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Vernacular Passive Design in Myanmar Housing for Thermal Comfort
Abstract
Tropical weather is characterized by high humidity, high temperature, and intense solar insolation; therefore, traditional tropical housing is predominantly dependent on natural ventilation and passive cooling for thermal comfort. In the literature and practice, however, there is a gap of knowledge on Myanmar vernacular housing, specifically with regard to the variation in weather caused by climate change. In this paper, the authors review passive design techniques used in Myanmar vernacular houses to achieve thermal comfort. Using an experimental design approach, simulation studies were carried out to compare the impact of various passive design techniques on thermal comfort in three Myanmar climates. Different passive design techniques used in the two houses were further reviewed. Fifteen models were generated through an evaluation of the latter to examine the thermal performance of Myanmar housing throughout a year, with typical weather and predicted future climate scenarios. The results revealed that the efficacy of traditional passive design techniques would not be sufficient to achieve thermal comfort in the predicted future climate scenario. For this reason, the authors suggested that the passive design techniques of Myanmar vernacular housing need to be improved, with innovative solutions in order to cope with the changing climate.
Keywords: Thermal comfort; Vernacular architecture; Climate change; Tropical housing; Passive design
Myanmar (Burma).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101992
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670719335334
... Raised floors serve more than one function. It provides optimal ventilation, protects the interior from flooding waters [17] and marks the different functional zones of the house [16]. Ventilation has a significant role in the evaluation of Thai houses. ...
... It is also essential for a healthy and comfortable environment for users. Another important characteristic element serving this purpose is the gap between the top of the walls and the roof [17]. In the floor plans of traditional Thai houses, the terraces are the key organizers of the life of the users. ...
... When it comes to colors, the two buildings work together. Wood, bamboo and locally found stones remained untreated, with a natural, rustic appearance-another important feature of building traditions of the region [17]. The walls built from concrete blocks are plastered and given a slight coloring: yellow and red appear on the bathhouse, and a The community of different age groups creates a special situation in the orphanage. ...
This study gives an overview of contemporary vernacular tendencies in Thai architecture. The research includes ecological, economical, ergonomic and cultural aspects, and the aim is to find a possible future direction for architectural design that is able to incorporate local features and follow traditions yet apply them in a contemporary way. As an example, a case study was carried out about a project realized in Safe Haven Orphanage in Thailand. It consists of two small-scale buildings designed and constructed by TYIN Tegnestue Architects, Sami Rintala and Hans Skotte, together with volunteers and the local community, and they are great examples of a community building “healing architecture”. Due to their aesthetics, their ecological and sustainable approach and their structures, they can provide cultural continuity, which is key for the organic evaluation of regional architecture.
... Studies of bioclimatic dwellings on vernacular buildings, especially in hot and humid climates, were carried out by Nguyen et al. [2], Nugroho [3], Zhang et al. [4], and June et al. [5] with several criteria and parameters IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012038 2 of bioclimatic design. First, the orientation and building form with parameters such as building orientation facing south and avoiding west and east directions, openings facing the wind direction, and sheltered main dwelling area. ...
... Bioclimatic suitability assessment uses tropical climate responsive design parameters developed by previous researchers [2]- [5]. There are twenty-two climate-responsive design parameters, eighteen of which are related to natural shading and conditioning. ...
Bioclimatic architecture is a method of adapting to the climate and utilizing natural elements of the local environment. In hot and humid tropical climates, this can be seen through natural shading and cooling strategies or known as eco-energy, especially in vernacular buildings. This paper aims to identify the bioclimatic architecture of the Madurese Vernacular House to develop passive design knowledge through visual observation techniques and measurement of the thermal environment as a form of eco-energy dwellings. The visual observation method was used to find the level of suitability of the bioclimatic design. The technique of measuring temperature and humidity outside and inside the building was used to evaluate the comfort of the thermal environment of eco-energy dwellings in the case study of the Bangsal Budaggan House, Pamekasan, Madura. The appropriate bioclimatic design elements in the Budaggan Ward House are the orientation of the building mass and openings, placement and form of open-plan dwelling; number, size, and type of windows; ample roof space. The evaluation of the eco-energy strategy (passive design) shows good cooling performance characterized by a comfortable average air temperature (28.1°C in the dwelling area), a decreased air temperature (0.7°C in the dwelling area), and a longer comfortable period (11 hours). Further development for eco-energy dwellings design in Bangsal Budaggan House can be done by improving the shading elements, materials, transition spaces, colors, and floor elevations.
... Vernacular architecture studies cover from vernacular architecture in arid or areas [38,39,40,41] to constructions typical of tropical or humid climates [42,43,44]. Vernacular architecture studies cover from vernacular architecture in arid or desert areas [38][39][40][41] to constructions typical of tropical or humid climates [42][43][44]. ...
... Vernacular architecture studies cover from vernacular architecture in arid or areas [38,39,40,41] to constructions typical of tropical or humid climates [42,43,44]. Vernacular architecture studies cover from vernacular architecture in arid or desert areas [38][39][40][41] to constructions typical of tropical or humid climates [42][43][44]. ...
Vernacular architecture can be defined as a type of regional construction influenced by geography, available materials, climate, traditions, and culture that is produced by non-experts through knowledge transmitted and enriched from one generation to the next. In addition to their heritage value, traditional buildings are usually considered a model of sustainability in the use of available resources, with a minimal negative environmental impact, minimization of costs, and a reduction of energy demand. In the current context of the globalization of construction techniques and high requirements of comfortable dwellings, the preservation of vernacular architecture means a major challenge, given that this kind of architecture represents more than 75% of the world's existing buildings. Based on a study of selected peer-reviewed literature indexed in the Web of Science for the period between 2000 and 2022, this paper qualitatively analyzes the current areas of research on vernacular architecture, with particular attention to the scope of the studies, traditional building materials and construction techniques, preservation problems and solutions, climate adaptation, and the reuse of abandoned vernacular buildings. In order to achieve the goal of preserving vernacular architecture in the coming centuries, research should continue in interdisciplinary teams by promoting fieldwork in under-studied regions and incorporating modern materials and solutions in old vernacular buildings to satisfy current comfort standards without excessively changing their essential features.
... The criteria for bioclimatic architecture, especially in the tropical islands, have been formulated by previous research, including orientation aspects that stretch west-east (Prasetyo, 2016;Beccali et al., 2018) and wind direction (Manzano-Agugliaro et al., 2015;Nguyen et al., 2019); lean mass composition and the presence of a veranda (Nguyen et al., 2011;Nugroho, 2012); a roof with a large volume and slope, lightweight materials, roof openings, wide eaves (Victoria et al., 2017;Daemei et al., 2019); thin walls made of light materials (Prasetyo & Astuti, 2017;Hildegardis et al., 2019), porous type walls (Nugroho, 2012;Nugroho, 2018), adequate placement and size of openings (Beccali et al., 2018;Nugroho, 2019); stage floor with a certain height and light material (Victoria et al., 2017;Zune et al., 2020); landscaping with shade plants and placement on the west side ( Nugroho, 2018;Daemei et al., 2019). Such criteria continue to develop as new studies on vernacular bioclimatic architecture prevail in the tropics. ...
... However, further studies are still needed regarding the factors that affect the optimal floor height. As stated by Zune et al., (2020) that the effectiveness of floor heights needs to be combined with the type of floor material, and floor elevation in vernacular buildings allows cold air from below to replace hot air above it. ...
Bioclimatic architecture is composed of climate-responsive knowledge in vernacular buildings as an effort to create comfortable conditions. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of the application of bioclimatic design to the performance of the thermal environment in one type of Bugis house. The method used is visual assessment and measurement of temperature and humidity in the case studies of Jida and Lammada houses, South Sulawesi. The results of visual observations show the accuracy of the bioclimatic design on the volume and slope elements of the roof; wall type and material; floor height and shade tree layout. The performance of the thermal environment in the living room and bedroom of Lammada house is better than similar rooms at Jida house. The bioclimatic elements that affect the performance of the thermal environment are the volume of the roof, the type and material of the walls and the height of the floor.
... As per the assessment and views of Zune et al. (2020), promoting renewable energy and utilizing resources in an efficient way helps to foster circular economic approaches and practices at the same time. As per the assessment and views of Asim et al. (2022), passive design techniques strategically develop links with construction projects with the aim to optimize natural airflow and light as well. ...
This research investigates the efficacy of sustainable construction practices and green building initiatives in mitigating environmental impacts and promoting resource efficiency in the built environment. Through a thematic analysis of relevant literature, the study examines the adoption of green construction techniques, stakeholder engagement, and the impact of regulatory frameworks on sustainable building practices. Findings highlight the importance of circular economy principles, stakeholder collaboration, and policy support in advancing sustainability goals. The study offers recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and educational institutions to enhance sustainability efforts in the construction sector, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches to address environmental challenges.
... The lessons from vernacular architecture practices are also of due importance to deal with region-specific climatic variability as well as to intervene with proper adaptive measures (Henna, Saifudeen, and Mani, 2017;Philokyprou et al., 2017;Weber and Yannas, 2013;Ramli, 2012). However, care must be observed in understanding the practices as studies show the reduced efficacy of vernacular passive design techniques in a changing climate (Zune, Rodrigues, and Gillott, 2020). The research by Gauthier et al. (2020) gives much hope to deal with the strategies in a person-centric way once their study progresses. ...
Buildings worldwide have evolved based on local resources and skills, evolving form and orientation to ensure a productive and comfortable indoor environment. Traditional habitations rely on passive climate-responsive mechanisms and physiological resilience. At the same time, contemporary buildings rely increasingly on active mechanisms for fine-tuned convenience and comfort. Those buildings are becoming less habitable due to climate change. This paper presents an overview of research into climate-responsive building adaptation, identifying various factors determining a building’s ability to regulate external climatic conditions in providing a habitable indoor environment. The review covers the ability of occupants to manage their thermal environment and adaptation mechanisms, including various adaptation strategies attributed to climate change. Besides a review of relevant research tools and methodologies, the paper also identifies future research challenges. Those challenges include but are not limited to evaluating climate classification provided by building standards given climate change, the need for region-specific climate-change vulnerability assessment of the built environment to develop specific adaptation strategies, a survey of vernacular structures to understand their inherent adaptation capacities, developing a framework to study building adaptation, etc. Thus, this review opens the possibility of further research in building adaptation.
... For this reason, in this article, the corresponding analyzes have been carried out to obtain the heat transfer coefficients of the materials used in the construction, made up of bamboo, cedar wood, and a clay-sand mixture, which are used in a house representative of the Tantima community, in the Huasteca Veracruzana, and with them, evaluate their thermal behavior through theoretical models available in the literature [12], [13], and increase state of the art on comfort and thermal behavior in vernacular architecture, a topic addressed even internationally [14], [15]. ...
The replacement of the traditional materials of rural vernacular housing has occurred gradually, generating discomfort because of the substitution of local materials of natural origin for industrialized elements; Tantima, Veracruz, México is an example of this. To demonstrate that its thermal behavior offers many advantages, this work analyzed the components of a wall of a representative Tantima house: bamboo, wood, and earth. For these, were obtained: the coefficients of thermal diffusivity to apply a theoretical model that allows knowing their thermal profile; through photographs, its fractal dimension was studied to identify the roughness and porosity of its surface. The results were contrasted against the qualities of the cement-sand mortar. The results showed that the mortar presents greater thermal diffusivity, while that of bamboo, wood, and the clay-sand mixture is 20%, 37%, and 42%, respectively. From the studies of the fractal dimension, greater uniformity was found in the clay-sand mix, while the cement-sand mortar presented greater roughness. It was found that, due to the bamboo, the studied wall has good thermal behavior, requiring about 45 hours for the interior temperature to equal the exterior.
... These strategies are appropriate for earthen buildings, as traditional building methods typically incorporate space heating from solar energy and fire, as well as shading, natural ventilation, and other passive conditioning methods developed alongside specific local materials (e.g., Refs. [45][46][47]. No models were simulated with mechanical heating or cooling. ...
Earthen building materials have been regaining popularity due to their environmental, economic, and health advantages. Furthermore, given projected thermal survivability in the face of climate change, passive strategies that minimize use of fossil fuels for operational space conditioning are becoming increasingly necessary. Using the lens of passive survivability, this research investigates the abilities of four earthen wall assemblies (cob, light straw clay, unstabilized rammed earth, insulated unstabilized rammed earth) and three conventional assemblies (concrete masonry unit (CMU), insulated CMU, insulated wood frame) to provide adaptive thermal comfort in six distinct climates, with and without passive heating and cooling systems. Residential dwellings were evaluated through simulation with heat and moisture transport algorithms, showing that passive conditioning is especially beneficial with earth assemblies, bringing 25–70% of uncomfortable annual hours into the adaptive comfort zone, alongside strikingly lower diurnal temperature swings in all examined climates, and in all seasons, than conventional walls. Further investigation into the heat and moisture fluxes reveals that the thermal stability of the earth dwellings is provided in part by moisture sorption and evaporation. Together, for the first time, these results show that the thermal performance of earth assemblies can, with well-designed passive heating and cooling strategies, equal or outperform conventional assemblies in a range of U.S. climates, supporting their expanded inclusion in U.S. building codes. This research provides a novel contribution to the thermal performance optimization of earth construction, critically linking thermal and hygroscopic performance with passive design strategies such as shading, natural ventilation, and movable insulation.
... This condition implies a similar pattern that refers to low levels of illumination, which can be corroborated in the present case study. Compared to other latitudes, where the seasons are very marked in relation to the position of the sun [22] and the impact on the interior space, other areas such as thermal and visual comfort can be affected [23]. For this reason, it is necessary to properly define the interventions, in the case an intervention is carried out through front face and roofs taking care not to affect the formal and typological aspect [24], as well as to consider the use of appropriate materials, a situation that is considered in the proposal. ...
Traditional architecture has characteristics of the place of origin that have been inherited from generation to generation and maintains an identity in each context. Today, this type of vernacular building is the object of study due to its value and the need for an unavoidable energy transition as a result of the depletion of fossil fuels. Thus, with the research, we seek to identify the worth of natural light in the inside space of traditional rural housing. To achieve this objective, the planimetric survey of the homes selected for the study was carried out, the performance of natural light in them was analyzed, and the optimization of natural light in the inside spaces of the houses was simulated. With the gotten results, it is highlighted that there are shortages of natural light in the inside spaces with a range of 3 to 280 lux, this is as a result of several factors, among them the size of the openings, the orientation, and the applied constructive system. Therefore, it is concluded that to improve the levels of luxes in the inside spaces of the house, changes are required at the constructive and materiality level, as well as the spatial and thermal level. In this way, it would be possible to guarantee the maintenance of this type of housing as a historical heritage.
... The space above this footpath was typically used as a veranda. This increased the inhabitable space and buffered the interior from direct sunlight and wind-blown rain (Zune, et al., 2020). Like Guangzhou houses, Singaporean shophouses were equipped with one or more 'airwells' (Figure 13). ...
... Since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [2] predicts an increase in global mean surface air temperature of +1.3 to +4.5 °C by the end of the twenty-first century, thermal comfort improvement in this region is now a key concern [3]. Therefore, researchers have been attempting to alleviate the consequences of global warming by developing novel materials to improve thermal comfort and energy savings in tropical dwellings [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Earth-based materials have been used for building construction for centuries and are still used in most developing countries [14]. ...
Sawdust and coconut coir dust are agro-wastes/by-products which are suitable for use as raw materials to manufacture unfired clay blocks due to their excellent physical and mechanical properties. A limited number of studies have been conducted on the utilisation of these agro-wastes in clay block production, and they have mostly been devoted to investigating the physicomechani-cal properties, with less attention given to the thermal properties. Moreover, the majority of the studies have used chemical binders (cement and lime) in combination with agro-waste, thus increasing the carbon footprint and embodied energy of the samples. Furthermore, no research has been performed on the thermal performance of these agro-wastes when incorporated into clay blocks at the wall scale. Therefore, to address these limitations, the present study developed unfired clay blocks incorporating sawdust and coconut coir dust (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% by weight), without the use of chemical binders, and evaluated their thermal performance, both at the individual and wall scales. The experiments were divided into two phases. In the first phase, individual sample blocks was tested for basic thermal properties. Based on the results of the first phase, small walls with dimensions of 310 mm × 215 mm × 100 mm were built in the second phase, using the best performing mixture from each waste type, and these were assessed for thermal performance using an adapted hot box method. The thermal performance of the walls was evaluated by measuring the heat transfer rate from hot to cold environments and comparing the results to the reference wall. The results showed that thermal conductivity decreased from 0.36 W/mK for the reference sample, to 0.19 W/mK for the 7.5% coconut coir dust sample, and 0.21 W/mK for the 7.5% sawdust sample, indicating an improvement in thermal insulation. Furthermore, the coconut coir dust and sawdust sample walls showed a thermal resistance improvement of around 48% and 35%, respectively, over the reference sample wall. Consequently, the findings of this study will provide additional essential information that will help in assessing the prospective applications of sawdust and coconut coir dust as the insulating material for manufacturing unfired clay blocks.
... Within the research adopting default software values, Bencheikh and Bederina [47] set the infiltration according to EnergyPlus' infiltration default coefficient, at 1.0 of constant infiltration. In [78] , Zune et al. reviewed the passive design techniques used in Myanmar dwellings to achieve thermal comfort by combining in situ monitoring and modelling. To determine their high air infiltration rate (0.15 ACH), the study operated on the assumption that the case studies would have air infiltration rates analogous to the literature measuring similar traditional Malay houses. ...
The thermal comfort assessment of vernacular dwellings, as well as their inherently linked thermal dynamic modelling process, present specific challenges which remain unaddressed in the literature. The overarching purpose of this review is to identify and analyse the main methods and challenges in thermal comfort evaluation and modelling of vernacular dwellings and recommend pathways for future improvement.
The main challenges found regarding thermal comfort evaluation intertwine with those of modelling vernacular dwellings. These are: i. the inadequacy of current standards; ii. the use of steady-state approaches despite evidence of their inadequacy; iii. the lack of a clear monitoring framework and insufficient occupant surveying; iv. increased uncertainty from imprecise or unfeasible in situ monitoring; v. inaccurate modelling, due to: a lack of consistent methodology and guidelines for hygrothermal model calibration; imprecise input data and; inherent software limitations in modelling vernacular elements. The main recommendations identified through this analysis include the improvement of current comfort standards and models based on further long-term field studies and the possibility of adjusting their thresholds, the development of a common monitoring framework and which parameters to focus on, and the creation of a standard on hygrothermal model calibration entailing the most adequate indexes and variables.
... The potential contribution of traditional buildings to thermal comfort was explored in the study. May Zune et al. [35], in the study of passive design technology for thermal comfort of local houses in Myanmar, used the experimental design method. A simulation study was conducted to compare the effects of various passive design techniques on thermal comfort under three climates in Myanmar. ...
In recent years, increasingly prominent energy and environmental problems have pushed for higher requirements for buildings’ energy saving. According to the conventional energy-saving design method, the cooperative operation between architects, structural and equipment engineers and other professionals cannot run smoothly, so the energy-saving and emission reduction efficiency of the whole building cannot be improved effectively. The integrated design process (IDP) is a systematic method, which is applied in the scheme design stage and according to which the multi-level design factors of cities and buildings are considered comprehensively. It provides a concrete path of multi-specialty collaborative operation for the building’s climate responsive design. In this article, the development, operation process, software platform, evaluation and decision-making methods of the IDP are reviewed in a comprehensive manner. Finally, the prospect of IDP applied to the climate responsive design of buildings is analyzed, and some suggestions for future development are put forward. The IDP framework proposed in the research can provide a reference method for architectural climate responsive design practice and help formulate the future policy of energy-saving design.
... In a study, researchers introduced substantial strategies for Nepal with the subtropical climate that encompass declined direct solar gains through shading and orientation, increasing the air movement, using low thermal mass materials for the envelope of buildings, and solar passive heating in cold seasons (Bodach et al., 2014). Whoever, a simulation studies in Myanmar illustrated that passive vernacular techniques are not useful to improve the thermal condition and new solutions are required (Zune, Rodrigues, & Gillott, 2020). Philokyprou et al. (2021) studied the semi-open spaces in the Eastern Mediterranean vernacular architecture and prove that these part increase the indoor temperature. ...
In the current study, the passive strategies in traditional houses of Shiraz were investigated and the correlation between PMV/PPD model and environmental parameters has been evaluated to predict thermal comfort in traditional houses. In this study, first, a traditional house as a case study was selected and the thermal comfort conditions of the Talar room were analysed with the PMV/PPD model by DesignBuilder software. Results revealed that PMV of the Talar room in May, June, September and October were in the range of −1 to 1 which shows that the thermal comfort condition has been convenient. Additionally, PMV possessed the highest correlation coefficients with Ta (r = 0.84), Tr (r = 0.84), Top (r = 0.84), Tout (r = 0.82) and lowest correlation coefficients with RH (r = 0.69). It has been discovered that PMV is more similar to PPD (r = 0.95).
... To this end, a photographic survey of the façades of the entire settlement was carried out, resulting in 75 preliminary options, which decreased to 22 final ones due to additional considerations, i.e. access denied by occupants, abandonment or construction work; absence of occupants; modified indoor space and construction systems. The parameters measured included outdoor (2) T a , RH, and V a ; (3) T mrt ; (4) IAQ, Lux, dB; (5) Lux; (6) U-value; (7) MCDM: Multi-criteria Decision-Making; (8) Fi: Residuals Frequency Analysis. and indoor air temperature (T a ), relative humidity (RH), globe temperature (T g ), surface temperature (T s ), air velocity (V a ), illuminance, indoor air quality (IAQ), and sound level. ...
Heritage model calibration and validation are crucial for decreasing uncertainty and enhancing the robustness of simulation results and conservation interventions. Yet, hygrothermal modelling methodologies are marked by significant heterogeneity and lack of robustness. Aiming to provide a solution for the drawbacks identified, this study puts forth a comprehensive hygrothermal modelling methodology. Following the in situ data collection of a subset of heritage buildings, 22 vernacular dwellings in Southern Portugal, a three-step method was developed, consisting of: Morris sensitivity analysis, optimisation-based calibration, and validation and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). A genetic algorithm multi-objective optimisation-based calibration with NSGA-II was implemented for simultaneously minimising the statistical indicators RMSE and MAE for the indoor air temperature of the winter and summer models. The validation and MCDM were conducted by means of threshold compliance and Compromise Programming. NSGA-II found Pareto frontiers composed of nine and six optimal solutions for the summer and winter models, respectively, in nearly three hours each. All optimal solutions significantly decreased the RMSE and MAE, especially in the summer model, regarding the baseline data. The final solutions selected after the MCDM resulted in an accuracy improvement of 51% and 54% for the RMSE and MAE for the winter model and 80% and 81% for the RMSE and MAE in the summer model, compared to the baseline models. The strong correlation found between the calibrated models and the measured data along with the enhancement of calibrated data regarding the baseline model, highlighted the potential of using GAs to obtain calibrated vernacular models that robustly predict real building performance and foster better retrofitting decision-making.
... Zune et al. [26] highlighted in a study of vernacular architectural houses in Myanmar from a thermal performance perspective, that traditional passive design is not enough to achieve indoor thermal comfort due to the noticeable changes in the climate as a result of global warming. Further studies are needed to focus on exploring new ideas which will help mitigate the additional challenges brought about by climate change. ...
Energy simulations of buildings complement or replace the static calculations used so far and provide detailed answers to questions such as: what is the energy demand for individual purposes in a building and how does it change over the course of a day, a month, a year and also enable a comparison of several design variants and the selection of the optimal one in terms of energy consumption. Therefore, energy simulations of buildings help make decisions to optimise architectural and installation solutions, leading to a reduction in electricity, gas and water demand for the designed building. They indicate to what extent individual factors affect the demand for heating, cooling and electricity. The results of the analyses can be used as a basis for design and system decisions, and also provide interesting feedback to the investor.
This paper focuses on the year-round analysis of a three-zone building in TRNSYS. Attention is given to the values of the heat transfer coefficients through the envelope, heating and cooling demand, the effect of heat gains/losses on the energy demand of the building and thermal comfort. The article points out that the correct determination of the energy needs of a building influences the correct choice of renewable energy source and the lowest cost of installation.
... A high level of customers' comfort is a prerequisite for optimal energy management. The feasible solutions in the proposed OP are determined based on the customer's comfort constraints [49,50]. In this paper, the optimal operation cost of REHs, including the daily costs corresponding to ESSs, is evaluated. ...
The energy systems, including heat and electrical load demands, particularly residential energy systems, could be effectively managed by applying the multi-carrier energy hub concepts. Although various research works have presented different methods for optimal operation and optimal planning of residential energy hubs (REHs), the optimal interconnected operation and sizing of the energy storage system (ESS) have received less attention. This paper attempts to respond to the discussed research gap by developing a new optimization problem based on simultaneous optimal operation and optimal capacity of ESS in REHs. The comparative analysis of the heat storage system (HSS), battery storage system (BSS), and hybrid ESS consists of both HSS and BSS is one of the essential contributions of this study. Test results illustrate the advantages of applying the proposed method compared to the optimal daily cost of REH equipped with a non-optimum capacity of ESS. The positive impacts of the optimized hybrid ESS, including HSS and BSS, are more than HSS and BSS significantly. Test results show that the daily cost of REH consists of operation cost, and the daily cost of ESS for the optimal hybrid ESS is 1.99% and 5.87% better than using the HSS and BSS, respectively. Performing further sensitivity analysis under various scenarios based on electricity and gas pricing is another advantage of this research. Furthermore, the impacts of the policies corresponding to the price of electricity sold and electricity purchased on the optimal sizing of the ESS and the operation cost of the REHs are studied.
... On the other hand, for buildings that operate the AC mostly during night such as residential buildings, materials with a lower thermal storage capacity and relatively open morphologies should be encouraged. On a building level, other design recommendations would be façade elements with thermal and optic properties dedicated to minimise heat gain (e.g. through glazing, sunshade devices and insulation; see Sun, Gou and Lau 2018), use of other passive design strategies inspired by the tropical vernacular, such as spatial layout and vent systems encouraging natural ventilation, an open, shaded space mimicking a veranda (Zune, Rodrigues & Gillott, 2020), and integrating energy harvesting means (Zhang et al., 2019). On an urban design level, mitigation methods directed at reducing the UHII including the design of street canyons to encourage in-city ventilation, use of green areas, controlling other anthropogenic contributors such as traffic will be helpful to reduce building energy use and anthropogenic heating. ...
The warming urban climates increase the building energy consumption by changing the heating/cooling loads of the buildings. On the other hand, building induced anthropogenic heat emissions can also contribute to the urban heating, creating a warming feedback loop. Such impact is more profound in the (sub)tropical and hot/arid context, where Air Conditioning (AC) systems are widely used. A better understanding of the building energy consumption and its contribution to urban heating can therefore help mitigate urban heating. To this end, we aim to estimate building energy use and induced heat emissions in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, using both a bottom-up strategy based on building energy modelling and a top-down strategy based on national scale energy inventory. We further integrate the building energy model with measured diurnal temperature profiles at different land use areas, to discuss the impact of urban heat island (UHI) on energy use, and potential mitigation strategies through different urban morphologies. The estimated energy use obtained via both bottom-up and the top-down approaches were within the range of actual energy use from case studies available for Kuala Lumpur. It also highlights the need to adapt multi-scale strategies to mitigate the building energy use, and the associated impacts on the UHI.
... It is worth noting that the Passivhaus values may be slightly higher or lower depending on the climate [29]), ''depending on the boundary conditions in the individual circumstances'', highlighted by Dr Wolfgang Feist (the founder of Passivhaus) [52]. Unlike Passivhaus buildings for the cold climate, tropical vernacular buildings have high insulation only on the roof but the whole building envelope is highly infiltrated and there is no insulation on walls and floors [48,71,[92][93][94][95]. However, evidence (Table 1) showed that Passivhaus buildings in tropical climates can be built with slightly higher U-values than the Passivhaus criteria for cold climates and have additional design features to meet the local contexts differently [66,8,62,88]. ...
Due to the success of the energy-efficient Passivhaus building envelope and its principles in regulating indoor thermal comfort in European climates, the potential implementation of it in other climates has been subjected to much attention in recent years. In this work, we adopted the hypothesis that slightly higher U-values of walls and floors than Passivhaus suggestion could be sufficient to achieve Passivhaus targets in the tropical context if the synergistic effects between shading and building envelope design were considered in a naturally ventilated condition.
Firstly, thermal comfort thresholds were reviewed to establish the boundaries in the tropical context, choosing Myanmar as a case study. Secondly, Passivhaus steady-state calculation for shading design was compared with other dynamic simulation programs to inform the next step. The impacts of other parameters, which were excluded in Passihvuas’s PHPP calculation, were then investigated. Finally, thirty shading scenarios for ten different building envelopes were analysed in free-running modes using typical and future weather scenarios. The results showed that the hypothesis was true and 3.6% of annual overheating hours were reduced by coupling Passivhaus building envelope, thermal mass and shading devices, and also overall extremes of temperature were reduced by more than 2.4K on the hottest day.
... In such cases, the thermal mass of buildings plays a more critical role in the occupants' comfort. In tropical latitudes, with high humidity and temperatures with weak day-night fluctuations, ventilation together with appropriate thermal mass and insulation, significantly improve the thermal comfort [1,2]. In such cases, bioclimatic strategies combined with natural ventilation, as to elevate the building floor about 3 m above the ground, can be useful to reduce the indoor moisture levels [3,4]. ...
As natural ventilation involves local and global interactions, the estimation of these interactions can be performed by many approaches. Such approaches, rather more experimental and numerical than analytical, often require a great deal of instrumentation and equipment, which results in higher demands on project budget and funding. The present work is devoted to comprehending the natural ventilation concept, and to assess the existing experimental techniques already implemented for past researchers in the estimation of the ventilation airflow rate due to the wind and thermal buoyancy effects. A brief review of modeling techniques is also presented. This will provide a strong theoretical grasp of the natural ventilation process as part of the main elements in the thermal behavior of buildings. Ultimately, these bases are intended to help choose the most suitable techniques to estimate the natural ventilation airflow rate. The adequate benefit-to-budget technique appears to be the airtightness tests (blower door tests), since empirical Equations relating the airflow directly to the pressure difference in the building for both cases: infiltrations (openings closed) and openings opened, can be obtained. Also, the location of the leakages can be identified without complications, and this technique has the potential to estimate in situ the airflow capacity and friction characteristics of the openings.
... It is assumed that in addition to local availability and easy access to the construction site, this material was used because of the thermal properties and the ability to provide the functions of sustainability assessment criteria to various forms of buildings [21]. Specifically, this material was able to absorb and store heat, while simultaneously providing adequate ventilation and cooling down indoor air temperatures [21,22]. It is also important to highlight that the lightweight features allowed it to be applied to structural retrofitting of historical buildings [23]. ...
This paper presents a systematic review of the extant literature on bio-climatic design systems with the aim of conserving global energy resources. The study explores the ways in which specific passive-cooling design strategies can be tailor-made to their locality, and residential buildings can be purpose-built and modified to optimise occupant thermal comfort and acclimatise indoor-air environments. A range of state-of-the-art vernacular passive-cooling designs that address the sustainability of a given proposal in relation to their respective locations and climate characteristics are presented; the extensive interpretations of these passive-cooling design strategies are in sharp contrast to the highly expensive, technical and exclusive environmental solutions that are so often universally applied in different locations, regardless of the physical, cultural and socio-economic contexts of each. The aim of this research is to investigate the efficiency of passive design systems in light of the thermal performance of prototype vernacular buildings to demonstrate the applicability and feasibility of installing vernacular passive-cooling design strategies onto building envelopes.
One of the prominent conceptual frameworks utilised in this paper is intended to address concerns related to the use of technologies that promote energy efficiency and ecological sustainability, most of which rely upon complex technological devices and a one-size-fits-all approach that only wealthy corporations and institutions are able to afford. Alternately, an increasing number of architects, theorists and politicians—albeit not yet enough—are investigating affordable technologies that are better able to be embedded in cultural practices. These manifestos are main determinant factors for a thorough review of the extant literature on passive-cooling design strategies and undertaking building energy simulations on base-case prototype vernacular buildings to demonstrate the energy effectiveness of implementing existing construction strategies onto current building envelopes.
The study findings suggest that contemporary design methods lack sustainable designs on a purely technical basis on which it is typically discussed and demonstrates that significantly more needs to be done to conform to locally identifiable requirements and practices. It was determined that while many of vernacular passive-cooling design strategies are still effective, others are disappearing due to changes in construction technology. This systematic review outlines an alternative, hybrid approach to sustainability that is proudly inherent in vernacular environmental design principles. The study conclusions offer an alternative perspective on sustainable design and brings to the forefront a broader systematic analysis of current literature that focusses on environmental technologies in the south-eastern Mediterranean area and the Middle East, where the weather is subtropical (Csa) and partly semi–arid (Bsh). The study further demonstrates that for environmental design to be sustainable, a fundamental reorientation needs to emerge and move away from current construction practices with purely understanding of the domestic built environment, which fails to address the societal values of a particular place and people; and the findings underscore the necessity of recalling invisible technologies that are embedded in socio-cultural practices to effectively ventilate our dwellings and optimise occupant levels of thermal comfort throughout the year.
... Knowledge and information on cooling behaviours is also transmitted across generations. Orr [130] and Bartel [131] refer to vernacular knowledge as the knowledge people have of their places, which informs indigenous ways to build living spaces [104,132,133] and influences thermal comfort behaviours [131,134]. In India, Indraganti [101] found that the cooling practice of 'Pandiri' (a four pillared verandah) with fresh green leaves 'provides thermal relief in summer.' (Ibid, page 2721). ...
Space cooling is expected to become an indispensable energy service for health and wellbeing for most of the world’s population by 2050. While climatic events, technologies, socio-economic indicators, and features of the built environment are the most researched drivers for space cooling, we offer an alternative, multidimensional review that places humans and their physiological interactions with space, culture and society at the centre of this investigation. We aim to expand the understanding of thermal comfort beyond the dominant technical focus and examine the broader, though largely underutilized, literature on material culture, everyday practices and sociocultural influences on how a range of human factors influence people’s preferences for cooling thermal comfort. We integrate these perspectives with insights from psychology and neuro-architecture to discuss the influence of space in the perceptions of thermal comfort beyond heat-exchange. We navigate the different studies reviewed from a variety of fields within the social science and humanities and argue that cooling needs and preferences are grounded in both cultural and corporeal perceptions, and are the result of individual subjective experience of external stimuli within the body, culture, space, and society. We argue that placing humans at the core of understanding the origins of cooling needs is key to enabling a more sustainable cooling future, and identify key areas of future research.
... Longhouse is not unique to only Iban culture but is built in various parts of the world by numerous communities. Other indigenous people of Borneo like Kelabit and Kadazan, as well as Iroquois [1], Siberut [2], Danubian [3], Viking [4], and Kaluli [5] dwelt in longhouses. A few people of the tribe or several numbers of extended families stay in a longhouse, although it may also constitute the entire village. ...
Fire hazard is a common threat in longhouses in Sarawak. Among things that are crucial in fire prevention is the evacuation route, in which highly dependent on house construction and layout. This study aims to observe the evolution of the Iban longhouse architectural design and materials used to build the longhouse. The qualitative analysis method was applied through 2D photo analysis as well as on-site visual observation and measurement. Construction materials used have been surveyed to determine its combustibility. It has been noted that longhouses have evolved over the years, from traditional to semi-traditional and modern longhouses design. The changes include the layout design and construction materials of the longhouses. Traditional and semi-traditional longhouses are often built using wooden materials that are highly flammable, while modern longhouses are made from concrete materials. The types of construction materials contribute to fire severity. It can be concluded that the longhouse architectural design, along with its construction materials, plays an essential role in the understanding of fire hazard, which will serve as fundamental on the longhouse fire reduction.
... Zune et al. [26] highlighted in a study of vernacular architectural houses in Myanmar from a thermal performance perspective, that traditional passive design is not enough to achieve indoor thermal comfort due to the noticeable changes in the climate as a result of global warming. Further studies are needed to focus on exploring new ideas which will help mitigate the additional challenges brought about by climate change. ...
Energy consumption in the housing sector, is significantly high and continues to escalate. Urbanisation due to population growth and migration from rural areas to cities are two main reasons for this rising demand. With the uncertainty in the energy market and the increasing awareness of the impact of fossil fuels on the environment, research work in efficient building design has gained momentum. Energy conservation guidelines in many countries have become mandatory. Howerver, more emphasis has been given to commercial, institutional, governmental and industrial buildings, which commonly employ more efficient HVAC systems than those deployed in houses. Thus, the push towards energy conservation in the residential sector is less noticeable. This is further compounded with the absence of will power to enforce the same energy conservation rules as the case with other sectors. In this paper five passive cooling and heating strategies have been reviewed (passive building design, night ventilation, nocturnal cooling, PCM (Phase Change Material) and IEC (Indirect Evaporative Cooling), solar thermal energy). The aim is to evaluate how to implement them better in a cost-effective way in existing and new houses. The literature review confirmed the need for further investigation of energy efficient HVAC systems with passives strategies solutions for contemporary residential dwellings is required to make a meaningful impact on the energy map of this sector. Also, the viability of an easy to deploy and configure HVAC system for retrofit and new applications for more benefits of these passive strategies either individually or in a hybrid configuration needs to be explored.
... NV also has the potential to alleviate the overheating problems in buildings. NV is one of the fundamental methods in the energy efficient design of buildings by means of passive strategy [6][7][8]. ...
This study quantifies the natural ventilation rate in single-sided natural ventilation with a trickle ventilator, inserted in a window frame or a shutter box. The seasonal characteristics of natural ventilation in actual residential conditions were examined by long-term field measurements in a multi-residential building during spring and summer seasons. The wind velocities and pressure differences between indoors and outdoors in the summer season, which are the driving forces of natural ventilation, were relatively lower compared to the spring season. The turbulence intensity was greater in summer when the outdoor wind velocity was lower.
During this study about 90% of the outdoor wind velocity was less than 2.5 m/s, and the wind speed and wind direction constantly fluctuated. The ventilation rate of the trickle ventilator was quantified by four methods: the tracer gas method, inlet air velocity-based, pressure difference-based, and reference wind velocity-based. The tracer gas method was considered the reference to which the other three methods were compared. The calculation method based on the indoor/outdoor pressure difference, which is widely used for calculating the natural ventilation rate, failed in this case to capture the actual natural ventilation rate; only 63% of the ventilation rate quantified by the tracer gas method could be explained by this method. In addition, the reference wind velocity-based quantification showed the worst agreement, with an error rate around 54%. The inlet air velocity-based quantification of the ventilation rate showed the best agreement with the results of the tracer gas method in the trickle ventilator.
... Some of the modern materials are aimed at being obtained from nature or in places around the buildings that we call vernacular architecture [5], there are other more elaborate forms of improvement such as intelligent modification of the components [6]. ...
Temperature is one of the parameters that most significantly influences the comfort of living quarters, requiring the use of air conditioning systems, depending on weather conditions, to maintain this parameter within an appropriate range of values. The use of construction materials with relatively low amounts of thermal conductivity contributes to keeping the interiors at a comfortable temperature with a relatively low energy cost. In this work, a mathematical model is presented describing temporal behavior of the temperature profile through a wall composed of three different types of materials, which can be used to evaluate the effect of the composition of the wall on the comfort of a building
The courtyard building (CB) is a vernacular architecture widely distributed around the world and is characterized by the courtyard open to the sky. However, evidence suggests that in Hebei, China, courtyards are being roofed (CBR) by locals with different materials. The phenomenon of CBR is considered a renovation strategy for climate adaptation, as it can improve the thermal performance of the originally weak building envelope by strengthening the overall airtightness and collecting and storing solar energy, and provide residents with a cleaner and larger indoor space. The CBR phenomenon has the characteristics of anonymous and spontaneous, suffering from the deterioration of indoor air quality caused by unreasonable system design and high construction costs caused by low degree of industrialization. This work proposes an architect-mediated approach emphasizing the participation of governments, manufacturers, researchers, engineers, residents, and folk artisans to promote the better development of CBR. The proposed approach includes: (1) Identifying the evolution mechanism of CBR based on computer vision and remote sensing images; (2) Clarifying the benefits and potential risks of CBR through virtual simulation and field measurements; (3) Developing a technical system with better performance and lower price according to the identified technical defects and conduct on-site verification; (4) Exploring the efficient promotion path of the optimized technology, involving multi-party collaboration and fitting the identified CBR development mechanism. The research results are helpful to understand the evolution mechanism of vernacular architecture in contemporary times and promote the green development of courtyard buildings.
The building sector is material-intensive and is responsible for consuming large quantities of local and international resources. In extreme climates, the consumption of these resources increases manifold to ensure comfortable indoors. Contemporary buildings have predominantly used energy efficiency as the main criterion to define sustainability, which has led to the consumption of more abiotic materials. In contrast, indigenous buildings are based on local context and are guided by geographical, environmental, and economic constraints. This work aims to critically review indigenous architectural practices across four climatic zones, focusing on their resource efficiency, and identify practices that can be reintroduced in contemporary construction in extremely cold climates. To achieve this objective, literature from 1960 to 2022 was comprehensively reviewed. In addition, contemporary building construction and codes in cold climatic regions were analyzed to assess the current state of practices. Specific case studies from each climatic region were evaluated to assess applicability in residential buildings in cold climates. The main findings from this review and analysis indicate that indigenous practices have the potential to optimize the use of natural resources to create more sustainable climate-resilient buildings. In addition, more empirical studies are needed to tailor these practices and quantitatively assess resource efficiency for large-scale implementation.
The ecological experience of traditional regional architecture provides an excellent reference for coping with increased energy consumption from cooling in tropical developing countries. However, the thermal comfort of traditional architecture and the effectiveness of its passive measures still need to be further verified in summertime conditions in hot and humid regions. In this study, we selected the traditional Li architecture, including boat- and Kim-shaped houses, for thermal environment tests. Subsequently, we analyzed the operative temperature and PMV-PPD index to determine their indoor thermal comfort and major passive strategies under hot summer conditions. Finally, we propose suggestions for improving the deficiencies of existing passive strategies. Our results show that the traditional Li architecture failed to satisfy indoor thermal comfort for more than half of the test time during the summer. Gable bottom openings and entry door ventilation can increase indoor ventilation with negligible increases in heat gain; however, existing ventilation efficiency is too low to substantially improve indoor thermal comfort. Additionally, we found that the evolution from boat- to Kim-shaped houses was not fully compatible with the significance of climatic adaptation. Kim-shaped houses benefited from the change in the envelope and external environment and its indoor moisture dissipation rate was accelerated; however, their eave shading made the wind speed attenuation more remarkable between indoor and outdoor. These results can help improve the indoor thermal comfort of traditional architecture in hot and humid regions.
The Yangtze River Delta is a relatively developed area with many detached houses in the suburbs. Such detached houses are usually 1–3 stories high, mostly self-built by local people. Due to the lack of passive design guidance in the design and construction process, these houses’ energy consumption is usually high. At present, residents in the area use air conditioners, fans, and other electrical equipment in their daily lives. This paper takes detached houses in the suburbs of Ningbo as the research objects, through performance simulation and big data mining of a large number of generated samples, and proposes a passive design strategy suitable for the local building form and envelope structure, which can guide local housing construction.
The comprehensive and coordinated sustainable development of residential dwellings requires a response to the multidimensional environment. In this study, typical traditional Tianshui dwellings are selected as research objects, through the methods of field investigation, in-depth conversations, and on-site monitoring, in order to investigate the potential of traditional Tianshui dwellings reacting to natural conditions as well as social environment. The performance of traditional dwellings in the process of regional adaptation expounded and discussed based on seven elements under the conditions of two dimensions: (1) an objective regional response to the natural environment, namely, site selection, courtyard layout, orientation, structure, and envelop enclosure; and (2) a subjective regional response to social environment, namely, spatial order, construction technology, and decorative arts. The results show that traditional Tianshui dwellings are well adapted to local natural conditions and the social background, and that they meet both the physical and psychological needs of residents. In conclusion, this paper summarizes the features of the sustainable development of traditional dwellings learning from the principles obtained from the process of socio-environment responsive strategy analysis. These valuable experiences and design principles can provide references and guidelines for the long-term development of modern architecture not to only reduce energy consumption, but also to increase local social influence.
This paper analyses two social houses, the vernacular and the contemporary, in the region of Catamarca (Argentina). The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology is applied. The embodied, operational energy, and total CO2 emissions are evaluated, with the aim of evaluating the best solution.
The thermal model of the contemporary house, in Energyplus, is validated comparing with experimental measurements. The results show that the vernacular house uses 35% of the embodied energy of the contemporary house. In the case of operational energy, the ratio is 62.9%. The embodied energy is much lower than the operational energy in both houses. In addition, the thermal comfort of the users is studied. The number of discomfort hours is very similar, about 48% in a year, although slightly better for the vernacular house. Therefore, the installation of a split system to reach the comfort conditions is mandatory.
Finally, some improvements for the contemporary house are proposed. Insulation of walls and roof, solar radiation protections, the increase of the thermal mass of the walls and mechanical night ventilation are evaluated. The best combination improves the contemporary house in terms of total primary energy, CO2 emissions and thermal comfort, being equivalent to the vernacular house.
Bioclimatic architecture is an adaptive design to the equatorial tropical climate through passive cooling strategies. This paper aims to evaluate the bioclimatic wisdom of the Minangkabau houses to formulate passive design knowledge with visual observation techniques and measurement of the air temperature and relative humidity. The visual observation method is used to find the level of application of bioclimatic design. The measurement techniques are used to evaluate the thermal environmental comfort in the case study of the Gadang Jopang Manganti House, Munka, Limapuluh Kota, West Sumatra. The result of bioclimatic wisdom elements in the appropriate Gadang Jopang Manganti house is the orientation of the building mass and openings, placement and form of single dwelling space without partition and big roof space. The living room has a comfortable thermal environment performance indicated by the average comfort air temperature, decreasing air temperature, and a longer comfortable period. The development of a bioclimatic design for the Gadang Jopang Manganti House could be taken by improving naatural cooling or optimizing natural ventilation to remove building’s humidity.
The residential sector emits a substantial portion of greenhouse gases. Heating and cooling account for a significant part of this emission, therefore energy-saving strategies for this part are vital. This study aims to investigate the effect of the IoT windows on heating and cooling load with designing a novel window that can change its g-value with a smart mid-shade. This study analyzes various situations of HVAC devices control strategies (comparison between a conventional thermostat and thermostat by occupant behavior control) and distinct window scenarios (comparison of different g-value of IoT window with a conventional window) in seven different climate zones for a one-story dwelling in the United States. Simulation has been done by EnergyPlus and Window software. For more reliable results, all the situations are simulated in four different directions. The analysis reveals the best scenarios based on energy saving of annual energy consumption for seven locations as following: 8.9% in Honolulu (Hawaii), 20.8% in Leon (Florida), 27% in Los Angeles (California), 26.3% in Bernalillo (New Mexico), 20.7% in Sangamon (Illinois), 19.5% in Sullivan (New York) and 17.8% in Itasca (Minnesota). Finally, the best scenario is simulated for each city based on economic and environmental indicators (the amount of CO2 emitted).
The climates of countries in the tropics tend to have high temperatures and humidity, and intense solar insulation. This condition gives the impact of discomfort for humans who are in the building. Implementing a passive cooling strategy can reduce energy use. Traditional architecture is one of the buildings that has been believed to apply natural cooling as a passive cooling design strategy. Based on several previous studies on the application of passive designs to obtain thermal comfort in the room, this study was conducted to assess the thermal comfort of Modifying Rumoh Aceh, which has not been widely studied. This study uses a direct measurement method in the field using an anemometer to measure temperature and airflow velocity. An Infrared/Thermometer Gun is also used to measure the surface temperature of materials (walls, roofs, and floors). Using the Climate Consultant Software to obtain annual climate condition data, AndrewMarsh 3-D Sunpath was also used to assess the orientation of buildings. Measurements were carried out for 3 days on 15 samples of Modifying Rumoh Aceh in Gampong Jawa, Kutaraja sub-district, Banda Aceh. The results obtained indicate an increase in room temperature by 7ºC from the standard comfort temperature based on SNI. The human ability to adapt to the environment can be seen in the perception of the Gampong Jawa community in accepting changes in the thermal environment by 47% with a sense of satisfaction. However, further research is needed to obtain a value for the level of satisfaction of the thermal environment in the tropics area.
The thermal comfort assessment of vernacular dwellings, as well as their inherently linked thermal dynamic modelling process, present specific challenges which remain unaddressed in the literature. The overarching purpose of this review is to identify and analyse the main methods and challenges in thermal comfort evaluation and modelling of vernacular dwellings and recommend pathways for future improvement. The main challenges found regarding thermal comfort evaluation intertwine with those of modelling vernacular dwellings. These are: i. the inadequacy of current standards; ii. the use of steady-state approaches despite evidence of their inadequacy; iii. the lack of a clear monitoring framework and insufficient occupant surveying; iv. increased uncertainty from imprecise or unfeasible in situ monitoring; v. inaccurate modelling, due to a lack of consistent methodology and guidelines for hygrothermal model calibration; imprecise input data and; inherent software limitations in modelling vernacular elements. The main recommendations identified through this analysis include the improvement of current comfort standards and models based on further long-term field studies and the possibility of adjusting their thresholds, the development of a common monitoring framework and which parameters to focus on, and the creation of a standard on hygrothermal model calibration entailing the most adequate indexes and variables.
To accommodate its increasing population, the Myanmar government has planned to implement smart city projects in Yangon and Mandalay by 2021 and to build 1 million homes by 2030. However, such projected growth does not coincide with Myanmar’s current level of preparedness for sustainable development. Myanmar presently has no standards and specifications for green buildings; it solely relies on the adoption of those from overseas, which may not always be compatible with the unique context of Myanmar. Hence, this study was aimed to identify appropriate green building assessment indicators for Myanmar as an important first step for future rating system development. Nine categories and forty-eight criteria were initially identified by reviewing the widely adopted seven rating systems and investigating existing certified green buildings. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) was used to determine and rank the importance levels of the identified assessment indicators. Results showed that “energy efficiency” and “water efficiency” are the most crucial categories with weights of 17.48% and 13.95%, respectively. Compared to other rating system standards, “waste and pollution” was distinctively found as an important category for Myanmar. Energy-efficient architectural design was ranked as the highest priority among all criteria. These findings serve as a building block for the future development of a Myanmar green building rating system by revealing assessment categories and criteria that are most relevant to Myanmar’s built environment.
In school buildings, indoor thermal conditions are significant, considering the academic performance of the students. Thus, this study aims to evaluate and improve thermal comfort and productivity of occupants while analyzing its effect on energy consumption in a multipurpose school building. The building represents both the workplaces (offices), learning spaces (lecture halls, seminar rooms), and leisure areas (halls, canteens). Each thermal zone was evaluated separately based on the actual conditions. Interactions between environmental conditions, control strategies and annual heating/cooling loads have been analyzed through dynamic building modeling, using DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus software. The thermal comfort of the building has been evaluated concerning the actual conditions based on Fanger’s PMV index, and the results are compared with the site measurements done. The verified model was used to examine the effect of ambient temperature, supply airflow, HVAC and shading element operational schedule on thermal comfort and occupant productivity. As a result, discomfort hours were reduced by 17.6%, while it also led to an increase in annual energy consumption by 11.7%. When the change in productivity is analyzed, typing and thinking productivity were increased by 46%. The results showed that the building shell and design specifications of each zone should be considered when developing HVAC operational and design strategies to ensure better thermal comfort and productivity.
Palms are crucial species to the flora of south-east (SE) Asia. Oil palm (OP) is a highly significant introduced species to the region and produces palm oil, an especially important commodity. OPs are grown in huge plantations in SE Asia, predominantly in Malaysia and Indonesia. These palms have detrimental effects on the environment, particularly from deforestation when creating new plantations. Future climate scenarios have indicated mostly reductions in suitable climate for growing OP throughout SE Asia and it is crucial to consider how the palms can be conserved. Climate change has been shown to stimulate poleward movements in some other species, which assist in conserving them and may permit assisted colonisation. However, poleward movement to these refuges is unlikely from the tropics. Recent research has indicated potential longitudinal refuges for OP in Africa and phased longitudinal refuges in South America, based on future suitable climate (SC) for growing OP. These data indicate how the sustainability of OP could be maintained rather than experiencing the complete decimation of the crop, which might otherwise occur. This current work was undertaken to determine trends of future SC for growing OP in SE Asia and to indicate refuges with implications for conservation and plantation management. The results are compared with those for Africa and South America. The longitudes considered in SE Asia were from 100°E to 146°E, which is an intentionally large area of land. The maps obtained from the climate modelling program CLIMEX, of climate suitability for growing OP, were employed to obtain the percentage SC in SE Asian regions and countries for current time (CT), 2050 and 2100. The average percentage SC decreased for 2050 and further for 2100. Increasing longitudinal trends in SC for growing OP were observed from CT to 2050, CT to 2100 and 2050 to 2100 from west to east. Vietnam, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and island Malaysia had increased SC by 2050. Large decreases in SC by 2050 for Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, which are towards the west of SE Asia, were observed. There was an increasing trend in suitable climate from CT to 2100 and a smaller trend from 2050 to 2100. Hence, OP may find suitable refuges by natural seed spreading towards the east of SE Asia, hence avoiding extinction. Similarly, new plantations could be established in the same direction, although environmental concerns are paramount. Vietnam, the Philippines, PNG and island Malaysia may become more suitable than Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. The sustainability of OP plantations is likely to decrease substantially with climate change. However, there is scope for a more sustainable situation towards the east of SE Asia. New plantations cannot be established without considering the severe effects on the environment from deforestation and increased greenhouse gases. Overall, urgent action is required to reduce the effects of climate change.
Through the practical measurement and theoretical calculation of the indoor thermal parameters about the existing new rural building in Chengdu, this paper concludes that the indoor thermal environment of Chengdu is very poor. In addition, we propose an energy saving improvement scheme according to the “Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Rural Residential Buildings” GB/T50824-2013 and the local characters of Chengdu. We also simulate the indoor thermal environment of existing new rural building and improved building using Design-Builder software. As compared with the existing new rural building, we know that the improved building has greatly improved in the indoor thermal environment. The indoor average temperature decreases 2°C-6°C in summer and rises 2°C -7.7°C in winter. As to the humidity between 30% and 60%, the rise rate of each room reaches above 12.9% in summer and reaches 28.8% in winter. The rise rate of PMV index of -1 to +1 reaches above 68.4% in summer and 54.4% in winter from below 20%. The improved building meets the living requirements for local resident in most time.
With the aim of designing a passive home that exhibits constant hygrothermal control performance using renewable energy, we develop a high-performance envelope system characterized by dehumidification/radiative cooling in hot and humid summers and humidity control/heating in cold and dry winters, which can be applied to homes (which are based on a dry construction method) using mainly industrial building materials. We have previously conducted laboratory experiments using a roof model and numerical simulations. Using these studies, we design and construct a full-scale home to verify the applicability and effectiveness of this system in actual homes. In this paper, we propose a housing design method that can control the temperature and humidity by introducing a system that uses renewable energy, as well as confirming the effects of passive dehumidification, radiative cooling, and solar heat collection via field measurements using demonstration homes. As an example of the experimental results, the relative and absolute humidity in the home with the proposed system were reduced by approximately 11% and 3.2 g/kg, respectively, in comparison with the home without the system during the humid summer season, thus clarifying the dehumidification effect of this system.
The increasing concern expressed by building designers in Panama, due to new building-energy regulations, regarding sustainable development goals and energy efficiency, is leading architects to reanalyse their design strategies and evaluate the vernacular architecture. The main implications of the hot-humid climate characteristics stipulate that the need for cooling of indoor environments drives buildings' design and settlements. This work aims to assess the use of bioclimatic architecture strategies in three existing building typologies design in Panama, in terms of thermal comfort performance. The approach adopted here is to compare and analyse the vernacular architecture with current architecture. Besides, to evaluate bioclimatic architecture strategies based on recent investigations and the guidelines proposed by Givony, Olgyay, among others. A numerical assessment was performed on the dynamic simulation software DesignBuilder, where the building's passive strategies are evaluated in terms of operative temperature, relative humidity (rH), PMV, PPD, and discomfort hours (DH). All three houses, the HVA, HCA, and HRES were tested in three different locations within Panama City. Results showed that the strategies in HVA perform best for reducing rH levels, but the HRES performs best in overall thermal comfort performance, apart yet from the high rH levels encountered.
The Global Climate Risk Index 2020 analyses to what extent countries and regions have been affected by impacts of weather-related loss events (storms, floods, heatwaves etc.). The most recent data available— for 2018 and from 1999 to 2018 —were taken into account.
The countries and territories affected most in 2018 were Japan, the Philippines as well as
Germany. For the period from 1999 to 2018 Puerto Rico, Myanmar and Haiti rank highest.
This year’s 15th edition of the Climate Risk Index clearly shows: Signs of escalating climate change can no longer be ignored – on any continent or in any region. Impacts from extreme weather events hit the poorest countries hardest as these are particularly vulnerable to the damaging effects of a hazard and have a lower coping capacity and may need more time to rebuild and recover. The Climate Risk Index may serve
as a red flag for already existing vulnerabilities that may further increase as extreme events will become more frequent or more severe due to climate change. The heatwaves in Europe, North America and Japan also confirm: High-income countries are feeling climate impacts more clearly than ever before. Effective climate change mitigation is therefore in the self-interest of all countries worldwide.
In recent years, there is a renewed interest towards the passive cooling features of ancient building architectures, which are cost effective, eco-friendly and best suited for the local climate. On the other hand, the modern construction materials, such as cement and steel, are highly durable. Thermal comfort of eight vernacular buildings that use modern construction materials to improve the structural durability was monitored in July 2014. The buildings are located in Hyderabad, India. They have many passive cooling features that include air cavities in the structures to reduce heat transfer, high thermal mass to reduce temperature fluctuation and induced ventilation to remove heat from the indoor. All the passive cooling features investigated were found to have an appreciable influence on the thermal comfort of the indoor space. The ventilated air gaps in the roof reduced the average temperature of the roof interior surface by 1.2 °C. The diurnal temperature fluctuation of the indoor air reduced by 0.9 °C in a building with a higher thermal mass compared to a building with thin walls and roof. All the eight buildings were found to be comfortable most of the time with a slight discomfort during late night and morning hours. The maximum CO2 recorded was 550 ppm. This indicates that the buildings were adequately ventilated.
In a previous paper we presented an update of the highly referenced climate classification map, that of Wladimir Koppen, which was published for the first time in 1900 and updated in its latest version by Rudolf Geiger in 1961. This updated world map of Koppen-Geiger climate classification was based on temperature and precipitation observations for the period 1951-2000. Here, we present a series of digital world maps for the extended period 1901-2100 to depict global trends in observed climate and projected climate change scenarios. World maps for the observational period 1901-2002 are based on recent data sets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at the German Weather Service. World maps for the period 2003-2100 are based on ensemble projections of global climate models provided by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. The main results comprise an estimation of the shifts of climate zones within the 21st century by considering different IPCC scenarios. The largest shifts between the main classes of equatorial climate (A), arid climate (B), warm temperate climate (C), snow climate (D) and polar climate (E) on global land areas are estimated as 2.6-3.4 % (E to D), 2.2-4.7 % (D to C), 1.3-2.0 (C to B) and 2.1-3.2 % (C to A).
Energy conservation issues and environmental problems in recent years have increased interest in traditional architecture which is well known for its energy saving designs. This paper thoroughly investigates vernacular housing designs and evaluates on the aspect of building physics. A new research methodology which is adapted to the natural and social context of Vietnam was proposed and applied. The process was carried out step by step, including: climate zoning, systematic analysis, in-situ survey and building simulations. The results of this study indicate that vernacular housing in Vietnam is creatively adapted to the local natural conditions and uses various climate responsive strategies. Through this study, the most frequently used strategies and their effectiveness were derived. The authors also found that under extreme weather conditions, traditional designs might not be sufficient to maintain indoor thermal comfort.
Thermal comfort field experiments were conducted in Singapore in both naturally ventilated highrise residential buildings and air conditioned office buildings. Each of the 818 questionnaire responses was made simultaneously with a detailed set of indoor climatic measurements, and estimates of clothing insulation and metabolic rate. Results for the air conditioned sample indicated that office buildings were overcooled, causing up to one-third of their occupants to experience cool thermal comfort sensations. These observations in air conditioned buildings were broadly consistent with the ISO, ASHRAE and Singapore indoor climatic standards. Indoor climates of the naturally ventilated apartments during the day and early evening were on average three degrees warmer than the ISO comfort standard prescriptions, but caused much less thermal discomfort than expected. Discrepancies between thermal comfort responses in apartment blocks and office buildings are discussed in terms of contemporary perceptual theory.
The most frequently used climate classification map is that of Wladimir Köppen, presented in its latest version 1961 by Rudolf Geiger. A huge number of climate studies and subsequent publications adopted this or a former release of the Köppen-Geiger map. While the climate
classification concept has been widely applied to a broad range of topics in climate and climate change research as well as in physical geography, hydrology, agriculture, biology and educational aspects, a well-documented update of the world climate classification map is still missing. Based
on recent data sets from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) at the German Weather Service, we present here a new digital Köppen-Geiger world map on climate classification, valid for the second half of
the 20 century.
German
Die am häufigsten verwendete Klimaklassifikationskarte ist jene von Wladimir Köppen, die in der letzten Auflage von Rudolf Geiger aus dem Jahr 1961 vorliegt. Seither bildeten viele Klimabücher und Fachartikel diese oder eine frühere Ausgabe
der Köppen-Geiger Karte ab. Obwohl das Schema der Klimaklassifikation in vielen Forschungsgebieten wie Klima und Klimaänderung aber auch physikalische Geographie, Hydrologie, Landwirtschaftsforschung, Biologie und Ausbildung zum Einsatz kommt, fehlt bis heute eine gut dokumentierte
Aktualisierung der Köppen-Geiger Klimakarte. Basierend auf neuesten Datensätzen des Climatic Research Unit (CRU) der Universität von East Anglia und des Weltzentrums für Niederschlagsklimatologie (WZN) am Deutschen Wetterdienst präsentieren wir hier eine neue digitale
Köppen-Geiger Weltkarte für die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.
This paper announces the completion of a large new data set of International Weather for Energy Calculations 2 (IWEC2), i.e., typical year, weather files for 3012 locations outside of the U.S. and Canada and describes the procedures used to produce these weather files, including how the raw weather data from the Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) database were processed and how missing records and unrecorded climate parameters have been derived. Particular attention was paid to the derivation of global horizontal and direct normal solar radiation using a combination of empirical and analytical solar models. The procedure used to select the typical months making up the IWEC2 files from the historical weather record. is also explained. These IWEC2 weather files are then compared to other sources of international weather data and to an earlier, smaller set of IWEC weather files developed in 2001. The IWEC2 weather files are found to have very similar heating degree days, and slightly more cooling degree-days than the IWEC. There is substantially more variation in the solar radiation, with the IWEC2 weather files having somewhat less total and somewhat more direct normal solar radiation than the earlier IWEC weather files.
Using as bases the amount of clothing needed to achieve thermal comfort and the reduction in the skin's resistance needed to obtain thermal equilibrium, the relative sultriness of warm-humid and hot-arid summer climates is assessed. Conditions of sultriness are referred to a vapor pressure of 1.6 kPa in order to prepare a table of apparent temperature corresponding to summer temperatures and humidities, - Author
Improved energy efficiency in new residential buildings is typically being sought across the developed world through changing requirements in building and/or planning regulations. Stringency is set to further increase significantly in attempts to meet climate change mitigation goals. However, new regulation is usually met with reticence from sectors of the building industry, one reason being the additional costs implied in meeting higher performance standards for more energy efficient buildings. One low cost option, investigated in this paper, is to orient buildings in order to maximise their passive solar benefits. Using a range of 81 different detached dwelling designs, a modelling experiment was conducted in order to assess the implications of orientation on modelled thermal energy efficiency. Design adaptability to orientation change was modelled across two scenarios; current building energy efficiency standards and pending improved energy efficiency standards. The effect of size and overall energy efficiency rating was included in consideration of variance across orientations. Results show that higher standards are easier to apply to smaller dwellings, and costs are lower. Also, higher performing designs are more flexible across different orientations, producing lower standard deviations of mean ratings. The findings indicate that passive solar design is a concept that can readily be incorporated into house plans at the design stage. Recommendations for further empirical research are also made.
Vernacular architecture based on bioclimatism concepts was developed and used through the centuries by many civilizations across the world. Different civilizations have produced their own architectural styles based on the local conditions. This study is carried out on the vernacular buildings of north-east India across all the bioclimatic zones. A survey of 42 houses, more than 70 years old was carried out at representative locations across all bioclimatic zones. The study has yielded findings relating bioclimatism, socio-economic status and cultural setup to the vernacular architecture of the region. Also, different solar passive features are available in most of these houses, related to temperature control and promoting natural ventilation. These houses are constructed using locally available materials like wood, cane, bamboo, stone, mud, jute, lime and represent unique examples towards sustainable building design.
Any analysis of the role played by energy in architecture is faced with serious limitations due to the lack of studies in the architectural bibliography, especially studies of popular architecture. An awareness of these limitations will allow us to understand better why architects have paid little attention to the interaction of form and energy, and to the bioclimatic approach in contemporary architecture in general. The first limitation stems from the very essence of bioclimatic analysis; energy is immaterial, difficult to represent in images, changing in time and wrongfully left out of the architectural literature. This is why it is difficult to find a basic knowledge of the functional aesthetic possibilities of bioclimatism in the cultural experience of present-day architects. The second limitation to this knowledge, even more important than the previous one, is the low value given to the more anonymous popular architecture as opposed to representative architecture. The latter is the kind of architecture built by established power, which attempts to impress the observer and clashes with, dominates, and often destroys the natural environment. This style of architecture is crammed with theoretical aesthetic concerns, which would rather create artificial environments than be integrated in the natural milieu. To sum up, it is the architecture undertaken by well-known authors, found in important buildings, which have been commented and widely appreciated by architecture critics throughout history. Nowadays, representative architecture can be said to describe the architecture found in large office buildings, which embody the legacy of such works from the history of culture as the pyramids, classic shrines, medieval castles and large Gothic cathedrals, baroque and Renaissance palaces, etc. These modern buildings, clad in glass as a symbol of their modernity, are incongruously dark and require artificial lighting during the day, while the flimsy casing separating them from the outside makes it necessary to use air conditioning all year round, even when outside conditions are pleasant. We can well affirm that these buildings are so wrong that they work worse than the climate. In comparison with this type of representative architecture, we find popular architecture, performed by the people as a direct response to their needs and values. These buildings show a greater respect for the existing environment, whether natural or artificial. They do not reflect theoretical aesthetic pretensions and use local materials and techniques as far as possible, repeating over and over again the course of history models which take the constraints imposed by the climate fully into account. Our popular architecture--so often forgotten in official circles--may well be the kind which can best teach us today how to assimilate the bioclimatic approach in the practice of architectural design. However, we should not consider these solutions to be models to copy in current architecture. Our technical capacity and our cultural grounding prevent us from returning to these obsolete architecture forms, but what may be of use as a lesson and a source of inspiration is the attitude of the builders of this popular architecture, which recovers a relationship to the environment which has been lost in the more official architecture of the 20th century.
Simulation packages for predicting building performance in terms of energy and comfort are becoming increasingly important in the planning process. However, current industry standard weather files for building simulation are not suited to the assessment of the potential impacts of a changing climate, in particular summer overheating risks. In addition, no bespoke climate change weather files are readily available that can be loaded directly into environmental simulation software. This paper describes the integration of future UK climate scenarios into the widely used Typical Meteorological Year (TMY2) and EnergyPlus/ESP-r Weather (EPW) file formats and demonstrates the importance of climate change analysis through a case study example. The ‘morphing’ methodology published by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) is utilised as a baseline for transforming current CIBSE Test Reference Years (TRY) and Design Summer Years (DSY) into climate change weather years. A tool is presented that allows generation of TMY2/EPW files from this ‘morphed’ data and addresses the requirements related to solar irradiation, temperature, humidity and daylighting beyond the parameters provided by CIBSE weather years. Simulations of a case study building highlight the potential impact of climate change on future summer overheating hours inside naturally ventilated buildings.
This paper explores the potential of using natural ventilation as a passive cooling system for new house designs in Thailand. The characteristics of past and present Thai houses are analyzed in terms of climate, culture, and technology. Based on the thermal comfort requirements for the Thai people and the climate conditions in Bangkok, the study found that it is possible to use natural ventilation to create a thermally comfortable indoor environment in houses in a Bangkok suburb during 20% of the year. This study also develops comprehensive design guidelines for natural ventilation at both the site planning and individual house levels by using computational fluid dynamics.
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Sustainable Cities and Society 54 (2020) 101992