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Interference Mitigation Methods for D2D Communication in 5G Network
... Many researches have been carried out to mitigate or lower the effects of interference caused by various sources. 8 In majority of the cases, machine learning 9 and game theory 10,11 has been used. In the literature, prior works 12 evaluated the coverage and rate performance of a mm-Wave dense cell network using distance dependent stochastic geometry for line-of-sight path. ...
... Figure 4 plots the D2D transmit power vs corresponding throughput for varying pathloss exponents and distance between D2D users. Equations (8) and (10) give the relation between SINR and throughput of D2D users. Thus, with an increase in distance, the throughput decreases considerably at a certain D2D power. ...
Mm‐Wave communication ushers next‐gen communication to new heights guaranteeing higher speed and throughput. Enabling device‐to‐device (D2D) communication in next‐gen wireless communication is a Herculean task. This is due to introduction of pathloss attenuation by various environmental factors which deteriorates the signal. This article aims to minimize the effect of interference for quality reception of signals for D2D communication and increase system throughput. Thus, a power control scheme is proposed in underlay mode for uplink channel in mm‐Wave band. Here, D2D communication takes place through two modes namely, general mode and mm‐Wave mode. In presence of large number of proximity D2D users and increasing pathloss attenuation, it switches to mm‐Wave mode for communication. The formulated problem is converted to semiconvex form by expressing it into exponential form in Laplace domain. Our final objective is to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of the proposed system under certain constraints. To reduce complexity of the problem, feasible regions of transmission power is introduced, that is, least and upper bounds which will ensure that power is maintained within a limit guaranteeing better throughput for D2D users. Enhanced EE and outage probability values also depict better performance of proposed system. Finally, fairness index (FI) shows that the proposed scheme yields better performance for the D2D users to communicate in the mm‐Wave band. A detailed comparison of FI for the proposed scheme is also done with other existing methods to prove the adequate performance of the proposed method. Simulation results also prove the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
... Uplink frequency is chosen to be lesser than downlink channel frequency in mobile communication because transmit power is more valuable at the battery end. Also, lower frequency suffers from lesser pathloss which helps in mitigating the interference [6]. Hence, uplink channel frequency is preferred over downlink frequency. ...
The exponentially growing need for higher data rates and the ubiquitous usage of smartphones has led to unprecedented issues in providing seamless communication while satisfying bandwidth constraints. Enabling Device-to-Device (D2D) communication in the millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) network enhances throughput and bandwidth but at the cost of higher pathloss attenuation. Also, D2D communication introduces interference in the traditional cellular network (CN), leading to degradation in the system performance. Thus, the proposed scheme applies dynamic mode selection criteria for efficient D2D communication in a 5G mm-Wave CN. The radius of coverage of D2D users (D2Ds) is derived for switching of the modes, i.e. from inner to outer. The outer mode switching occurs when the D2Ds suffer from extensive pathloss attenuation or with increase in coverage radius. Furthermore, power optimization is done to obtain optimal D2D transmit power thereby, enhancing the data rate, which is solved using the Lagrangian dual optimization technique. The performance metric, coverage probability is also derived which depicts the capability of the proposed scheme at a higher pathloss attenuation maintaining the Quality-of-Service (QoS) constraint. Simulation results prove the efficacy of the proposed scheme. Finally, the proposed scheme is compared with the state-of-the-art schemes which further proves the superiority of the proposed scheme in terms of better efficiency.
... As discussed in the above section, interference management is one of the prominent issues in enabling D2D communication in 5G mm-Wave network. The literature reveals that several researches have tried to mitigate or minimize the interference acting on the D2D network [5][6][7]. A majority of these researches have been carried out using Game Theory [8,9], Machine Learning [10] and stochastic geometry. ...
Relay aided device-to-device (D2D) communication has the potential to increase the capacity and coverage of the network and enhance the quality of service (QoS). Here, in this paper we propose a single cell where D2D and cellular users co-exist in an underlaying 5G mm-Wave cellular network. Two modes are proposed for D2D communication which minimizes the interference namely, direct and relay mode. Direct mode operates at 2 GHz carrier frequency while relay mode implements full duplex amplify and forward (FDAF) relay strategy at 28 GHz frequency. Conditions are applied on the derived expression for radius of coverage, R t for switching of modes. The closed form expressions of performance metrices namely, spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) are derived using stochastic geometry as a tool for both the modes to evaluate the system performance. Expressions for probability distribution function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) are also derived and verified using simulation. Further, simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed scheme. Also, comparison of the proposed method with the existing methods depicts the better performance of the system.
... The authors in [22] proposed different enabling techniques that include coordinated scheduling, multipoint scheduling, and inter-cell interference coordination to handle the issues related to interference management in 5G deployment of small cell networks. The authors in [23] chronologically described different interference issues in 5G networks and how they are solved using different techniques. The authors in [24] also proposed a technique to use the already available infrastructure instead of deploying a new costly infrastructure. ...
In the present era, smart and efficient vehicular network architectures are necessary due to fast technological advancements in vehicles. Many problems arise in these complex networks, which can be handled using blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT). We proposed a comprehensive blockchain based 5G vehicular network architecture , which is cost-effective, scalable, secure, and handles various vehicular network issues in a smart city. The proposed architecture consists of all essential components like reputation system, incentive mechanism, and priority based techniques to handle different limitations in the literature. Simulations results for different scenarios depict the high execution cost of a single controller node, minor node, and ordinary node as 106305, 85864, and 65491 gas values and transaction cost as 130521, 109824, and 89195 gas values. The results depict the effectiveness of the proposed architecture in terms of scalability, time and cost-effectiveness.
... Uplink channel in underlaying mode is used for this scenario. The uplink channel helps in lowering the interference [17] caused in comparison to the downlink channel and makes it easier to manage. The BS is situated at the center of the cell. ...
The effect of pathloss attenuation on D2D communication in mmWave underlaying 5G networks is unprecedented. Pathloss attenuation is catered through a variety of sources into the wireless communication system. It is imperative to model a scheme through which the attenuation can be minimized. This paper focuses on a scheme based on the trade-off between pathloss attenuation and distance between the D2D users for enhancing QoS of the cellular as well as D2D users. This is achieved by mode assignment through reuse and dedicated or cellular mode. The decision is made based on the distance between the D2D users and also the pathloss attenuation attached to it as pathloss plays an equally pivotal role for a mmWave network. Finally, a comparison is also made with other existing schemes to prove its efficacy.
With the increased demand for wireless communication, 5G network deployment is expected to accelerate. The energy consumption and carbon footprint are expected to rise rapidly as a result of this rapid increase. As a result of this, green communication and optimal resource allocation become critical in reducing the energy consumption of the 5G network. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of current research in areas such as cell zooming, cell sleeping, static resource allocation, and dynamic resource allocation for HetNets. Research happening in interference, radio resource management, QoS parameter improvement, and network deployment planning is also covered. We also discuss briefly the potential areas for further research.KeywordsGreen communicationResource allocationHetNetsUltra dense networkCarbon footprintMachine learning
In this paper, a reconfigurable bandstop to allpass filters using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) in K-Band for millimeter-wave communications is proposed. Mathematical analysis of the DGS is discussed in this paper for the bandstop and allpass responses. The reconfigurable filter is performed by using an ideal switch with open circuit and short circuit conditions on DGS at several locations. Hence, two filter designs with different DGS are investigated for their performance in both simulation and measurement. As a result, the ideal switch at location S3 gives the best performance for both DGSs with a narrowband bandstop response and a wideband allpass response with insertion loss of less than 1 dB and return loss of more than 10 dB at the 26 GHz band. Hence, the proposed reconfigurable filter is suitable for millimeter-wave front-end communications.
Device-to-Device (D2D) communications is predicted to be a major part of 5G wireless communications due to its benefits such as flexible connectivity and unloading of traffic burden off the cellular networks. However, interference scenarios in D2D communications are usually more complicated than conventional wireless communications, e.g., spectrum reuse is commonly involved in D2D communications, especially when it works as an underlay. Therefore, how to coordinate the challenges of significant interference with the demand of higher data rates under the constraints of efficient energy consumption and spectrum utilization has become a haunting problem in our way to the ideal performance of wireless communications system. The solution resides in multiple resource allocation techniques in D2D communications as each of them attempts to solve or optimize one or several essential elements in the system. In this paper, a survey of resource allocation schemes in D2D communications is presented. We discuss the optimization classification including objectives, constraints, problem types and solutions. This paper also highlights system characteristics. Finally, future research challenges are outlined.
Wireless communications with UAVs offer a promising solution to provide cost-effective wireless connectivity and extend coverage. In recent years, the area of wireless communications for UAV system design and optimization has been receiving enormous attention from the research community. However, there are still existing challenges that are far from solved. To cope with those challenges, researchers have been exploring the applicability of game-theoretic approaches. This article surveys the existing game-theoretic solutions and presents a number of novel solutions that are designed to optimize energy consumption, enhance network coverage, and improve connectivity in wireless communications with UAVs. We first present main game components and the elements they represent in wireless communications with UAVs, and then we present a classification of the current used game-theoretic approaches. We identify the main problems in wireless communications with UAVs in which game theory has been used to find solutions. We provide a case study to show the merits of applying game theory in wireless communication with UAVs. Finally, we discuss the shortcomings of the traditional game-theoretic approaches and propose MFG as an appropriate method for solving novel technical problems in massive UAVs networks.
The Cucker-Smale flocking model is designed to analyze the velocity and position-control mechanisms in a group of living individuals, such as a flock of birds. In this model, each agent (a bird or fish) adjusts its velocity according to its own velocity and the weighted mean of the relative velocities of the other members of the flock. We herein focus on the simple, distributed, and autonomous nature of the flocking model and apply its operating principles to fair resource allocation for vehicle-mounted mobile relays (VMRs) by considering their need for distributed fair resource allocation in various network topologies. By adaptively adjusting the VMR transmission power, the proposed method effectively alleviates the interference between users in vehicles and users directly connected to the base station (BS). We evaluate the performance of the proposed method in the context of the IEEE 802.16j-based system. The achievable bandwidth performance of the proposed method is evaluated relative to that of both the fixed power allocation (FPA) method and the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR)-based transmit power control (TPC) method. The result shows that the proposed method adjusts to various network topologies and provides better achievable bandwidth than both the SINR-based method and the FPA method. IEEE
Ultra-dense small cells with D2D communications can provide rich multimedia services for billions of smart terminals. Game theory helps to characterize rational behaviors, model strategic interactions, and design distributed algorithms. However, conventional games have been facing great challenges, for example, the number of the nodes is huge, thus leading to the well known curse of dimensionality. 5G ultra-dense networks call for an advanced game-theoretic framework, which should make it easy to analyze and facilitate distributed control policy, even when coupled with huge and complex interference state dynamics. In this article, we briefly survey the latest applications of advanced games. Following that, we summarize the most important features of 5G game-theoretic design. Then, we introduce the mean field game with its basics and survey the related applications. The mean field game can well satisfy the interference and energy-aware featured game requirements. Finally, we present an application of the mean field game in D2D communications with interference and remaining energy dynamics. We also look into the future research directions of mean field games in other 5G ultra-dense networking paradigms.
The wide spectrum and propagation characteristics over the air give mmWave communication unique advantages as well as design challenges for 5G applications. To increase the system speed, capacity, and coverage, there is a need for innovation in the RF system architecture, circuit, antenna, and package in terms of implementation opportunities and constraints. The discuss mmWave spectrum characteristics, circuits, RF system architecture, and their implementation issues are discussed. Moreover, the transmitter key components, i.e., the receiver, antenna, and packaging are reviewed.
Device-to-device (D2D) communications can enhance spectrum and energy efficiency due to direct proximity communication and frequency reuse. However, such performance enhancement is limited by mutual interference and energy availability, especially when the deployment of D2D links is ultradense. In this paper, we present a distributed power control method for ultra-dense D2D communications underlaying cellular communications. In this power control method, in addition to the remaining battery energy of the D2D transmitter, we consider the effects of both the interference caused by the generic D2D transmitter to others and interference from all others’ caused to the generic D2D receiver. We formulate a mean-field game (MFG) theoretic framework with the interference mean-field approximation. We design the cost function combining both the performance of the D2D communication and cost for transmit power at the D2D transmitter. Within the MFG framework, we derive the related Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) and Fokker- Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equations. Then, a novel energy and interference aware power control policy is proposed, which is based on the Lax-Friedrichs scheme and the Lagrange relaxation. The numerical results are presented to demonstrate the spectrum and energy efficiency performances of our proposed approach.
Considering the high-speed and low-latency communication requirements of future 5G networks, a Stackelberg game based interference suppression approach is proposed. We analyze the uplink interference of macrocell, which is located in ultra-dense heterogeneous cloud access networks. Dense deployment brings relief of traffic, but leads to new interference problems. A power pricing game model between macrocell user end (MUE) and RRH user ends (RUEs) is formulated and Nash equilibrium is analyzed. Different from traditional methods concentrating on power, our proposed approach can maintain the power and energy efficiency of different kinds of user ends, so as to increase the spectrum efficiency of the whole heterogeneous networks. Simulations validate the results and demonstrate the superiority of the approach.