twig of Hevea brasiliensis

Phayao

29 January 2017

Senwanna et al. (2017)

A. elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis

Krabi

3 December 2014

This study

Allodiatrype

A. arengae Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Dead petiole of Arenga pinnata

Phang-Nga

4 December 2014

This study

A. elaeidicola Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis

Phang-Nga

5 December 2014

This study

A. elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis

Krabi

3 December 2014

This study

A. thailandica (R.H. Perera, Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde)

Konta & K.D. Hyde.

≡ Diatrype thailandica R.H. Perera, Jian K. Liu &

K.D. Hyde

Dead petiole of Calamus sp.

Stems of unidentified plant

Phang-Nga

Chiang Rai

6 December 2014

12 March 2015

This study

Li et al. (2016)

Diatrype

D. palmicola Jian K. Liu & K.D. Hyde.

Dead branch of Caryota urens

Chiang Rai

6 September 2010

Liu et al. (2015)

Diatrypella

D. tectonae M. Doilom, Q.J. Shang & K.D. Hyde.

Dead branch of Tectona grandis

Chiang Rai

5 February 2012

Shang et al. (2017)

D. heveae Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde.

Dead twig of Hevea brasiliensis

Dead petiole of Brahea armata

Chiang Rai

1 November 2016

25 November 2014

Senwanna et al. (2017)

This study

D. vulgaris Trouillas, W.M. Pitt & Gubler.

Stems of unidentified plant

Chiang Rai

1 January 2015

Hyde et al. (2017)

D. delonicis R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde.

Dried seed pods of Delonix regia

Chiang Rai

10 December 2014

Hyde et al. (2019)

D. elaeidis Konta & K.D. Hyde.

Dead petiole of Elaeis guineensis

Chiang Rai

25 November 2014

This study

Eutypa

E. flavovirens (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul.

Decaying twigs

Chiang Rai

15 November 2012

Senanayake et al. (2015)

262

Table 4 Continued.

Genera Species name Hosts

Collection site

(Province)

Collection date References

Halodiatrype

H. avicenniae Dayarathne & K.D. Hyde.

Intertidal decayed wood of

Avicennia sp. at a mangrove

stand

Phetchaburi

28 August 2015

Dayarathne et al. (2016)

H. salinicola Dayarathne & K.D. Hyde.

Submerged marine wood

Phang-Nga

7 December 2014

Dayarathne et al. (2016)

Peroneutypa

P. diminutiasca Q.J. Shang, Phookamsak & K.D.

Hyde.

Undetermined deadwood

Chiang Mai

27 January 2017

Shang et al. (2018)

P. longiasca Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde.

Dead twig of Hevea brasiliensis

Chiang Rai

1 November 2016

Senwanna et al. (2017)

P. mackenziei Q.J. Shang, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde.

Undetermined decaying wood

Chiang Rai

22 January 2015

Shang et al. (2017)

P. rubiformis Q.J. Shang, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde.

Undetermined deadwood

Chiang Mai

27 January 2017

Shang et al. (2018)

P. scoparia Carmarán & A.I. Romero.

Dead culms of bamboo

Undetermined deadwood

Dieback diseased marine wood

Chiang Rai

Chiang Mai

Phetchaburi

16 July 2011

11 August 2011

27 January 2017

11 January 2018

Dai et al. (2016)

Shang et al. (2018)

Hyde et al. (2019)

Table 5 Comparison of the nucleotides of Allocryptovalsa elaeidis to A. polyspora, A. cryptovalsoidea and A. rabenhorstii.

Allocryptovalsa spp.

LSU

SSU

ITS

TUB2

RBP2

tef1

References

A. polyspora MFLUCC17-0364T

1/823 (0.12%)

3/486 (0.62%)

12/516 (2.32%)

Senwanna et al. (2017)

A. cryptovalsoidea HVFIG02

4/488 (0.81%)

Trouillas et al. (2011)

A. rabenhorstii WA07CO

23/560 (4.1%)

27/369 (7.31%)

Trouillas et al. (2011)

Notes – ‘-’ do not have sequence; ‘0’ no base pair similarity; T type species; base pair differences included gaps.

Table 6 Comparison of the nucleotides of Allodiatrype arengae to all species of Allodiatrype, and type species of the genus Diatrype.

Species

LSU

SSU

ITS

TUB2

RBP2

tef1

References

A. elaeidicola MFLUCC 15-0737

1/1030 (0.09%)

13/605 (2.14%)

28/1586 (1.76%)

3/1139 (0.26%)

This study

A. elaeidis MFLUCC 15-0708

13/621 (2.09%)

16/1579 (1.01%)

2/1138 (0.17%)

This study

A. thailandica MFLUCC 14-1210

9/526 (1.71%)

Li et al. (2016)

A. thailandica MFLUCC 15-0711

9/1040 (0.86%)

11/619 (1.77%)

This study

Diatrype disciformis T

21/905 (2.32%)

2/894 (0.22%)

56/536 (10.44%)

314/1137 (27.6%)

69/957 (7.2%)

Acero et al. (2004)

Notes – ‘-’ do not have sequence; ‘0’ no base pair similarity; T type species of Diatrype; base pair differences included gaps.

263

Table 7 Comparison of the nucleotides of Diatrypella elaeidis to D. delodicis, D. heveae, and D. verruciformis.

Diatrypella spp.

LSU

SSU

ITS

TUB2

RBP2

tef1

References

D. delonicis MFLUCC 15-1014

1/600 (0.16%)

7/370 (1.89%)

Hyde et al. (2019)

D. heveae MFLUCC 15-0274

1/889 (0.11%)

6/1036 (0.57%)

10/603 (1.65%)

15/810 (1.85%)

26/800 (3.25%)

9/954 (0.94%)

This study

D. verruciformis UCROK754

15/607 (2.47%)

35/367 (9.53%)

Lynch et al. (2013)

Notes – ‘-’ do not have sequence; ‘0’ no base pair similarity; base pair differences included gaps.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the National Research Council of Thailand (project no. 61215320023), the Mushroom Research Foundation and the Thailand

Research Fund entitled. The authors extend their appreciation to The Researchers supporting project number (RSP-2019/56) King Saud University,

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Kevin D. Hyde thanks The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi

associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species (grant number: DBG6080013) and Impact of climate change on fungal diversity

and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion (grant number: RDG6130001). Saranyaphat Boonmee would like to thank the Thailand Research

Fund (No. TRG6180001), Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae

Fah Luang University and Mae Fah Luang University grant Number 631C15001. Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks CAS President’s International

Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for young staff (grant no. 2019FYC0003), The Yunnan Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security

(grant no. Y836181261), and National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project code 31850410489 for financial support. Sirinapa Konta is

grateful to Ausana Mapook, Dr. Paul Kirk, Dr. Shaun Pennycook, Dr. Saowaluck Tibpromma, Dr. Mingkwan Doilom, Li Junfu, Dr. Samantha C.

Karunarathna, Yuanpin Xiao, Li Wenjing, Sirilak Radbouchoom, Zeng Ming, Qiuju Shang, Monika C. Dayarathne, and Milan C. Samarakoon for their

valuable suggestion and help.

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Additions to Diatrypaceae (Xylariales): Novel Taxa and New Host Associations

Article

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Nov 2023
J. Fungi

Diatrypaceae members have a broad distribution and are commonly found on decaying wood. Despite taxonomic and morphological challenges within this group, there has been a growing interest in Diatrypaceae in recent years. The dead branches of several plant hosts with fungal fruiting bodies were collected from Doi Tung National Park, Chiang Rai, and the Narathiwat Provinces in Thailand. Their morphological characteristics, coupled with a molecular phylogeny of combined ITS and tub2 sequence data, were used to introduce two novel Allodiatrype species (A. dalbergiae and A. eleiodoxae) and one new Melanostictus species (M. chiangraiensis). Moreover, four new host records, Diatrypella heveae, D. major, Melanostictus thailandicus, and Paraeutypella citricola on Microcos paniculata, Nayariophyton zizyphifolium, Dalbergia cultrata, and M. paniculata, respectively, as well as a new geographical record of D. major are reported. This research provides detailed descriptions of macro- and microcharacteristics, coupled with a phylogenetic tree for the newly introduced species and host records. The morphological features of Allodiatrype and Melanostictus are listed in the synoptic table.

Diversity, morphology, and molecular phylogeny of Diatrypaceae from southern China

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2023

During an investigation of Diatrypaceae from southern China, 10 xylariales-like taxa have been collected. Morphological and multi-gene analyses confirmed that these taxa reside in Diatrypaceae and represent eight novel taxa and two new records belonging to six genera (viz ., Allocryptovalsa, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Paraeutypella, Peroneutypa , and Vasilyeva gen. nov.). Vasilyeva gen. nov. was proposed to accommodate Vasilyeva cinnamomi sp. nov. Among the other collections, seven new species were introduced ( viz ., Diatrype camelliae-japonicae sp. nov., Diatrype rubi sp. nov., Diatrypella guiyangensis sp. nov., Diatrypella fatsiae-japonicae sp. nov., Paraeutypella subguizhouensis sp. nov., Peroneutypa hainanensis sp. nov., and Peroneutypa qianensis sp. nov.), while two were reported as new records from China ( Allocryptovalsa rabenhorstii and Diatrype enteroxantha ). For Diatrypaceae , the traditional taxonomic approach based on morphology may not be applicable.

Morphology and multigene phylogeny reveal three new species of Distoseptispora (Distoseptisporales, Distoseptisporaceae) on palms (Arecaceae) from peatswamp areas in southern Thailand

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2024

Peatswamp forest is a unique habitat that supports high biodiversity, particularly fungal diversity. The current study collected submerged and dead plant parts from Eleiodoxa conferta , Eugeissona tristis and Licuala paludosa from a peatswamp forest in Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Morphological features coupled with multigene phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequence data identified our isolates as new Distoseptispora species (viz. D. arecacearum sp. nov. , D. eleiodoxae sp. nov. and D. narathiwatensis sp. nov. ). Morphological descriptions, illustrations and notes are provided.

Palm Fungi and Their Key Role in Biodiversity Surveys: A Review

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023
J. Fungi

Over the past three decades, a wealth of studies has shown that palm trees (Arecaceae) are a diverse habitat with intense fungal colonisation, making them an important substratum to explore fungal diversity. Palm trees are perennial, monocotyledonous plants mainly restricted to the tropics that include economically important crops and highly valued ornamental plants worldwide. The extensive research conducted in Southeast Asia and Australasia indicates that palm fungi are undoubtedly a taxonomically diverse assemblage from which a remarkable number of new species is continuously being reported. Despite this wealth of data, no recent comprehensive review on palm fungi exists to date. In this regard, we present here a historical account and discussion of the research on the palm fungi to reflect on their importance as a diverse and understudied assemblage. The taxonomic structure of palm fungi is also outlined, along with comments on the need for further studies to place them within modern DNA sequence-based classifications. Palm trees can be considered model plants for studying fungal biodiversity and, therefore, the key role of palm fungi in biodiversity surveys is discussed. The close association and intrinsic relationship between palm hosts and palm fungi, coupled with a high fungal diversity, suggest that the diversity of palm fungi is still far from being fully understood. The figures suggested in the literature for the diversity of palm fungi have been revisited and updated here. As a result, it is estimated that there are about 76,000 species of palm fungi worldwide, of which more than 2500 are currently known. This review emphasises that research on palm fungi may provide answers to a number of current fungal biodiversity challenges.

Fungal diversity notes 1611–1716: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on fungal genera and species emphasis in south China

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 115 taxa from three phyla, nine classes, 28 orders, 48 families, and 64 genera are treated. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family, five new genera, 61 new species, five new combinations, one synonym, one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions. Ageratinicolaceae fam. nov. is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales. The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola, Kevinia, Pseudomultiseptospora (Parabambusicolaceae), Marasmiellomycena, and Vizzinia (Porotheleaceae). Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus, Ageratinicola kunmingensis, Allocryptovalsa aceris, Allophoma yuccae, Apiospora cannae, A. elliptica, A. pallidesporae, Boeremia wisteriae, Calycina papaeana, Clypeococcum lichenostigmoides, Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii, Cryphonectria kunmingensis, Diaporthe angustiapiculata, D. campylandrae, D. longipapillata, Diatrypella guangdongense, Dothiorella franceschinii, Endocalyx phoenicis, Epicoccum terminosporum, Fulvifomes karaiensis, F. pannaensis, Ganoderma ghatensis, Hysterobrevium baoshanense, Inocybe avellaneorosea, I. lucida, Jahnula oblonga, Kevinia lignicola, Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis, Laboulbenia caprina, L. clavulata, L. cobiae, L. cosmodisci, L. nilotica, L. omalii, L. robusta, L. similis, L. stigmatophora, Laccaria rubriporus, Lasiodiplodia morindae, Lyophyllum agnijum, Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis, Melomastia beihaiensis, Nemania guangdongensis, Nigrograna thailandica, Nigrospora ficuum, Oxydothis chinensis, O. yunnanensis, Petriella thailandica, Phaeoacremonium chinensis, Phialocephala chinensis, Phytophthora debattistii, Polyplosphaeria nigrospora, Pronectria loweniae, Seriascoma acutispora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Stictis anomianthi, Tarzetta tibetensis, Tarzetta urceolata, Tetraploa obpyriformis, Trichoglossum beninense, and Tricoderma pyrrosiae. We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var. brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.

Ascomycetes from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

This study documents the morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics in conjunction with DNA sequence data, 70 species are identified and distributed in two classes (Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes), 16 orders, 41 families and 60 genera. One order Planisphaeriales, four families Leptosphaerioidaceae, Neoleptosporellaceae, Planisphaeriaceae and Profundisphaeriaceae, ten genera Conicosphaeria, Karstiomyces, Leptosphaerioides, Neoceratosphaeria, Neodiaporthe, Neodictyospora, Planisphaeria, Profundisphaeria, Stellatus and Truncatascus, and 34 species (Amphisphaeria karsti, Anteaglonium hydei, Atractospora terrestris, Conicosphaeria vaginatispora, Corylicola hydei, Diaporthe cylindriformispora, Dictyosporium karsti, Hysterobrevium karsti, Karstiomyces guizhouensis, Leptosphaerioides guizhouensis, Lophiotrema karsti, Murispora hydei, Muyocopron karsti, Neoaquastroma guizhouense, Neoceratosphaeria karsti, Neodiaporthe reniformispora, Neodictyospora karsti, Neoheleiosa guizhouensis, Neoleptosporella fusiformispora, Neoophiobolus filiformisporum, Ophioceras guizhouensis, Ophiosphaerella karsti, Paraeutypella longiasca, Paraeutypella karsti, Patellaria guizhouensis, Planisphaeria karsti, Planisphaeria reniformispora, Poaceascoma herbaceum, Profundisphaeria fusiformispora, Pseudocoleophoma guizhouensis, Pseudopolyplosphaeria guizhouensis, Stellatus guizhouensis, Sulcatispora karsti and Truncatascus microsporus) are introduced as new to science. Moreover, 13 new geographical records for China are also reported, which are Acrocalymma medicaginis, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Astrosphaeriella bambusae, Diaporthe novem, Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Ophiosphaerella agrostidis, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Patellaria atrata, Polyplosphaeria fusca, Psiloglonium macrosporum, Sarimanas shirakamiense, Thyridaria broussonetiae and Tremateia chromolaenae. Additionally, the family Eriomycetaceae was resurrected as a non-lichenized family and accommodated within Monoblastiales. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.

Morphology and multigene phylogeny reveal ten novel taxa in Ascomycota from terrestrial palm substrates (Arecaceae) in Thailand

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Arecaceae is one of the important plant families in Thailand, and several of its representative genera are used for food, cosmetics, and energy sources. During the past eight years (2014 to 2022), more than 50 new taxa associated with terrestrial palm substrates have been reported in Thailand. The present study continued the survey of fungi associated with terrestrial palms in Thailand and based on both morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data, fungal taxa belonging to the orders Amphisphaeriales, Diaporthales, Distoseptisporales, Glomerellales, Pleosporales, and Xylariales were identified. A new genus Triseptatospora and nine new species viz., Acremoniisimulans cocois, Acrocalymma arengae, Bartalinia adonidiae, Cytospora calamicola, Distoseptispora licualae, Neopestalotiopsis elaeidis, Pteridiospora arengae, Triseptatospora calami, and Xenoanthostomella calami are described and introduced here. Morphological illustrations, descriptions, and phylogenetic trees which indicate the placement of the new taxa are provided.

Over the footprints of Italian mycology with emphasis on plant-associated Ascomycota

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May 2023

plant-associated Italian Ascomycota

Fungal diversity notes 1512–1610: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

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Feb 2023

This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.

Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021

Article

Feb 2022

MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets

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Full-text available

Jul 2016

We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, MEGA has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing bigger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in MEGA. The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit MEGA is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OSX. The command line MEGA is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.

Refined families of Sordariomycetes

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Feb 2020

This is a continuation of the papers “Towards a classification of Sordariomycetes” (2015) and “Families of Sordariomycetes” (2016) in which we compile a treatment of the class Sordariomycetes. The present treatment is needed as our knowledge has rapidly increased, from 32 orders, 105 families and 1331 genera in 2016, to 45 orders, 167 families and 1499 genera (with 308 genera incertae sedis) at the time of publication. In this treatment we provide notes on each order, families and short notes on each genus. We provide up-to-date DNA based phylogenies for 45 orders and 163 families. Three new genera and 16 new species are introduced with illustrations and descriptions, while 23 new records and three new species combinations are provided. We also list 308 taxa in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis. For each family we provide general descriptions and illustrate the type genus or another genus, the latter where the placement has generally been confirmed with molecular data. Both the sexual and asexual morphs representative of a family are illustrated where available. Notes on ecological and economic considerations are also given.

Fungal diversity notes 1036–1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

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Jun 2019

This article is the tenth series of the Fungal Diversity Notes, where 114 taxa distributed in three phyla, ten classes, 30 orders and 53 families are described and illustrated. Taxa described in the present study include one new family (viz. Pseudoberkleasmiaceae in Dothideomycetes), five new genera (Caatingomyces, Cryptoschizotrema, Neoacladium, Paramassaria and Trochilispora) and 71 new species, (viz. Acrogenospora thailandica, Amniculicola aquatica, A. guttulata, Angustimassarina sylvatica, Blackwellomyces lateris, Boubovia gelatinosa, Buellia viridula, Caatingomyces brasiliensis, Calophoma humuli, Camarosporidiella mori, Canalisporium dehongense, Cantharellus brunneopallidus, C. griseotinctus, Castanediella meliponae, Coprinopsis psammophila, Cordyceps succavus, Cortinarius minusculus, C. subscotoides, Diaporthe italiana, D. rumicicola, Diatrypella delonicis, Dictyocheirospora aquadulcis, D. taiwanense, Digitodesmium chiangmaiense, Distoseptispora dehongensis, D. palmarum, Dothiorella styphnolobii, Ellisembia aurea, Falciformispora aquatic, Fomitiporia carpinea, F. lagerstroemiae, Grammothele aurantiaca, G. micropora, Hermatomyces bauhiniae, Jahnula queenslandica, Kamalomyces mangrovei, Lecidella yunnanensis, Micarea squamulosa, Muriphaeosphaeria angustifoliae, Neoacladium indicum, Neodidymelliopsis sambuci, Neosetophoma miscanthi, N. salicis, Nodulosphaeria aquilegiae, N. thalictri, Paramassaria samaneae, Penicillium circulare, P. geumsanense, P. mali-pumilae, P. psychrotrophicum, P. wandoense, Phaeoisaria siamensis, Phaeopoacea asparagicola, Phaeosphaeria penniseti, Plectocarpon galapagoense, Porina sorediata, Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense, Pyrenochaetopsis sinensis, Rhizophydium koreanum, Russula prasina, Sporoschisma chiangraiense, Stigmatomyces chamaemyiae, S. cocksii, S. papei, S. tschirnhausii, S. vikhrevii, Thysanorea uniseptata, Torula breviconidiophora, T. polyseptata, Trochilispora schefflerae and Vaginatispora palmae). Further, twelve new combinations (viz. Cryptoschizotrema cryptotrema, Prolixandromyces australi, P. elongatus, P. falcatus, P. longispinae, P. microveliae, P. neoalardi, P. polhemorum, P. protuberans, P. pseudoveliae, P. tenuistipitis and P. umbonatus), an epitype is chosen for Cantharellus goossensiae, a reference specimen for Acrogenospora sphaerocephala and new synonym Prolixandromyces are designated. Twenty-four new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions are also reported (i.e. Acrostalagmus annulatus, Cantharellus goossensiae, Coprinopsis villosa, Dothiorella plurivora, Dothiorella rhamni, Dothiorella symphoricarposicola, Dictyocheirospora rotunda, Fasciatispora arengae, Grammothele brasiliensis, Lasiodiplodia iraniensis, Lembosia xyliae, Morenoina palmicola, Murispora cicognanii, Neodidymelliopsis farokhinejadii, Neolinocarpon rachidis, Nothophoma quercina, Peroneutypa scoparia, Pestalotiopsis aggestorum, Pilidium concavum, Plagiostoma salicellum, Protofenestella ulmi, Sarocladium kiliense, Tetraploa nagasakiensis and Vaginatispora armatispora).

Diatrypaceae species overlap between vineyards and natural ecosystems in South Africa

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2019
FUNGAL ECOL

Diatrypaceae species collected from 33 woody hosts occurring near vineyards were characterised. Plants showed symptoms of dieback, necrosis and cankers. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS-rDNA and the b-tubulin gene separated the 265 isolates obtained into 14 species. The five most frequently encountered species, Cryptovalsa ampelina, Eutypa cremea, Eutypa lata, Eutypella citricola and Eutypella microtheca, were also found on grapevine in a previous study in South Africa. Several plant species, therefore, serve as hosts for these pathogens. First reports in South Africa include Cryptosphaeria ligniota, Eutypella leprosa and Eutypella australiensis. Host ranges of Cryptosphaeria multicontinentalis, Eu. australiensis and Eu. microtheca were also expanded. Diatrypaceae species caused brown discolouration when inoculated onto wounded grapevine tissues, which suggests that cross-infections are possible between grapevine and other woody hosts. Campelina., Eu. microtheca and Eu. citricola were the most virulent species and their virulence was comparable to that of Eu. lata, a known pathogen causing Eutypa dieback.

Thailand’s amazing diversity: up to 96% of fungi in northern Thailand may be novel

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Nov 2018

Fungi have been often neglected, despite the fact that they provided penicillin, lovastatin and many other important medicines. They are an understudied, but essential, fascinating and biotechnologically useful group of organisms. The study of fungi in northern Thailand has been carried out by us since 2005. These studies have been diverse, ranging from ecological aspects, phylogenetics with the incorportation of molecular dating, taxonomy (including morphology and chemotaxonomy) among a myriad of microfungi, to growing novel mushrooms, and DNA-based identification of plant pathogens. In this paper, advances in understanding the biodiversity of fungi in the region are discussed and compared with those further afield. Many new species have been inventoried for the region, but many unknown species remain to be described and/or catalogued. For example, in the edible genus Agaricus, over 35 new species have been introduced from northern Thailand, and numerous other taxa await description. In this relatively well known genus, 93% of species novelty is apparent. In the microfungi, which are relatively poorly studied, the percentage of novel species is, surprisingly, generally not as high (55–96%). As well as Thai fungi, fungi on several hosts from Europe have been also investigated. Even with the well studied European microfungi an astounding percentage of new taxa (32–76%) have been discovered. The work is just a beginning and it will be a daunting task to document this astonishingly high apparent novelty among fungi.

Can we use environmental DNA as holotypes?

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2018

The advantages and disadvantages of giving a valid name to a sequence of DNA detected from environmental specimens is presently a hot debate amongst the mycological community. The idea of using intracellular DNA (‘‘mgDNA’’) from environmental samples as holotypes seems at face value, to be a good idea, considering the expansion of knowledge among these ‘dark taxa’ or ‘dark matter fungi’ that it could provide (i.e. sequence based taxa without physical specimens and formal nomenclature). However, the limitations of using mgDNA as holotypes needs careful thought, i.e. can we use a short mgDNA fragment, which may contain a small amount of genetic information, to allow discrimination between species? What is the point and are the potential problems of giving valid scientific names to mgDNA? Numerous mycologists and taxonomists, who have many years of experience working on the taxonomy and phylogeny of different groups of fungi, are concerned about the consequences of providing valid names to mgDNA. There has been much debate, through several publications on the considerable problems of using mgDNA as holotypes. The proponents have tried to debate the virtues of using mgDNA as holotypes. Those against have shown that identification to species using mgDNA does not work in many fungal groups, while those for have shown cases where species can be identified with mgDNA. Different disciplines have different reasons and opinions for using mgDNA as holotypes, however even groups of the same disciplines have dissimilar ideas. In this paper we explore the use of mgDNA as holotypes. We provide evidences and opinions as to the use of mgDNA as holotypes from our own experiences. In no way do we attempt to degrade the study of DNA from environmental samples and the expansion of knowledge in to the dark taxa, but relate the issues to fungal taxonomy. In fact we show the value of using sequence data from these approaches, in dealing with the discovery of already named taxa, taxa numbers and ecological roles. We discuss the advantages and the pitfalls of using mgDNA from environmental samples as holotypes. The impacts of expanding the nomenclatural concept to allow using mgDNA from environmental samples as holotypes are also discussed. We provide evidence from case studies on Botryosphaeria, Colletotrichum, Penicillium and Xylaria. The case studies show that we cannot use mgDNA due to their short fragments and the fact that most ITS sequence data presently result from environmental sequencing.We conclude from the evidence that it is highly undesirable to use mgDNAas holotypes in naming fungal species. If this approach was adopted, it would result in numerous problems where species identification cannot be confirmed due to limited sequence data available for the holotypes. We also propose an alternative DNA-based system for naming DNA based species which would provide considerably less problems and should be adopted.

Morpho-molecular characterization of Peroneutypa (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales) with two novel species from Thailand

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2018

Three species of Peroneutypa were collected from dead wood in Thailand. Two new taxa P. diminutiasca and P. rubiformis are herein described, illustrated and compared with related taxa, based on the evidence from morphology and phylogenetic analyses. Details for the holomorphs of P. rubiformis and the third species P. scoparia are provided. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined ITS and TUB2 DNA sequence dataset support their placement in the genus Peroneutypa (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales). An updated key to Peroneutypa species is also provided.

Eutypella parasitica - A new pathogen causing cankers on Acer spp. trunks in Poland

Article

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Jan 2017
SYLWAN

In 16 randomly selected stands, the health of Acer spp. trunks was analyzed, especially in terms of Eutypella parasitica infection. Of the 16 trees, where extensive necrosis and cankers were found, the material was collected for laboratory analyses. In the laboratory, the fruit bodies of fungi on necrotic lesions were examined and the fungi isolates were performed on 2% malt−agar extract. Identification of representative E. parasitica isolates was confirmed based on the ITS rDNA sequence. Within the 16 stands, where the maples were analyzed, individuals with symptoms of trunk infestation by E. parasitica were found in 8 stands. Based on in situ produced fruiting bodies and isolated cultures, the presence of E. parasitica was finally confirmed on 14 trunks, including 13 Acer pseudoplatanus trunks and one A. campestre. All cankers were located in the butt section of the trunk, below 3 meters, reaching from 21 to 252 cm in length. Fungal fruit bodies were present within the necrotic lesions. Morphological characteristics of asci, ascospores and colonies isolated on malt−agar extract are given. The phytosanitary risk for Acer pseudoplatanus and other maples is also discussed. Moreover the preliminary actions that should be taken by the foresters are indicated.

Diversity of biologically active secondary metabolites from endophytic and saprotrophic fungi of the ascomycete order Xylariales

Article

May 2018

The diversity of secondary metabolites in the fungal order Xylariales is reviewed with special emphasis on correlations between chemical diversity and biodiversity as inferred from recent taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The Xylariales are arguably among the predominant fungal endophytes, which are the producer organisms of pharmaceutical lead compounds including the antimycotic sordarins and the antiparasitic nodulisporic acids, as well as the marketed drug, emodepside. Many Xylariales are “macromycetes”, which form conspicuous fruiting bodies (stromata), and the metabolite profiles that are predominant in the stromata are often complementary to those encountered in corresponding mycelial cultures of a given species. Secondary metabolite profiles have recently been proven highly informative as additional parameters to support classical morphology and molecular phylogenetic approaches in order to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among these fungi. Even the recent taxonomic rearrangement of the Xylariales has been relying on such approaches, since certain groups of metabolites seem to have significance at the species, genus or family level, respectively, while others are only produced in certain taxa and their production is highly dependent on the culture conditions. The vast metabolic diversity that may be encountered in a single species or strain is illustrated based on examples like Daldinia eschscholtzii, Hypoxylon rickii, and Pestalotiopsis fici. In the future, it appears feasible to increase our knowledge of secondary metabolite diversity by embarking on certain genera that have so far been neglected, as well as by studying the volatile secondary metabolites more intensively. Methods of bioinformatics, phylogenomics and transcriptomics, which have been developed to study other fungi, are readily available for use in such scenarios.

Eutypa, Eutypella, and Cryptovalsa Species (Diatrypaceae) Associated with Prunus Species in South Africa

Article

Feb 2018
PLANT DIS

Stone fruit trees (Prunus spp.) are economically important fruit trees cultivated in South Africa. These trees are often grown in close proximity to vineyards and are to a large extent affected by the same trunk disease pathogens as grapevines. The aim of the present study was to determine whether stone fruit trees are inhabited by Diatrypaceae species known from grapevines and whether these trees could act as alternative hosts for these fungal species. Isolations were carried out from symptomatic wood of Prunus species (almond, apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, and plum) in stone fruit growing areas in South Africa. Identification of isolates was based on phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and b-tubulin gene. Forty-six Diatrypaceae isolates were obtained from a total of 380 wood samples, from which five species were identified. All five species have also been associated with dieback of grapevine. The highest number of isolates was found on apricot followed by plum. No Diatrypaceae species were isolated from peach and nectarine. Eutypa lata was the dominant species isolated (26 isolates), followed by Cryptovalsa ampelina (7), Eutypa cremea (5), Eutypella citricola (5), and Eutypella microtheca (3). First reports from Prunus spp. are E. cremea, E. citricola, and E. microtheca. Pathogenicity tests conducted on apricot and plum revealed that all these species are pathogenic to these hosts, causing red-brown necrotic lesions like those typical of Eutypa dieback on apricot.

A new genus Allodiatrype, five new species and a new host record of diatrypaceous fungi from palms (Arecaceae)

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