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Comparison of different techniques of thermal modification, regarding the improvement of acoustical properties of resonant soundboard material Scientific Report by order of Pacific Rim Tonewoods Inc

Authors:
Alexander Pfriem at Hochschule für nachhaltige Entwicklung Eberswalde
Alexander Pfriem
David Olson at PRT
David Olson
  • PRT
Lothar Clauder at Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development
Lothar Clauder
  • Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development
David Zerbst
David Zerbst
David Zerbst
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
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The damping constants of the first bending modes changed differently for the
longitudinal (mode2) and the radial (mode4) motion. In general there were small
changes for the damping and the variation was very high, although significant shifts
were detected. For a longer sound fade out and a higher reflection of the induced
energy at the guitar, a lower damping is requested. For the longitudinal bending mode,
this could be achieved from the treatments 2 and 3. Process 1 did not change
significantly and 4 and 5 increased the damping slightly. The radial bending vibration
was stronger affected (fig.29/31). All treatments decreased the damping. The highest
reduction of vibration energy absorption was measured on samples of treatment
number 3 in both directions.
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Alfredsen G, Larnøy E, Militz H (2006) Dynamic MOE Testing of Wood: the Influence of Wood Protecting
Agents and Moisture Content on Ultrasonic Pulse and Resonant Vibration. Holzforschung 51: 11-20
Machek, L, Militz H, Sierra-Alvares R (2001) The use of an acoustic technique to assess !wood decay in
laboratory soil-bed tests. Wood Sci. Technol. 34(1): 467-472 !
Grinda M, Göller S (2005) Some experiments with stake tests at BAM test field and in the BAM fungus cellar.
Part 2: Comparison of static and dynamic moduli of elasticity (MOE). !International Research Group on Wood
Protection IRG/WP 05-20320 !
Görlacher, R. (1984) Ein neues Messverfahren zur Bestimmung des Elastizitätsmodulus von !Holz. Holz als Roh-
und Werkst. 42: 219-222 !
Ono T (1996). Frequency responses of wood for musical instruments in relation tot he vibrational properties.
Journal of the Acoustic Society of Japan 17: 183 !
Fengel D, Wegener G (2003) Wood. Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Verlag Kessel!
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ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Thermal modification of European beech at relatively mild temperatures for the use in electric bass guitars
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2016
  • EUR J WOOD WOOD PROD
The possibility of the use of thermally modified European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in necks of electric bass guitars for the substitution of Hard maple (Acer saccharum) has been studied. The heat treatments were performed at relatively mild treatment temperatures of 140 and 160 °C for 12 h. The acoustic properties were determined by means of experimental modal analysis (EMA) and the mechanical properties by means of static and impact bending tests. The results show that both the acoustic and mechanical, static properties of beech improve significantly owing to thermal modification, being similar or better compared to Hard maple. The impact bending strengths decrease owing to thermal modification. Additional tests on complete necks of electric bass guitars by means of EMA and plucking tests on total instruments show that thermally treated beech at mild temperatures can substitute Hard maple for the use as neck material in electric bass guitars.
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A study on the dependence between tracheid lengths and microfibril angle in resonant wood of spruce (Picea abies L.)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2012
The paper presents results of measurements for tracheid lengths in annual growth rings in spruce wood classified as resonant wood. Annual rings came from the mature wood zone. Moreover, cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) was determined in the S2 layer of the secondary cell wall. This parameter was measured in tangential tracheid walls. Mean values of both tracheid lengths and MFA in the experimental annual growth rings showed slight fluctuations and the relationship of these values was described using a linear function.
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Experimental evidence for a mechanical function of the cellulose microfibril angle in wood cell walls
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 1999
Wood is a natural fibre composite with a hierarchical cellular structure of a specific strength and a specific modulus of elasticity that can be compared with those of other common construction materials. Each wood cell is typically built of cellulose fibrils spiralling around the macroscopic fibre direction. While it is natural to assume a relation between the microfibril angle (MFA) and the mechanical properties, a good correlation has up to now only been established for single fibres, where a larger extensibility was found for fibres with larger MFA. In the present paper, we show for the first time that this relation even exists for thin (200mum) sections of wood, which provides strong evidence for the fact that the MFA optimizes the extensibility of wood. In a combination of tensile tests with structural investigations by small angle X-ray scattering on the same sample of Picea abies , we found a remarkable increase in maximum strain with increasing MFA, and also a change in the elastic moduli.
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Vibrational properties of wood along the grain
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2000
The dynamic Young's modulus (E′L) and loss tangent (tan δL ) along the grain, dynamic shear modulus (G′L) and loss tangent (tan δS) in the vertical section, and density (ρ) of a hundred spruce wood specimens used for the soundboards of musical instruments were determined. The relative acoustic conversion efficiency (\(\alpha ,{\text{ }}\sqrt {E'_{\text{L}} /{\kern 1pt} \rho /{\kern 1pt} \tan \delta _{\text{L}} } \)) and a ratio reflecting the anisotropy of wood (β, (E′L/G′L)(tan δS/tan δL)) were defined in order to evaluate the acoustic quality of wood along the grain. There was a positive correlation between α and β, and the variation in β was larger than that in α. It seemed logical to evaluate the acoustic quality of spruce wood by a measure of β. By using a cell wall model, those acoustic factors were expressed with the physical properties of the cell wall constituents. This model predicted that the essential requirement for an excellent soundboard is smaller fibril angle of the cell wall, which yields higher α and higher β. On the other hand, the effects of chemical treatments on the α and β of wood were clarified experimentally and analyzed theoretically. It was suggested that the α and β of wood cannot be improved at the same time by chemical treatment.
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Messtechnik der Akustik
Book
  • Jan 2010
Die Frage nach Messmethoden und Messmitteln in Physik und Technik stellt sich auch in der ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Disziplin der Akustik. Das Buch will diese Lücke schließen und stellt die akustischen Messverfahren und die zugehörige Messtechnik in den Vordergrund der Betrachtung. Weitere gute Gründe kommen hinzu: längst ist z. B. der Lärm als Umweltgift identifiziert Das macht die Festlegung von Grenzwerten für Immissionen, Emissionen und für das akustische Rückhaltevermögen von Bauteilen, wie Türen, Fenster, Decken, Schalldämpfer und vieles andere mehr erforderlich. Eine jeweils dem Zweck angemessene Messung muss zweifelsfrei über Einhaltung oder Überschreitung von Grenzen Auskunft geben können. Der mit Akustik befasste Ingenieur wird seine Prognosen und Maßnahmen u. a. auf Messungen stützen bzw. den Erfolg oder Misserfolg von Planungen durch Messung nachweisen. Schließlich muss sich auch die Forschung stets auf geeignet gewählte Messungen stützen können, um glaubwürdig und nachvollziehbar zu sein.
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Dynamic MOE testing of wood: The influence of wood protecting agents and moisture content on ultrasonic pulse and resonant vibration
Article
  • Jan 2006
  • WOOD RES-SLOVAKIA
The aim of this study was to compare two methods for non-destructive strength testing of wood by the use of dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE dyn). The two methods are based on resonant vibration excitation and ultrasonic pulse excitation. Sound Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood samples treated with two copper-containing wood preservatives and two chitosan solutions were evaluated at two moisture levels. There was a significant correlation between the measurements given by the two MOEdyn test devices. An analysis of variance showed significant differences between the different treatments and between different moisture levels. Potential use of the nondestructive MOE dyn methods in durability testing is discussed.
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Frequency responses of wood for musical instruments in relation to the vibrational properties
Article
  • Jul 1996
The frequency response and the Young's modulus, shear modulus and internal friction were measured for square boards with regularly-grained planes in several kinds of wood, which included Sitka spruce for stringed instrument top plates and maple for back plates, and for square boards in an acrylic resin of plastics and an aluminum of metals. The Sitka spruce was the highest in response frequency, higher in sound power level, the greatest in level variation and the greatest in level drop with increasing frequencies above 1 kHz, and it had the response pattern of high level in the range of middle frequencies. In contrast, the maple had the response pattern of low and almost flat level as a whole. In order to have such frequency responses, it was necessary that wood for top plates had not only the excellent vibrational properties in the direction along grain but also the strong anisotropy in regularly-grained plane, and that wood for back plates had the characteristics opposite to those of wood for top plates.
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Elasticity and Microfibrillar Angle in the Wood of Sitka Spruce
Article
  • Dec 1966
The initial value of Young's modulus, E, has been measured for small specimens of Sitka spruce wood taken from the annual rings of two disks and has been found in both cases to increase from pith to bark. The decrease from pith to bark in the helical angle theta of the cellulose microfibrils in the walls of the tracheids averaged over an annual ring has been determined from matched specimens. E has been found to vary regularly with theta . Two mathematical models of the cell involved have been developed and the experimental findings applied to the relations derived between E and theta . The first model was that of a number of helical springs free to slip, twist and bend and gave a relationship between the helical angle and the reciprocal of Young's modulus as proportional to tan2 theta . The second model, that of an anisotropic homogeneous cell wall, gave 1/E as being proportional to a quadratic function in sin2 theta . Relative shear in the cell wall has been predicted from this latter model. The tan2 theta relation is found to hold provided theta is less than about 40 degrees. The sin2 theta relation holds, on the other hand, over the full range of theta observed. Some implications of these relations are discussed.
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Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Charakterisierung von thermisch modifizierter Fichte für Resonanzdecken von Gitarren
Article
  • Jan 2006
Ziel der dargestellten Arbeit war die vergleichende Untersuchung thermisch modifizierter und unmodifizierter Zwillingsproben aus Fichtenresonanzholz für Gitarrendecken. Durch eine thermische Modifikation können die physikalisch-technischen Eigenschaften des Resonanzholzes derartig verändert werden, dass sie den Erfordernissen des Musikinstrumentenbaus besser entsprechen als unmodifizierte Proben. Vor allem sind dies die reduzierte Wassersorption, grössere Dimensionsstabilität, höhere Dauerhaftigkeit aber vor allem auch die Verbesserung von akustischen Kennwerten. Der Einfluss einer relativ milden thermischen Modifikation auf das Resonanzholz kann mit einer “künstlichen” Alterung verglichen werden. Das Holz erfährt durch die Modifikation eine Verbesserung objektiv messbarer Kennwerte, welche auf ein verbessertes Klangverhalten schliessen lassen. The aim of this work was to compare thermally modified and unmodified twin samples of resonance spruce wood for sound boards. By a special thermal treatment physical-technical characteristics of wood can be changed in such a way that they correspond better to the requirements of wood for sound boards than unmodified woods. Above all this is the reduced moisture sorption, larger dimensional stability, better durability as well as acoustic characteristics. The effects of the relatively mild thermal treatment can be compared with an “artificial aging”. Due to the thermal modification objectively measurable parameters are improved which permit conclusions on improved sound characteristics.
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Vibrational properties of heat-treated green wood
Article
  • Feb 2000
To investigate the influence of water on heat treatment, green wood was heat-treated. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) with about 60% moisture content (MC) was used. Young's modulus and loss tangent were measured by the free-free flexural vibration test. The specimens were heated in nitrogen at 160°C for 0.5h. The results were as follows. (1) Recognizing that the effects of heat treatment are mild and that the same specimens cannot be used for both heat treatment and as controls, it was necessary to investigate the effects of the heat treatment based on the variations of properties in the whole of the test lumber. (2) Young's modulus increased and the loss tangent decreased due to heat treatment. When the vibrational properties were measured at various MCs, the MCs at the maximum value of Young's modulus and the minimum value of the loss tangent were lower in heat-treated specimens than in controls. The effects of heat treatment in green wood were similar to those in air-dried wood. (3) The loss tangents of heat-treated specimens were smaller than those of controls at about 0% MC but were larger than those of controls at about 10% MC. We thought that this resulted from the decreased MC at the minimum loss tangent after the heat treatment mentioned above. (4) The properties measured at several MCs were more useful than those at only one moisture content for investigating the effects of heat treatment.
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