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Flammocladiella anomiae, a new hypocrealean species from France and Bulgaria
Abstract and Figures
Flammocladiella anomiae is described and illustrated based on material occurring on ascomata of Massaria anomia on Robinia pseudoacacia in France and Bulgaria. The placement of this fungus in the genus Flammocladiella and its segregation from F. decora are based on study of its sexual-asexual morphs, primarily showing differences in ascomatal and conidial dimensions, and phylogenetic comparison of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and LSu sequences with those of F. decora and species belonging to families in the Hypocreales. Résumé : Flammocladiella anomiae est décrite et illustrée d'après du matériel récolté sur des ascomes de Massaria anomia sur Robinia pseudoacacia en France et en Bulgarie. Le placement de ce champignon dans le genre Flammocladiella et sa séparation de F. decora reposent sur les stades sexué/asexué, montrant prin-cipalement des différences de dimensions des ascomes et des conidies, et sur la comparaison phylogéné-tique des séquences ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 et LSu avec celles de F. decora et celles d'espèces appartenant à diverses familles parmi les Hypocréales.
... are highly host-specific, with M. anomia being the only species occurring on Fabaceae (on ascomata of Massaria anomia on a branchlet of Robinia pseudoacacia). Lechat et al. (2019) speculated that F. anomiae is host-specific on Massaria anomia. In this regard, collecting M. anomiae on conidiomata of Diaporthe oncostoma is unusual, although the host plant was also a dead branch of Robinia pseudoacacia, suggesting some association with the host. ...
... On MEA cultures formed large orange sporodochia, with conidia becoming longer and thinner, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate, 1.5-2 µm, flexuous, up to 8-septate, (50-)65-75(-80) × 3-4 µm. Conidia of Flammocladiella anomiae are reported to be smaller, namely 1-3-septate, smooth, (30-) 37-45(-48) × 2-2.5 μm (Lechat et al. 2019). ...
An order, family and genus are validated, seven new genera, 35 new species, two new combinations, two
epitypes, two lectotypes, and 17 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study.
Validated order, family and genus: Superstratomycetales and Superstratomycetaceae (based on Superstratomyces).
New genera: Haudseptoria (based on Haudseptoria typhae); Hogelandia (based on Hogelandia lambearum);
Neoscirrhia (based on Neoscirrhia osmundae); Nothoanungitopsis (based on Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae);
Nothomicrosphaeropsis (based on Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae); Populomyces (based on Populomyces
zwinianus); Pseudoacrospermum (based on Pseudoacrospermum goniomae). New species: Apiospora sasae on
dead culms of Sasa veitchii (Netherlands); Apiospora stipae on dead culms of Stipa gigantea (Spain); Bagadiella
eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Calonectria singaporensis from submerged leaf litter (Singapore);
Castanediella neomalaysiana on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Malaysia); Colletotrichum pleopeltidis on leaves of Pleopeltis
sp. (South Africa); Coniochaeta deborreae from soil (Netherlands); Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio
zibethinus (Vietnam); Floricola juncicola on dead culm of Juncus sp. (France); Haudseptoria typhae on leaf sheath of
Typha sp. (Germany); Hogelandia lambearum from soil (Netherlands); Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil (Chile);
Neofusicoccum mystacidii on dead stems of Mystacidium capense (South Africa); Neomycosphaerella guibourtiae
on leaves of Guibourtia sp. (Angola); Niesslia neoexosporioides on dead leaves of Carex paniculata (Germany);
Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae on seed capsules of Eucalyptus urophylla (South Africa); Nothomicrosphaeropsis
welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis (Namibia); Paracremonium bendijkiorum from soil (Netherlands);
Paraphoma ledniceana on dead wood of Buxus sempervirens (Czech Republic); Paraphoma salicis on leaves of Salixcf. alba (Ukraine); Parasarocladium wereldwijsianum from soil (Netherlands); Peziza ligni on masonry and plastering
(France); Phyllosticta phoenicis on leaves of Phoenix reclinata (South Africa); Plectosphaerella slobbergiarum from soil
(Netherlands); Populomyces zwinianus from soil (Netherlands); Pseudoacrospermum goniomae on leaves of Gonioma
kamassi (South Africa); Pseudopyricularia festucae on leaves of Festuca californica (USA); Sarocladium sasijaorum
from soil (Netherlands); Sporothrix hypoxyli in sporocarp of Hypoxylon petriniae on Fraxinus wood (Netherlands);
Superstratomyces albomucosus on Pycnanthus angolensis (Netherlands); Superstratomyces atroviridis on Pinus
sylvestris (Netherlands); Superstratomyces flavomucosus on leaf of Hakea multilinearis (Australia); Superstratomyces
tardicrescens from human eye specimen (USA); Taeniolella platani on twig of Platanus hispanica (Germany), and
Tympanis pini on twigs of Pinus sylvestris (Spain).
... are highly host-specific, with M. anomia being the only species occurring on Fabaceae (on ascomata of Massaria anomia on a branchlet of Robinia pseudoacacia). Lechat et al. (2019) speculated that F. anomiae is host-specific on Massaria anomia. In this regard, collecting M. anomiae on conidiomata of Diaporthe oncostoma is unusual, although the host plant was also a dead branch of Robinia pseudoacacia, suggesting some association with the host. ...
... On MEA cultures formed large orange sporodochia, with conidia becoming longer and thinner, subcylindrical, apex obtuse, base truncate, 1.5-2 µm, flexuous, up to 8-septate, (50-)65-75(-80) × 3-4 µm. Conidia of Flammocladiella anomiae are reported to be smaller, namely 1-3-septate, smooth, (30-) 37-45(-48) × 2-2.5 μm (Lechat et al. 2019). ...
Abstract: An order, family and genus are validated, seven new genera, 35 new species, two new combinations, two
epitypes, two lectotypes, and 17 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study.
Validated order, family and genus: Superstratomycetales and Superstratomycetaceae (based on Superstratomyces).
New genera: Haudseptoria (based on Haudseptoria typhae); Hogelandia (based on Hogelandia lambearum);
Neoscirrhia (based on Neoscirrhia osmundae); Nothoanungitopsis (based on Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae);
Nothomicrosphaeropsis (based on Nothomicrosphaeropsis welwitschiae); Populomyces (based on Populomyces
zwinianus); Pseudoacrospermum (based on Pseudoacrospermum goniomae). New species: Apiospora sasae on
dead culms of Sasa veitchii (Netherlands); Apiospora stipae on dead culms of Stipa gigantea (Spain); Bagadiella
eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Australia); Calonectria singaporensis from submerged leaf litter (Singapore);
Castanediella neomalaysiana on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Malaysia); Colletotrichum pleopeltidis on leaves of Pleopeltis
sp. (South Africa); Coniochaeta deborreae from soil (Netherlands); Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio
zibethinus (Vietnam); Floricola juncicola on dead culm of Juncus sp. (France); Haudseptoria typhae on leaf sheath of
Typha sp. (Germany); Hogelandia lambearum from soil (Netherlands); Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil (Chile);
Neofusicoccum mystacidii on dead stems of Mystacidium capense (South Africa); Neomycosphaerella guibourtiae
on leaves of Guibourtia sp. (Angola); Niesslia neoexosporioides on dead leaves of Carex paniculata (Germany);
Nothoanungitopsis urophyllae on seed capsules of Eucalyptus urophylla (South Africa); Nothomicrosphaeropsis
welwitschiae on dead leaves of Welwitschia mirabilis (Namibia); Paracremonium bendijkiorum from soil (Netherlands);
Paraphoma ledniceana on dead wood of Buxus sempervirens (Czech Republic); Paraphoma salicis on leaves of Salix cf. alba (Ukraine); Parasarocladium wereldwijsianum from soil (Netherlands); Peziza ligni on masonry and plastering
(France); Phyllosticta phoenicis on leaves of Phoenix reclinata (South Africa); Plectosphaerella slobbergiarum from soil
(Netherlands); Populomyces zwinianus from soil (Netherlands); Pseudoacrospermum goniomae on leaves of Gonioma
kamassi (South Africa); Pseudopyricularia festucae on leaves of Festuca californica (USA); Sarocladium sasijaorum
from soil (Netherlands); Sporothrix hypoxyli in sporocarp of Hypoxylon petriniae on Fraxinus wood (Netherlands);
Superstratomyces albomucosus on Pycnanthus angolensis (Netherlands); Superstratomyces atroviridis on Pinus
sylvestris (Netherlands); Superstratomyces flavomucosus on leaf of Hakea multilinearis (Australia); Superstratomyces
tardicrescens from human eye specimen (USA); Taeniolella platani on twig of Platanus hispanica (Germany), and
Tympanis pini on twigs of Pinus sylvestris (Spain).
... (= Nectria decora (Wallr.) Fuckel), що паразитує на представниках Massaria inquinans-комплексу на гілках кленів [LECHAT et al., 2019]. На територїі України F. anomiae виявлена вперше. ...
... Petr. After a month after our collection a second species of the genus -Flammocladiella anomiae was described (associated with the same host) from Bulgaria and France (Lechat et al. 2019). Slovakia is therefore a third country for this new species. ...
The article supplements authors previous published data and summarises records of lignicolous macromycetes found during their excursions to Podunajská nížina Lowland, Slovakia in 2018–2020. A total of 438 taxa were recorded, of which 259 were not published in the first paper. Short discussions of 70 rare, endangered or otherwise interesting taxa are presented. The most interesting recorded species are: Amaurodon mustialaensis, Ceriporia pierii, Ceriporia sulphuricolor, Dichostereum effuscatum, Gloeocystidiellum bisporum, Gloeodontia columbiensis, Hydropus trichodermus, Odonticium helgae, Phlebia tremelloidea, Sistotrema subtrigonospermum and Trechinothus smardae.
Abstract: The new combination Flammocladiella decora is proposed to accommodate Nectria decora, whose
taxonomic position is unsettled. Detailed description and illustrations of this species are presented, based
on material occurring on ascomata of Massaria inquinans on Acer pseudoplatanus in France. The placement
of this fungus in the genus Flammocladiella is based on its sexual and asexual morphs deviating from those
of typical Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae and phylogenetic comparison of ITs1-5.8s-ITs2 and Lsu sequences
with genera and species belonging to families in the Hypocreales.
Keywords: ascomycota, Flammocladiaceae, Hypocreales, ribosomal Dna, taxonomy.
Fungal Systematics and Evolution (FUSE) is introduced as a new series to expedite the publication of issues relating to the epitypification of formerly described species, report new sexual-asexual connections, the merging of sexual and asexual genera following the end of dual nomenclature, and to describe species or note interesting observations regarding fungi. This first paper includes 18 new combinations, 13 new species, three new genera and one new family. All taxa are ascomycetes, except one novel species, which is a basidiomycete. Based on its acervular conidioma, Septoria capensis is allocated to the genus Acervuloseptoria (Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes). Cheirospora botryospora is shown to have a Phialophora synasexual morph, and to belong to the Helotiales (Leotiomycetes). The genus Circinotrichum (Xylariaceae, Xylariales) is shown to be paraphyletic, and in need of revision. Dictyochaeta triseptata (Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes) is reported on Eucalyptus twigs from Malaysia, and shown to have a microconidial morph. Pseudodinemasporium. fabiforme (Chaetosphaeriaceae, Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes) is reported from leaf spots on Acacia mangium from Malaysia, and Sclerostagonospora cycadis (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) on leaves of Dioscorea composita from Mexico. Novel taxa include: Asperisporium caricicola (Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes) from Carica papaya (Fiji), Coniella peruensis (Schizoparmaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes) from soil (Peru), Curreya acacia (Cucurbitariaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) from Acacia mangium (Malaysia), Verrucoconiothyrium nitidae gen. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) from Proteaceae (South Africa), Cyphellophoriella pruni gen. et sp. nov. (Chaetothyriaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) from Prunus leaves (USA), Mycotribulus indonesiae (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales) from Eucalyptus leaves (Indonesia), Myrmecridium spartii (Myrmecridiaceae, Myrmecridiales, Sordariomycetes) and Diaporthe spartinicola (Diaporthaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes) from Spartium junceum (Spain), Neodevriesia poagena (Neodevriesiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes) on stems of Poa sp. (the Netherlands). Novel taxa from Germany include: Dothiorella ulmacea (Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes) from Ulmus laevis, Eleutheromyces pseudosubulatus (incertae sedis, Helotiales) from Lactarius scrobiculatus, Paracamarosporium fagi (Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) from Fagus sylvatica, Phaeoisaria loranthacearum (incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes) from Loranthus europaeus, and Flammocladiella aceris gen. et sp. nov. (Flammocladiellaceae fam. nov., Hypocreales) from Acer platanoides. An epitype is designated for Phomatospora striatigera (incertae sedis, Sordariomycetes) from Typha angustifolia (France).
Molecular phylogenetic analyses of a four-gene sequence matrix (LSU, SSU, rpb2, tef1) demonstrate monophyly of the genus Massaria, which is placed as most basal lineage within Pleosporales. Data from microscopic morphology, pure cultures, and phylogenetic analyses of partial SSU-ITS-LSU rDNA and tef1 sequences revealed 17 taxa of Massaria, seven of which are described as new (M. ariae, M. aucupariae, M. campestris, M. mediterranea, M. parva, M. platanoidea, M. vindobonensis). Massarina macra is formally combined into Massaria. Synonymy of the genus Aglaospora with Massaria is confirmed, and the generic type Massaria inquinans is lecto- and epitypified. Massaria vomitoria, M. gigaspora and M. pyri, commonly considered as conspecific with M. inquinans, are shown to be distinct species. Due to homonymy, the new name M. gigantispora is introduced for M. gigaspora Fuckel. Several species are lecto- and/or epitypified. A key to all treated species is provided. Most Massaria species revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses can be well characterised by a suite of morphological traits like ascospore shape, ascospore length and width, ascospore colour in the intact ascus vs. after ejection, size of pseudothecia, presence or absence of a black stromatic zone delimiting the pseudostroma, and staining of the substrate. Two different modes of ascospore germination were observed in pure culture, i.e. hyphal or by ejection of a naked protoplast, the former developing into hyphal colonies and the latter into meristematically growing colonies. Modes of ascospore germination and colony growth were found to be characteristic for the respective species. All species were found to be highly host-specific, disproving the wide host range given for Massaria inquinans in the literature. Biodiversity of Massaria was found to be centred on the genus Acer (seven species), where up to four species can occur on the same host species, and on Rosaceae (four species). Evidence for a hemibiotrophic life style and weak parasitism of Massaria is provided and discussed. Geographic distribution of species is reconsidered, concluding that Europe may be the centre of Massaria biodiversity.
We revisit statistical tests for branches of evolutionary trees reconstructed upon molecular data. A new, fast, approximate likelihood-ratio test (aLRT) for branches is presented here as a competitive alternative to nonparametric bootstrap and Bayesian estimation of branch support. The aLRT is based on the idea of the conventional LRT, with the null hypothesis corresponding to the assumption that the inferred branch has length 0. We show that the LRT statistic is asymptotically distributed as a maximum of three random variables drawn from the chi(0)2 + chi(1)2 distribution. The new aLRT of interior branch uses this distribution for significance testing, but the test statistic is approximated in a slightly conservative but practical way as 2(l1- l2), i.e., double the difference between the maximum log-likelihood values corresponding to the best tree and the second best topological arrangement around the branch of interest. Such a test is fast because the log-likelihood value l2 is computed by optimizing only over the branch of interest and the four adjacent branches, whereas other parameters are fixed at their optimal values corresponding to the best ML tree. The performance of the new test was studied on simulated 4-, 12-, and 100-taxon data sets with sequences of different lengths. The aLRT is shown to be accurate, powerful, and robust to certain violations of model assumptions. The aLRT is implemented within the algorithm used by the recent fast maximum likelihood tree estimation program PHYML (Guindon and Gascuel, 2003).
Phylogenetic analyses are central to many research areas in biology and typically involve the identification of homologous sequences, their multiple alignment, the phylogenetic reconstruction and the graphical representation of the inferred tree. The Phylogeny.fr platform transparently chains programs to automatically perform these tasks. It is primarily designed for biologists with no experience in phylogeny, but can also meet the needs of specialists; the first ones will find up-to-date tools chained in a phylogeny pipeline to analyze their data in a simple and robust way, while the specialists will be able to easily build and run sophisticated analyses. Phylogeny.fr offers three main modes. The 'One Click' mode targets non-specialists and provides a ready-to-use pipeline chaining programs with recognized accuracy and speed: MUSCLE for multiple alignment, PhyML for tree building, and TreeDyn for tree rendering. All parameters are set up to suit most studies, and users only have to provide their input sequences to obtain a ready-to-print tree. The 'Advanced' mode uses the same pipeline but allows the parameters of each program to be customized by users. The 'A la Carte' mode offers more flexibility and sophistication, as users can build their own pipeline by selecting and setting up the required steps from a large choice of tools to suit their specific needs. Prior to phylogenetic analysis, users can also collect neighbors of a query sequence by running BLAST on general or specialized databases. A guide tree then helps to select neighbor sequences to be used as input for the phylogeny pipeline. Phylogeny.fr is available at: http://www.phylogeny.fr/
The Hypocreales with over one thousand described species have been the repository for all light- to bright-colored, soft-textured, perithecial ascomycetes with a Nectria-type centrum. Rogerson (1970) published a key to the genera in the Hypocreales and accepted over 115 genera with 26 generic synonyms in the order. Since then, 58 genera have been added. For this study all available type specimens of the type species of genera classified in the Hypocreales were examined. Fifty six genera, including six newly described genera with 43 generic synonyms, are accepted in three families, Bionectriaceae fam, nov., Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae, of the order. Although now considered either part of or closely related to the Hypocreales, neither the Niessliaceae nor the Clavicipitaceae are treated comprehensively in this study. Fourteen genera with two generic synonyms are included in the Niessliaceae and six genera with one generic synonym are placed in the Clavicipitaceae. The remaining 84 genera are excluded from the Hypocreales and redisposed in their appropriate family and order. Genera excluded from the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae are described and illustrated based on their type species. For 16 genera previously placed in the Hypocreales the type specimen was either not located or not sufficient to make a modern taxonomic evaluation of the type species. For each genus the type species and species not recently treated are fully described and documented. A key to species is presented unless a recent key to species in that genus is available. In the Bionectriaceae a new genus, Ochronectria, is introduced for Nectria calami. Nectriella minuta, N. rubricapitula, N. utahensis, Pronectria echinulata, P. pertusariicola, and Protocreopsis viridis are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Dimerosporiella cephalosporii, D. gnarapiensis, D. leucorrhodina, D. oidioides, D. pipericola, and D. sensitiva; Hydropisphaera arenula, H. arenuloides, H. boothii, H. cyatheae, H. dolichospora, H. erubescens, H. gigantea, H. haematites, H. hypoxantha, H. leucotricha, H. macrarenula, H. multiloculata, H. multiseptata, H. nymaniana, H. pachyderma, and H. suffulta; Ijuhya peristomialis, I. chilensis, I. aquifolii, I. bambusina, I. corynespora, I. dentifera, I. dictyospora, I. leucocarpa, I. paraparilis, and I. parilis; Lasionectria sylvana and L. vulpina; Nectriella curtisii, N. dakotensis, and N. galii; Nectriopsis sasae and N. queletii; Ochronectria calami; Peethambara spirostriata and for its anamorph Didymostilbe echinofibrosa, Protocreopsis foliicola, P. freycinetiae, P. javanica, P. pertusa, P. pertusoides, and P. phormiicola; Stilbocrea gracilipes and S. impressa. Two new names, Nectriella crouanii for Nectria aurea P. & H. Crouan, and N. halonata for Charonectria umbelliferarum, are proposed. In the Nectriaceae five new genera are introduced: Albonectria for species related with Nectria rigidiuscula, Haematonectria for the Nectria haematococca complex, Lanatonectria for the Nectria flavolanata-group, Rubrinectria for a species previously known as Nectria olivacea, and Viridispora for teleomorphs of Penicillifer. Cosmospora dingleyae and C. obscura are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Albonectria rigidiuscula, A. albosuccinea, and A. verrucosa; Corallomycetella repens and C. jatrophae; Cosmospora aurantiicola, C. biasolettiana, C. camelliae, C. chaetopsinae, C. chaetopsinae-catenulatae, C. chaetopsinae-penicillatae, C. chaetopsinae-polyblastiae, C. chlorina, C. consors, C. digitalicola, C. diminuta, C. diploa, C. episphaeria, C. flammea, C. flavoviridis, C. ganymede, C. geastroides, C. glabra, C. joca, C. jucundula, C. kurdica, C. lasiodiplodiae, C. leptosphaeriae, C. macrochaetopsinae, C. magnusiana, C. meliopsicola, C. metepisphaeria, C. nothepisphaeria, C. papilionacearum, C. peponum, C. pseudepisphaeria, C. pseudoflavoviridis, C. purtonii, C. rickii, C. rishbethii, C. rubrisetosa, C. sansevieriae, C. stilbellae, C. stilbosporae, C. thujana, C. triqua, C. tungurahuana, C. vilior, C. viliuscula, C. wegeliana, and C. xanthostroma; Haematonectria haematococca, H. illudens, H. ipomoeae, H. monilifera, and H. termitum; Lanatonectria flocculenta with anamorph Actinostilbe macalpinei, L. flavolanata, L. mammiformis with anamorph Actinostilbe mammiformis, and L. raripila; Neonectria coccinea and N. galligena; Rubrinectria olivacea; Viridispora penicilliferi, V. alata, V. diparietispora, and V. fragariae; Xenonectriella leptaleae, X. ornamentata, and X. streimannii. In the checklist, some genera are excluded from the families treated here and placed among 19 families in 12 orders of ascomycetes and one basidiomycetous genus. Two genera are uniloculate, discomycetous loculoascomycetes; some have true apothecia and belong in the Helotiales and Pezizales, or are lichenized Lecanorales. Many of these taxa are placed in the Diaporthales and Xylariales (Hyponectriaceae and Thyridiaceae). Genera having immersed ascomata are often difficult to place; they include Charonectria and Hyponectria, now placed in the Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales; and Cryptoleptosphaeria, Cryptonectriella and Schizoparme, now placed in the Diaporthales. Several genera are placed in the Niessliaceae and Clavicipitaceae of the Hypocreales. In this section a new species, Charonectria amabilis, is described, and the new combinations Thyridium ohiense, Charonectria sceptri, Cryptoleptosphaeria gracilis, Cryptonectriella geoglossi, and Thelocarpon citrum, are proposed.
Not available Biological Sciences, School of
Detailed restriction analyses of many samples often require substantial amounts of time and effort for DNA extraction, restriction digests, Southern blotting, and hybridization. We describe a novel approach that uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid simplified restriction typing and mapping of DNA from many different isolates. DNA fragments up to 2 kilobase pairs in length were efficiently amplified from crude DNA samples of several pathogenic Cryptococcus species, including C. neoformans, C. albidus, C. laurentii, and C. uniguttulatus. Digestion and electrophoresis of the PCR products by using frequent-cutting restriction enzymes produced complex restriction phenotypes (fingerprints) that were often unique for each strain or species. We used the PCR to amplify and analyze restriction pattern variation within three major portions of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats from these fungi. Detailed mapping of many restriction sites within the rDNA locus was determined by fingerprint analysis of progressively larger PCR fragments sharing a common primer site at one end. As judged by PCR fingerprints, the rDNA of 19 C. neoformans isolates showed no variation for four restriction enzymes that we surveyed. Other Cryptococcus spp. showed varying levels of restriction pattern variation within their rDNAs and were shown to be genetically distinct from C. neoformans. The PCR primers used in this study have also been successfully applied for amplification of rDNAs from other pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, including Candida spp., and ought to have wide applicability for clinical detection and other studies.
- J Z Groenewald
GRoeneWALD J.Z. 2015. -Fungal Systematics and evolution: FuSe
1. Sydowia, 67: 81-118. doi: 10.12905/0380.sydowia67-2015-0081
- C Lechat
- J Fournier
LeCHAT C. & FouRnIeR J. 2016. -Xanthonectria, a new genus for the
nectrioid fungus Nectria pseudopeziza. Ascomycete.org, 8 (4): 172-178. doi: 10.25664/art-0185