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China's carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) policy: A critical review
Abstract
Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), has been deemed an essential component for climate change mitigation and is conducive to enabling a low-carbon and sustainable future. Since the 12th Five-year Plan, China has included this technology as part of its future national carbon mitigation strategies. China's policy framework in relation to CCUS has had a strong influencing role in the technology's progress to date. This paper employs the “policy cycle” to analyze China's existing CCUS regulatory framework at the national and provincial level, evaluate its performance and clarify its shortcomings in light of the comparisons of policy movements undertaken in other countries. The results indicate that China's CCUS policy is insufficient for further development of the technology and many issues remain to be solved. This includes the lack of an enforceable legal framework, insufficient information for the operationalization of projects, weak market stimulus, and a lack of financial subsidies. These factors may be the reason we have seen low participation rates of Chinese companies in CCUS and little public understanding of what the technology offers. To overcome these challenges, suggestions are provided for improving China's CCUS legal and policy framework.
... In 1991, the International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) project organization was established, with CCS technology as a key focus [13]. In 1996, Norway completed the world's first commercial project for carbon capture and dedicated storage-Sleipner, with a storage scale of 1 million tons per year [14]. In 1999, Jilin Oilfield conducted CO 2 flooding tests for two well groups, resulting in a cumulative oil production increase of 6,540 tons [15]. ...
... In 1999, Jilin Oilfield conducted CO 2 flooding tests for two well groups, resulting in a cumulative oil production increase of 6,540 tons [15]. In 2000, the Weyburn Oilfield in Canada began implementing a CO 2 flooding project using coal gasification tail gas [12,14]. The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) was established in 2003, and the UK Carbon Capture and Storage Association was founded in 2005 [4,14]. ...
... In 2000, the Weyburn Oilfield in Canada began implementing a CO 2 flooding project using coal gasification tail gas [12,14]. The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) was established in 2003, and the UK Carbon Capture and Storage Association was founded in 2005 [4,14]. During this stage, CCUS technology gained recognition and attention globally, entering a phase of rapid development. ...
CCUS is internationally recognized as one of the three major pathways to achieve carbon neutrality goals. It is an important choice for realizing zero emissions from large-scale fossil energy utilization and a feasible technological solution to offset carbon emissions in industries such as power, steel, and cement where emissions reductions are challenging. Systematic analysis of the development and policy evolution of the CCUS industry at home and abroad can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for China's energy transition and development under the background of carbon emission peaking and achieving carbon neutrality. Guided by the strategic goals of national energy security, carbon emission peaking, and achieving carbon neutrality, this study aims to analyze the global development process and stage characteristics of the CCUS industry, investigate the supporting policies in the CCUS field and their evolution patterns, summarize the current status and trends of the CCUS industry at home and abroad, and provide reference for the implementation of national energy green and low-carbon transformation and the construction of a new energy system. In terms of industry, European and American countries emphasize national-level technological guidance and macro-control. The United States has introduced the progressive 45Q tax credit policy, and the European Union has included CCUS in its carbon trading system. The US National Carbon Capture Center provides a testing environment and facilities for CCUS technology research and development, and has established a carbon dioxide industry cluster and transportation hub. In terms of policies, tax credits and carbon trading policies in Europe and America have attracted various types of capital investment, establishing a relatively complete legal framework system. These regions have been leading in CCUS technology research and deployment, holding dominant positions and decision-making power in mainstream international CCUS organizations such as the CSLF, IEA, GCCSI, and OGCI. This study benchmarks the forward-looking and strategic development status of the CCUS industry at home and abroad, elucidates the challenges facing CCUS industry development, and proposes future trends and policy support needs for the CCUS industry. The research reveals that Europe and America emphasize national-level technological guidance and macro-control, focusing on the construction of regional industrial networks and having established a relatively complete legal and regulatory framework system. Compared to other countries, China needs to establish national-level guidance on CCUS development, regional carbon dioxide capture and transportation networks, and enact specific laws, regulations, and technical standards for CCUS.
... Wei et al. (2021) conduct a comprehensive analysis from the perspective of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of CCUS projects. Similarly, Jiang et al. (2020) systematically review current policies on CCUS and also point out several shortcomings of these policies. Furthermore, Jiang et al. (2022) focus on how newspapers and social media discuss the CCUS value chain. ...
... Second, environmental regulations also compel companies to increase the utilization of resources, increase investment in CCUS technology, enhance resource utilization efficiency, reduce costs, and improve GTFP. Finally, environmental regulations promote the rapid development of the CCUS industry, providing more market opportunities and development space for CCUS technology, thus supporting CCUS technology advancement and improving green production efficiency (Jiang et al. 2020). Figure 4 illustrates the intrinsic connection between CCUS technology innovation and GTFP. ...
Using a panel data set from 2007 to 2019, we empirically evaluate the impact of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology innovation on green total factor productivity (GTFP). The findings show that (1) CCUS technology innovation significantly improves GTFP. (2) CCUS technology innovation significantly contributes to GTFP by promoting industrial structure upgrading and carbon emissions efficiency. (3) Environmental regulation plays a positive moderating role in the nexus between CCUS technology innovation and GTFP. The findings of this paper provide guidance for China to achieve green energy transition and build a green energy system.
... For instance, in the bibliometric study by Jiang and Ashworth (2021), 1202 publications related to China's CCUS obtained from ISI Web of Science are involved. Providing a thorough and stringent review on all the publications is out of the scope of the article, but through a quick assessment, it can be revealed that publications about China's CCUS policy are restricted to the following categories: (1) normative analyses of the policy as well as macro-level discussion about the challenges facing the CCUS technology development in China (e.g., Gu, 2013;Jiang et al., 2020), ...
... Many enterprises still conduct technological R&D activities alone because they worry that their market competitiveness will be affected due to technology sharing. Fragmented R&D activities in the industry have led to a situation where enterprises only care about their own interests without considering the negative impact of the externality of CCUS projects on the market (Jiang et al., 2020). Then government intervention is still necessary due to above market failure, especially the use of voluntary policy instruments such as market access and mixed instruments such as information instruments. ...
Insufficient supporting policies jeopardize the role of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in climate action and energy transition. A few studies have addressed the policy challenges facing CCUS but left policy integration underappreciated. In this article, we analyze the preference for and integration between key elements of China's CCUS policy using policy integration theory and content analysis method that includes a novel three-dimensional framework. Analysis of 63 CCUS policy documents indicates that China's CCUS policy is not sufficiently comprehensive in including policy implementers and goals, lacks consistency between policy instruments and goals, and is not yet a collaborative system. Finally, we present some implications for addressing the defects in integration of China's CCUS policy: (1) broader incorporation of citizens and non-governmental organizations, (2) enhanced integration of enterprises, voluntary policy instruments, and economy goal, and (3) enhanced integration of government agencies, compulsory policy instruments, and safety goal.
... It purifies the captured COand then puts it into the new production process to become raw material recycling rather than simple storage. Compared with CCS, CCUS can turn COin waste gas into a usable resource, resulting in economic benefits [7][8][9][10]. According to the CCS Global Status Report [11], there are large-scale CCS devices in use globally as of September 2017, with projects in operation or under development, capturing a total of million tons of COper year. ...
... , (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) In the formula, is the unit time exergy loss cost of component k, $/s; , is the unit time fuel exergy cost of input equipment k, $/s; is the exergy loss of equipment k, kW. Figure 10. Exergy cost analysis model. ...
Compressed carbon dioxide energy storage (CCES) offers several benefits over other existing energy storage systems, including ease of liquefaction, high energy storage density, and environmental friendliness. As a result, the research progress, economic and technological feasibility, and system operation of the CCES system are all discussed in depth in this study. The system evaluation method is summarized and the compressed carbon dioxide storage is analyzed, and the performance optimization direction of the compressed carbon dioxide energy storage technology is discussed. When the overall performance of a transcritical CCES system, a supercritical CCES system and a liquid CCES system are compared, it is discovered that the supercritical CCES system has better thermodynamic characteristics and a simpler system configuration, making it suitable for large-scale development and use. The goal of the CCES system's future development is to create a design with an optimum compression and expansion ratio, a more precise analysis and system model, and multi-field coupling. This review's discussion serves as a guide for the best design and use of the CCES system.
... More than 10 departments have since worked CCUS into their policies. However, a lack of financial subsidies is one of several major challenges still to be resolved, and has contributed to the currently low participation rates of Chinese companies in CCUS (Jiang et al., 2020;Ma et al., 2023;Zhang et al., 2022). Drawing on the 45Q tax credit provisions in the United States, scholars have developed and assessed various subsidy schemes that can be implemented in China (Fan et al., , 2020Yang et al., 2019). ...
Coordinated policies and effective global environmental governance are needed to address the global biodiversity crisis. Human dimensions like geopolitics influence conservation decision‐making and outcomes. The importance of considering these complex social factors is heightened in an era of renewed great‐power politics, as the intensifying US–China rivalry has direct implications for environmental governance and biodiversity outcomes. Can the US–China rivalry and its confrontational dynamics be channeled into conservation policymaking to improve biodiversity outcomes? Drawing from international relations and policy studies, policy diffusion theory can provide conservationists with useful insights into the interdependency of policy decisions. Here, we examine the four mechanisms—competition, coercion, learning, and emulation—of the classic model of policy diffusion theory in the context of environmental policymaking. We explore a case study for each mechanism to illustrate how it can benefit biodiversity conservation, and point to examples of relevant policies and actions that could improve outcomes. To operationalize this concept for conservation, we present a decision tree that conservationists can use to determine the most relevant policy diffusion mechanism in different policy contexts. Upon determining the appropriate mechanism, conservationists can take further steps to intentionally trigger the mechanism and catalyze conservation policy diffusion across jurisdictions.
... Another, direct attempt to reduce CO 2 emission in construction sector is by sequestering CO 2 into concrete. Carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) technology is recently gaining world-wide attention to reduce anthropogenic CO 2 emission and achieve the carbon recycling objectives Gu et al., 2017;Jiang, Ashworth, et al., 2019;Keith et al., 2018;Koelbl et al., 2014;Mei et al., 2021). Accelerated carbonation curing (ACC) is one of the CCUS strategy that can be employed specifically by the construction sector for curing of concrete (Monkman et al., 2018;Shao et al., 2006). ...
The induction of accelerated carbonation curing (ACC) as carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) technique helps in achieving the net zero target. ACC is one of the potential techniques to sequester the CO 2 in concrete. However, the usage of ACC in reinforced concrete is still debatable. This paper investigates the effect of ACC on mechanical, permeation, mineralogy, hydration and microstructural characteristics of concrete with the long-term performance of reinforced concrete using linear polarization resistance (LPR) and carbonation depth. In order to study the effect of ACC duration on the properties of concrete, the specimen was subjected to 6, 12, and 24 hours (h) of carbonation curing. The results were compared with conventional water-curing specimens. ACC at 12 h provided the best results for tested properties. The results were varied by statistical analysis using ANOVA and stoichiometry. Based on the best 12-h duration, 2.13 kg of CO 2 can be sequestered in 1 m 3 (0.89 kg/t) of concrete. ARTICLE HISTORY
... First, the crucial role of policy subsidy drivers must be considered. The Chinese government tends to give large financial subsidies to environmentally friendly and promising projects, and these subsidies play a critical role in acquiring projects off the ground in the early stages (Jiang et al., 2020;Liu and Ge, 2023), especially when carbon sinks are large, and enterprises are small. Second, we have selected only one representative business model, whereby the most important enterprise leads the project in the cluster, and this enterprise funds the initial deployment. ...
... steel and mining industries), land-use and agricultural practices [6], transportation [7], and building and construction [8]. Over the past three decades, the mean growth rate of CO 2 has been gradually increasing, underscoring the significance of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) as a pivotal approach to mitigate CO 2 emissions [9][10][11]. Among the CCUS components, carbon capture assumes primary importance as it accounts for over 70% of the overall CCUS cost [12]. ...
In the last three decades, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have shown a significant increase from various sources. To address this pressing issue, the importance of reducing CO2 emissions has grown, leading to increased attention toward carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) strategies. Among these strategies, monodisperse microcapsules, produced using droplet microfluidics, have emerged as promising tools for carbon capture, offering a potential solution to mitigate CO2 emissions. However, the limited yield of microcapsules due to the inherent low flow rate in droplet microfluidics remains a challenge. In this comprehensive review, the high-throughput production of carbon capture microcapsules using droplet microfluidics is focused on. Specifically, the detailed insights into microfluidic chip fabrication technologies, the microfluidic generation of emulsion droplets, along with the associated hydrodynamic considerations, and the generation of carbon capture microcapsules through droplet microfluidics are provided. This review highlights the substantial potential of droplet microfluidics as a promising technique for large-scale carbon capture microcapsule production, which could play a significant role in achieving carbon neutralization and emission reduction goals.
... Some frameworks for regulation and certification address the hydrogen sociotechnical system's manufacturing, supply chain, and industrial usage aspects. Regarding the execution of rules, countries have had varying degrees of success in putting policy principles into practice, with many developing nations still in the early stages of building hydrogen policies, as shown in Mexico and Latin America (Jiang et al., 2020;Rose, 1990;Liu et al., 2023;Abad & Dodds, 2020). ...
Hydrogen is a nearly emission-free energy carrier with many enticing qualities, including wide availability, environmental friendliness, and a high calorific value. There have constantly been a lot of challenges to establish an entire fledge low carbon hydrogen economy in the past century. This study aims to critically analyse the economic, environmental, technological, and policy implementation and division of low-carbon hydrogen to find novel solutions, bridging the gaps and giving a perspective approach to the study. Differentiation of various low carbon hydrogen (LCH) components, including green and blue hydrogen, was also proposed based on the life cycle assessment emissions (LCAE). Current policy perspectives and Promised Pledged Perspectives are considered to project hydrogen demand in 2030. A thorough economic analysis of low-carbon hydrogen system technologies is also conducted from both hydrogen production and storage perspectives by comparing various production and storage systems. Current Policies towards LCH were critically viewed from policymakers, consumers, and R & D perspectives, through which several challenges, gaps, and keynote necessities were also stated.
... Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies demonstrate significant potential for industrial and atmospheric CO 2 reduction and are considered essential for achieving carbon neutrality (Jiang et al. 2019;Mi and Ma 2019;Qin et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2022). Currently, carbon capture technologies can be categorized into three types: pre-combustion capture, oxyfuel combustion, and postcombustion capture (Lu et al. 2022;Nocito and Dibenedetto 2020;Wen et al. 2022;Wu et al. 2023;Xu et al. 2011;Xue et al. 2020). ...
Sintering and elutriation are two main problems of the calcium looping process for high-temperature CO2 capture. In the process of CO2 capture, the operation temperature is generally higher than the Taman temperature, resulting in the agglomeration and sintering of the sorbents. The traditional sorbent powers need to be granulated for practical application in a circulating fluidized bed to avoid elutriation. By using a new agar-assisted technology to granulate CaO powder incorporated with Mg, Y, and Ce inert supports, the problems of sintering and elutriation can be mitigated within one step. The incorporated inert supports are uniformly dispersed in the CaO/CaCO3 particles as an inert scaffold, and the inert scaffold is used as a skeleton to resist sintering, alleviate its agglomeration phenomenon, and keep the specific surface area to a certain extent. The Ce-incorporated CaO pellets have been proven to exhibit the best carbonation conversion and sorption capacity. The sorption capacity of 10% CeO2-incorporated CaO pellets reached 0.574 g CO2/g sorbent, more than 43% higher than that of the pure CaO pellets. In addition, the effects of the solid-liquid ratio during the preparation stage on CO2 performance were also investigated, demonstrating that a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 was the optimal ratio to produce satisfying sorbents. The mitigated sintering and achieved spherical CaO pellets greatly promote the practical application of the calcium looping process for CO2 capture.
... Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is a method used to extract natural gas or oil from underground reservoirs by injecting high-pressure water and chemicals into the rock formations to create and widen fractures, thus facilitating the release of energy resources. Hydraulic fracturing technology plays a pivotal role in the extraction of unconventional hydrocarbon resources, revolutionizing the energy landscape [1,2]. The significance of this technology stems from its ability to enhance well productivity and unlock vast reservoir potential. ...
Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most important enhanced oil recovery technologies currently used to develop unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. During hydraulic fracture initiation, fluid seeps into the reservoir rocks surrounding the wellbore, inducing rock deformation and changes in the stress field. Analyzing the fluid–solid coupling mechanism around the wellbore is crucial to the construction design of fracturing technologies such as pulse fracturing and supercritical carbon dioxide fracturing. In this study, a new transient fluid–solid coupling model, capable of simulating the pore pressure field and effective stress field around the wellbore, was established based on the Biot consolidation theory combined with the finite difference method. The numerical results are in excellent agreement with the analytical solutions, indicating the reliability of the model and the stability of the computational approach. Using this model, the influence of seepage parameters and reservoir properties on the fluid–solid coupling around the open-hole wellbore was investigated. The simulation results demonstrate that, during wellbore pressurization, significant changes occur in the pore pressure field and effective stress field near the wellbore. The fluid–solid coupling effect around the wellbore returns to its initial state when the distance exceeds four times the radius away from the wellbore. As the fluid viscosity and wellbore pressurization rate decrease, the pore pressure field and effective circumferential stress (ECS) field around the wellbore become stronger. Adjusting the fluid viscosity and wellbore pressurization rate can control the effect of seepage forces on the rock skeleton during wellbore fluid injection. For the same injection conditions, rocks with q higher Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio exhibit stronger pore pressure fields and ECS fields near the wellbore. This model furnishes a dependable numerical framework for examining the fluid–solid coupling mechanism surrounding the open-hole wellbore in the initiation phase of hydraulic fractures.
... Project financiers are prepared to invest in nations with more effective entrance and exit regulations and tighter contract enforcement regulations. Likewise, (Jiang et al., 2020), confirmed how weal legal and policy framework has brought about low participation rates of Chinese companies in carbon capture, utilization, and storage for climate change mitigation projects. ...
Infrastructure projects encounter significant risks which often deter financiers from investing in them. To address these risks, financiers have developed and applied several strategies aimed at encouraging investment. Therefore, this study reviewed several literatures from the past ten years on the strategy used by both public and private financiers to reduce risks and encourage investment in infrastructure projects. From the literature reviewed, several strategies such as risk allocation & mitigation, blended finance, issuance of green bonds, and stakeholders’ engagement in project selection were utilized by major project financiers in making investment decisions. Other factors such as political stability, economic indicators, insurance & guarantees, and legal & regulatory framework were also identified to positively impact investment decisions on infrastructure projects. From the findings, a conceptual framework linking the project financiers’ proxies (risk allocation & mitigation, blended finance, issuance of green bond, and stakeholders’ engagement in project selection) to that of the proxies of de-risking (political stability, economic indicators, insurance & guarantees, and legal & regulatory framework) was developed with the outcome showing the positive impact of both proxies on project financiers’ investment decision. The magnitude of the impact of each proxy on investment decisions is a subject of future study.
... Previous studies have shown that the adoption of CCUS technologies is necessary to achieve China's carbon emission reduction goals [10,14] [-] [16]. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of CCUS technology at various scales, including the global scale, national scale, regional scale, and industrial scale. ...
... 5,6 Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology has become an important part of China's carbon neutral technology system and a main technical means to support carbon recycling in the future. [7][8][9] Suitable target reservoirs for CO 2 sequestration mainly include saline aquifers, oil reservoirs, coal seams and deep sea. 10,11 Zhang et al. 12 pointed out that China's theoretical CO 2 geological storage capacity is about 1.21 to 4.13 trillion tons, of which the storage capacity of deep saline aquifers ranges from 0.16 to 2.42 trillion tons. ...
In this paper, the mechanisms of long‐term CO2 sequestration and the effects of injection modes (including injection temperature, injection rate and injection cycle) in Zhujiang Formation characterized by high porosity and permeability were investigated using the numerical simulation method. Simulation results showed that more than 88% of the injected CO2 would exist in a supercritical state during the injection period and more than 79% of CO2 would be sequestrated in the reservoir by mineral trapping after 5,000 years. Eventually, the distribution shape of SC‐CO2 was a quarter funnel near the injection well, while the distribution shapes of dissolved and mineralized CO2 were both one quarter rotunda. During the long‐term CO2 sequestration in Zhujiang Formation, the dissolved minerals were anorthite, chlorite and smectite in turn, while the top three main precipitated minerals were calcite, dawsonite and albite. Moreover, higher injection temperature leads to a higher mineral tapping and more dissolved/precipitated minerals. While higher injection rate reduces the mineral tapping and total amount of dissolved/precipitated mineral. Compared to injection temperature and injection rate, the injection cycle has little effect on the CO2 phase evolution and mineral dissolution/precipitation process. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... In September 2020, China explicitly announced its goals to fulfil a "carbon peak" by 2030 and realize "carbon neutrality" by 2060 [4]. Viable approaches to accomplish these goals include carbon capture, utilization, and storage of high-carbon fuels (CCUS) [5], as well as the deployment and use of low-carbon energy [6]. Directly utilizing zero-carbon fuels to meet energy requirements represents a feasible strategy. ...
Hydrogen fuel has significant potential for various applications under MILD combustion conditions. This study investigates the impact of H2 mass fraction (ranging from 10 % to 100 %) on the structure of the combustion zone and the emission rules of NOx in the JHC burner utilizing the detailed mechanism GRI-Mech 2.11. A contraction of the reaction zone and a decrease in the ignition delay is observed when the H2 ratio increases. Increasing H2 concentration results in the gradual loss of MILD combustion characteristics in the reaction area, and the downstream region gradually transforms to High Temperature Combustion. The MILD reaction volume at YO2 = 6 % is only 69 % compared to that at YO2 = 3 %. Higher YO2 has a more significant impact on the relative increment of NO emissions. The NNH route consistently predominates, and increasing H2 ratio amplifies the production of thermal NOx and weakens the NO-reburning mechanism.
... CO 2 is the foremost gas emitted into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned; therefore, many techniques have been used to control its emission [3]. Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies are specifically used to reduce CO 2 emissions [4]. The postcombustion techniques (Absorption, adsorption, and membrane) are worldwide used to capture CO 2 after occurring the combustion [5]. ...
... This is particularly significant with the exploration and development of hydrocarbons toward complex reservoirs such as lowpermeability reservoirs. Moreover, unlike in the past, when the efficiency was defined as maximizing the recovery factor, the new interpretation of efficiency is based on optimizing the balance between recovery factor and carbon footprint reduction (Tapia et al., 2018;Jiang et al., 2020). Given these considerations, when choosing EOR methods, new innovations or emerging processes are highly needed to address the challenges in complex reservoirs. ...
... A critical literature review is being conducted on the multifaceted challenges and complexities underlying the implementation of regionally competitive energy tariffs (RCET) within Pakistan's export sector in order to gain a thorough understanding the study topic. Understanding the dynamics of energy pricing in export industries is crucial in a time of increased global competition and rising demand for sustainable energy sources (Jiang et al., 2020). Critical reviews are useful for identifying key obstacles to RCET implementation in Pakistan, such as issues with data availability, reliability, and confidentiality. ...
This research investigates the multifaceted challenges and intricacies surrounding the implementation of Regionally Competitive Energy Tariffs (RCET) within Pakistan's export sector. In an era marked by increased global competition and a growing need for energy sustainability, understanding the dynamics of energy pricing in export industries is paramount. The research identifies significant hurdles in implementing RCET in Pakistan, including problems with data availability, reliability, and confidentiality. These issues may affect the accuracy of the analysis. Furthermore, it recognizes the dynamic nature of the energy and export sectors, making it challenging to capture changes within a set timeframe. It also offers valuable guidance to policymakers, energy sector stakeholders, and export industry leaders aiming to enhance Pakistan's export competitiveness. It lays the groundwork for future studies, advocating for more profound insights through in-depth interviews and surveys with industry players. Long-term assessments of RCET's impact on Pakistan's export competitiveness are also encouraged.
Maximizing storage performance in geological carbon storage (GCS) is crucial for commercial deployment, but traditional optimization demands resource-intensive simulations, posing computational challenges. This study introduces the multimodal latent dynamic (MLD) model, a deep learning framework for fast flow prediction and well control optimization in GCS. The MLD model includes a representation module for compressed latent representations, a transition module for system state evolution, and a prediction module for flow responses. A novel training strategy combining regression loss and joint-embedding consistency loss enhances temporal consistency and multi-step prediction accuracy. Unlike existing models, the MLD supports diverse input modalities, allowing comprehensive data interactions. The MLD model, resembling a Markov decision process (MDP), can train deep reinforcement learning agents, specifically using the soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm, to maximize net present value (NPV) through continuous interactions. The approach outperforms traditional methods, achieving the highest NPV while reducing computational resources by over 60%. It also demonstrates strong generalization performance, providing improved decisions for new scenarios based on knowledge from previous ones.
Addressing carbon emissions from hard-to-abate heavy industries has become critical for mitigating global climate change. This review systematically examines the current landscape, practical routes to decarbonise, and future pathways toward achieving net-zero emissions in four critical sectors: iron and steel, cement, coal-fired power generation, and chemical synthesis industries. The paper also underscores the urgent need for carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology solutions targeting the CO2 emissions from these vital industries. The paper focuses
on analysing global efforts to implement commercially viable and cost-effective CCS models to pinpoint the most efficient technologies. Detailed overviews of each industry's carbon capture potential and decarbonization pathways are presented, alongside discussions on innovative, cost-effective CCS technologies currently operational worldwide. Moreover, the paper explores the integration of renewable energy sources as a crucial component in achieving a net-zero future. It also explores negative emission technologies such as Direct Air Capture, Bioenergy coupled with CCS, and Geochemical methods, highlighting their potential to offset
emissions from these hard-to-abate industries. By consolidating contemporary advancements, confronting challenges, and projecting future prospects, this paper systematically elucidates the intricate pathways toward attaining carbon neutrality within hard-to-abate industrial sectors.
The tight reservoir exhibits pronounced heterogeneity and possesses complex physical properties, thereby constraining crude oil exploitation. Water and CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery encounter challenges related to low sweep efficiency and viscous fingering, resulting in suboptimal recovery effectiveness. In recent years, there has been growing attention towards the synergistic advantages of oil displacement through the injection of fluids such as CO2, hydrocarbon gases, and chemical additives. This paper presents the design of a microscopic visualization experimental system specifically tailored for studying high-temperature and high-pressure composite fluid displacement in actual tight oil reservoir conditions. Based on the pore throat characteristics inside the core, a visual micro-nano scale pore throat model was created to simulate the flow of composite fluid in micro-nano channels under high temperature and high pressure conditions. The research findings indicate that adding dimethyl ether and ethane to composite gases enhances their solubility and expansion in crude oil. Comparing the occurrence characteristics of residual oil after CO2 injection development reveals that injecting a composite gas (CO2- C2H6-DME) leads to a notable reduction in residual oil in the form of Clustered and oil Porous. The experimental results show that the final recovery rate of composite gas flooding can reach 92.8%, which is 46.7% higher than pure CO2. This paper presents, for the first time, the synergistic enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology of injecting a composite gas mixture (CO2, C2H6, DME) into tight reservoirs. This study employs microscopic visualization techniques to assess the variation in residual oil characteristics and the enhancement of recovery in crude oils driven by different gases.
Climate change, primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), is a pressing environmental and societal concern. Carbon neutrality, or net zero, involves reducing carbon dioxide emissions, the most common GHG, and then balancing residual emissions through removing or offsetting. Particularly difficult challenges have emerged for firms seeking to reduce emissions from Scope 1 (internal operations) and Scope 3 (supply chain). Incremental changes are very unlikely to meet the objective of carbon neutrality. Synthesizing a framework that draws together both the means of achieving carbon neutrality and the scope of change helps to clarify opportunities for research by operations management scholars. Companies must assess and apply promising technologies, form new strategic relationships, and adopt novel practices while taking into account costs, risks, implications for stakeholders, and, most importantly, business sustainability. Research on carbon neutrality is encouraged to move beyond isolated discussions focused on specific tactics and embrace a more, though not fully, holistic examination. Research opportunities abound in both theoretical and empirical domains, such as exploring tradeoffs between different tactics, balancing portfolios, and investigating the strategic deployment of initiatives over time. As a research community, we are critically positioned to develop integrative insights at multiple levels, from individual processes to horizontal and vertical partnerships and ultimately to large‐scale systemic realignment and change.
The technology called carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is important for capturing CO2 emissions before they enter the air. Because everyone wants to stop global warming by reducing CO2 emissions, CCUS is an important and emerging technology that can help slow down climate change, lower emissions in many areas, and support the move toward a sustainable and carbon-neutral future. As CCUS technology and its adaptation increases, it is very important to pay attention to the CCUS risks from a supply chain (SC) point of view. The goal of this study was to identify CCUS supply chain risks and develop a conceptual framework (CF) that provides a structured approach to ensure safe and reliable CCUS supply chain operations. Therefore, this study analyzed the literature related to the SCs of different sectors and identified the SC risks, which was the foundation for CCUS SC risk identification. This study demonstrates that there is no research article that provides a comprehensive CCUS SC risk management framework that connects with risk management strategies. The conceptual framework that is proposed in this study connects CCUS SC functions, risks, and risk management strategies to construct a complete CCUS supply chain risk management system. Moreover, the CF provides guidelines for future research, which will enrich the CCUS supply chain risk management system as well as fight climate change.
n this study, PrBa0.5Sr0.5Fe1.9Ge0.1O5+δ (PBSFG), the Sr and Ge doped PrBaFe2O5+δ (PBF), is investigated as a symmetrical electrode of solid oxide cells (SOCs). PBSFG has the potential to be a promising symmetrical electrode in SOCs owing to its high catalytic performance with redox stability. The concentration of oxygen vacancies and surface exchange coefficient of PBSFG are better than that of PBF. The results indicate that PBSFG exhibits not only adequate performance in the fuel cell, with a maximum power density of 1.05 W cm−2 at 800 °C, but also enhanced CO2 electrolysis performance, compared to the PBF. Specifically, in the CO2-electrolysis mode, a maximum current density of 825 mA cm−2 is measured at 850 °C and 1.5 V, which is substantially higher than that of 370 mA cm−2 measured for undoped PBF. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of Sr and Ge doping in PBF to improved CO2 electrolysis performance and notable fuel cell performance.
Chemical absorption is currently the most mature carbon capture technology, but it has high energy consumption. Phase change absorbents have great potential for reducing energy consumption. In this paper, an attempt is made to combine the commonly used organic phase splitter and physical phase splitter to explore the comprehensive performance of the absorber under the joint action of the two. Hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine (AEEA) was used as the active amine, N , N ‐diethylethanolamine (DEEA) as the organic phase splitter, and sulfolane as the physical phase splitter. Different molar ratios of the three reagents were carried out to screen out the combinations with superior split‐phase effects, and the absorption and desorption characteristics of the combination of AEEA/DEEA/sulfolane were investigated in terms of absorption performance, desorption performance, cycling performance, and physical parameters. The results showed that the combination of 2 M AEEA/1 M DEEA/4 M sulfolane was the most advantageous, with an absorption load up to 2.17 mol/L, a volume of the rich phase accounting for about 64%, an initial absorption rate up to 0.1756 mol · L ⁻¹ · min ⁻¹ , a desorption rate of 75.5% at the desorption temperature of 393.15 K, and the rich‐phase viscosity had a great advantage over the other molar ratio combinations. The changes of the components before and after phase separation were analyzed by ¹³ C NMR to investigate the phase separation mechanism, and the five repeated cycle tests showed that the absorption load was stable, the desorption capacity was strong, and the phase separation performance was good.
China's goal of carbon neutrality by 2060 requires a significant transformation of energy systems and the economy, raising critical questions about the domestic energy legal and regulatory systems. This book critically analyses the development and implementation of energy laws and regulations related to crucial strategies and pathways towards carbon neutrality, namely decarbonising power supply, enabling fuel switching, electrifying end-use in transport and industry, and adopting carbon removal mechanisms. It offers rich legal details and insights into regulatory processes and arrangements that underpin energy market reform and liberalisation, while also examining the role of law and regulatory measures in promoting technological advancements and supply chains for decarbonisation, with a focus on renewable energy, energy efficiency and storage, electric vehicles, critical transition minerals and carbon removal mechanisms.
The Lufeng (LF) 2-1 structure, which is the largest anticlinal structure developed in the Zhu I depression of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, offers high-quality source-sink matching with onshore CO2 emissions. In this paper, a 3D model using the TOUGH2/ECO2N tool was developed based on typical formation parameters obtained from a review of well and seismic structural data. Numerical results indicated that doubling the injection quantity does not result in a doubling of the CO2 distribution, which suggests the presence of nonlinear variations between the two variables. The CO2 plumes remain within the LF2-1 structural trap based on injection rates of either 1 Mt/y or 2 Mt/y. The maximum increase in formation pressure is less than 2 bars, which is 0.9% of the primary formation pressure. Therefore, the reservoir and seal properties of LF2-1 are optimal, which suggests that the prospect of injecting and storing a total of 40 Mt of CO2 is good. Overall, the LF2-1 may be used as a suitable offshore site for large-scale storage of industrial CO2 in deep saline aquifers. Additionally, the findings can guide site selection decisions in Guangdong Province for offshore CO2 geological storage demonstrations.
The China Australia Geological Storage of CO₂ (CAGS) Project is a collaborative project that aims to accelerate the development and deployment of geological storage of carbon dioxide in China and Australia. There are four main programs under CAGS to build CCS capabilities in both countries: research projects, technical workshops, training schools, and scholarly exchanges. All have contributed in advancing CCS/CCUS knowledge and building capability in China and Australia. Now in its third phase and its 10th year, CAGS is regarded as a successful bilateral project, which has produced essential research for advancing CCUS in China, established a strong network for Australian and Chinese researchers and institutions, and contributed to advancing CCUS globally. The paper describes the history of the collaboration and impact of this successful bilateral project.
As a useful technical measure to deal with the problem of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has been highly regarded in both theory and practice under the promotion of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Knowledge mapping is helpful for understanding the evolution in terms of research topics and emerging trends in a specific domain. In this work knowledge mapping of CCS technology was investigated using CiteSpace. Several aspects of the outputs of publications in the CCS research area were analyzed, such as annual trends, countries, and institutions. The research topics in this particular technology area were analyzed based on their co-occurring keyword networks and co-citation literature networks, while, the emerging trends and research frontiers were studied through the analysis of burst keywords and citation bursts. The results indicated that the annual number of publications in the research field of CCS technology increased rapidly after 2005. There are more CCS studies published in countries from Asia, North America, and Europe, especially in the United States and China. The Chinese Academy of Sciences not only has the largest number of publications, but also has a greater impact on the research area of CCS technology, however, there are more productive institutions located in developed countries. In the research area of CCS technology, the main research topics include carbon emissions and environmental protection, research and development activities, and social practical issues, meanwhile, the main emerging trends include emerging techniques and processes, emerging materials, evaluation of technological performance, and socioeconomic analysis.
Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and geological storage (CCUS) is one of the key technologies to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions fighting for global climate change. As a great country with a rapid economic development, it’s important for China to promote energy conservation and GHGs emissions reduction, and adhere to the sustainable development of green gross domestic product. In September 2011, “Technology Roadmap Study on Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage in China” was issued by the Department of S&T for Social Development, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China and the Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21. This first CCUS roadmap sets some milestone objectives in 2015, 2020 and 2030, as well as some suggestions for priority technical development of fundamental research and applied technology research to achieve the demonstration objectives. The first milestone (2015) has just past. Firstly, this paper analyzes the results of latest literature review and expert panel discussion, and it can be found that China has built a number of CCUS pilot and demonstration projects, and priority deployment has also gained some achievements, but on the whole the current progress lags behind the target about 2-3 years. In this context, to achieve the milestone object of 2020 this paper concludes it is necessary to solve the financing problem of large scale integrated projects to improve the economic efficiency of CCUS technology, and at the same time, it must be solved for the scale-up problems of all the key technologies of CCUS technology. Finally, this paper suggests when setting new targets for a coming China’s CCUS roadmap (updated edition), in addition to considering the development level of mainstream technologies and emerging technologies, it should be taken into account the impact of national policies on choices and applications of the technologies for CCUS projects. [Chinese Article with English Abstract]
Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is regarded as a very promising technology to reduce CO2 emission in China, which could improve the contradiction between economic development and environment protection. In order to study the CO2 storage potential for deploying CCUS projects in China, considering China's special geological features and current national conditions, a new evaluation method of CO2 storage capacity was proposed using the mass balance approach combined with various CO2 storage mechanisms in different formations, and the CO2 storage capacity was calculated in saline aquifer for CO2-EWR, oil reservoir for CO2-EOR and coal bed for CO2-ECBM respectively. The result shows that China has great CO2 storage potential, which is estimated to be over 1841 Gt. The different features and application prospect of CO2-EWR, CO2-EOR and CO2-ECBM in China were analyzed, which give guidance on critical technologies breakthrough and costs reduction along the CCUS chain. With the joint effort and support by policy and finance, CCUS will make great contribution to the development of low carbon economy for China and the world.
The European Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) industry is still grasping for an effective policy structure which will support deployment of commercial CCS projects. This paper will consider the current context of CCS policy given three significant developments: (a) the agreement in 2014 for a technology neutral 2030 EU emissions reduction target; (b) a binding commitment at COP21 in Paris, Dec 2015, for a global emissions reduction target; (c) the collapse of the UK's CCS Commercialisation Programme in Nov 2015.
The China-Australia Geological Storage of CO2 (CAGS) project was first established in 2008. The project aims to further develop China and Australia's technical skills in the area of geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) through capacity building activities; training opportunities; sharing of expertise through scientific exchanges; and advancing geological storage science through sponsored research projects in China. Phase 2 was successfully completed in 2015. More than 150 experts, young researchers and students, from over 30 organisations, participated in CAGS2. The project supported 5 research projects, including in the Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and in Xinjiang Province. An impact survey revealed strong support for continued
engagement from both Australia and China. Participants also commented that participation in CAGS activities had promoted CCS within Chinese institutions and initiated new research activities. The survey also sought ideas and suggestions from participants on research areas that could be explored for future cooperation between Australia and China. Detailed discussions were held at the final workshop on future collaborative opportunities and areas identified include: environmental monitoring; storage site selection; groundwater studies; CCS policy/regulation; and a research program centred on a demonstration project in Xinjiang Province. These recommendations were adopted and form the basis for CAGS3, which continues from 2016 to 2018. A summary of the major activities for CAGS3 is provided.
Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a gas injection technology that enables the storage of CO2 underground. The CO2 can be captured from a variety of stationary point sources such as power plants, cement and steel industries, and transported through pipelines or tanks to the injection locations. The aim of the CCUS technologies are twofold, on the one hand to reduce the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere and on the other hand to increase oil/gas/heat recovery. Different types of CCUS technologies and related engineering projects have a long history of research and operation in the USA. However, in China they have a short development period ca. 10 years. Unlike CO2 capture and CO2-EOR technologies that are already operating on a commercial scale in China, research into other CCUS technologies is still in its infancy or at the pilot-scale. This paper first reviews the status and development of the different types of CCUS technologies and related engineering projects worldwide. Then it focuses on their developments in China in the last decade. The main research projects, international cooperation, as well as pilot-scale engineering projects in China are summarized and compared. Finally, the paper examines the challenges and prospects to be experienced through the industrialization of CCUS engineering projects in China. It can be concluded that the CCUS technologies have still large potential in China. It can only be unlocked by overcoming the technical and social challenges. [This is an Open Access Article. It can be freely downloaded via http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/geofluids/aip/6126505.pdf]
The environmental risk assessment is an important research content of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture, utilization and geological storage (CCUS). In this paper, we firstly addressed the exposure draft of China’s Technical Guideline on Environmental Risk Assessment for Carbon Dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage. Then, we applied this technical guideline to the Shenhua Group’s CCS demonstration project located in the Ordos Basin, China. The feature-event-process analysis and risk matrix method were used to evaluate the consequences and the possibility of environmental risks of the project. Finally, through the example of verification, we investigated the applicability and potential problems of this technical guideline. Though the final release of this technical guideline on June 20, 2016 has some notable changes, the whole assessment method and operational procedures of this paper can be used all the time without changes.
This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file.
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is playing a significant role in dealing with the global climate change, such as CO2 Injects into coal bed reservoirs, it is proved that CCUS technology not only definitely reduce CO2 emissions, but also enhance coal bed methane (ECBM).Coalbed methane resources are very rich in China, its resources ranks the third in the world. The coal structure of coalbed methane reservoirs are very complicated, experimental results show that methane content is not the same between low coal rank and high coal rank, therefore, desorption and absorption laws of CO2 for two different coal ranks are obviously different. This study point out weaknesses of evaluation methods both at home and abroad, show clearly what problems existing in the previous evaluation results based on the actual production situations of China’s coal bed methane. The new modified method has been used to estimate on operable capacity, practical capacity, effective capacity as well as theoretical capacity in coalbed basin of the whole China. The research takes fully into account the influence of various factors including proved ratio, replacement ratio of CO2 to CH4, recovery ratio, ash content and moisture, completion factor, efficient pores volume, gas saturation, etc. While estimating CO2 storage capacity, the proved ratio is deemed to a key factor influencing estimates. The authors think that not all the coal bed methane reservoirs can be used for CO2 storage and ECBM. According to actual situation of engineering practice, this paper forecasts the future of coalbed methane recovery, and then it is the first time to put forward that the depth limitation of the coal bed methane reservoirs. At present, CO2 store depth of 300m to 1000m is unreasonable because of the coal resources will be used by underground coal gasification technology. The new methods give full consideration to the reasonable depth of CBM reservoir. Experimental results show that CO2 / CH4 adsorption ratio is different along with the depth of reservoirs. CO2 storage capacities of China coalbed basins are calculated by using the method, the results exhibit CO2 accumulated operable capacity and practical capacity.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) is considered widely as one of promising options for CO2 emissions reduction, especially for those countries with coal-dominant energy mix like China. Injecting and storing a huge volume of CO2 in deep formations are likely to cause a series of geomechanical issues, including ground surface uplift, damage of caprock integrity, and fault reactivation. The Shenhua CCS demonstration project in Ordos Basin, China, is the first and the largest full-chain saline aquifer storage project of CO2 in Asia. The injection started in 2010 and ended in 2015, during which totally 0.3 million tonnes (Mt) CO2 was injected. The project is unique in which CO2 was injected into 18 sandstone formations simultaneously and the overlying coal seams will be mined after the injection stopped in 2015. Hence, intense geomechanical studies and monitoring works have been conducted in recent years, including possible damage resulting from the temperature difference between injected CO2 and formations, injection-induced stress and deformation change, potential failure mode and safety factor, interaction between coal mining and CO2 geological storage, determination of injection pressure limit, and surface monitoring by the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology. In this paper, we first described the background and its geological conditions of the Shenhua CCS demonstration project. Then, we gave an introduction to the coupled thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical (THMC) processes in CO2 geological storage, and mapped the key geomechanical issues into the THMC processes accordingly. Next, we proposed a generalized geomechanical research flowchart for CO2 geological storage projects. After that, we addressed and discussed some typical geomechanical issues, including design of injection pressure limit, CO2 injection-induced near-field damage, and interaction between CO2 geological storage and coal mining, in the Shenhua CCS demonstration project. Finally, we concluded some insights to this CCS project.
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674775516301305]
Phase two of the China Australia Geological Storage of CO2 (CAGS2) project aimed to build on the success of the previous CAGS project and promote capacity building, training opportunities and share expertise on the geological storage of CO2. The project was led by Geoscience Australia (GA) and China’s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) through the Administrative Centre for China's Agenda 21 (ACCA21).
CAGS2 has successfully completed all planned activities including three workshops, two carbon capture and storage (CCS) training schools, five research projects focusing on different aspects of the geological storage of CO2, and ten researcher exchanges to China and Australia. The project received favourable feedback from project partners and participants in CAGS activities and there is a strong desire from the Chinese government and Chinese researchers to continue the collaboration. The project can be considered a highly successful demonstration of bi-lateral cooperation between the Australian and Chinese governments.
Through the technical workshops, training schools, exchange programs, and research projects, CAGS2 has facilitated and supported on-going collaboration between many research institutions and industry in Australia and China. More than 150 experts, young researchers and college students, from over 30 organisations, participated in CAGS2. The opportunity to interact with Australian and international experts at CAGS hosted workshops and schools was appreciated by the participants, many of whom do not get the opportunity to attend international conferences. Feedback from a CAGS impact survey found that the workshops and schools inspired many researchers and students to pursue geological storage research.
The scientific exchanges proved effective and often fostered further engagement between Chinese and Australian researchers and their host organisations. The research projects often acted as a catalyst for attracting additional CCS funding (at least A$700,000), including two projects funded under the China Clean Development Mechanism Fund. CAGS sponsored research led to reports, international conference presentations, and Chinese and international journal papers.
CAGS has established a network of key CCS/CCUS (carbon capture, utilisation and storage) researchers in China and Australia. This is exemplified by the fact that 4 of the 6 experts that provided input on the “storage section” of the 12th Five-Year plan for Scientific and Technological Development of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, which laid out the technical policy priorities for R&D and demonstration of CCUS technology in China, were CAGS affiliated researchers.
The substantial contribution of CAGS to China’s capacity building and policy on CCUS has been gratefully acknowledged by the Chinese Government. China Australia
This article examines the tension between the democratic right of public participation on specific environmental issues, guaranteed by European Law, and the degree to which it is being challenged in the UK as a consequence of recent approaches to energy infrastructure planning. Recent trends in UK government policy frameworks seem both to threaten effective public participation and challenge EU planning strategy, in particular those outlined in the Aarhus convention. The research outlined in this study involves an assessment of the changing context of planning and energy policy, in addition to recent changes in legislation formulation in the UK. The research findings, derived from an extensive interview process of elite stakeholders engaged in policy and legislation formulation in the UK and the EU provide a new categorisation system of stakeholders in energy policy that can be utilised in future research. The article concludes with a second order analysis of the interviewee data and provides solutions to increase public participation in the planning of energy infrastructure that emerge from the different perspectives.
CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) technology has begun to transform into the boom of CO2 utilization technology, which is of great significance to China considering its coal-based primary energy mix. CO2 utilization technology can be divided into three categories, i.e., CO2 geological utilization (CGU), CO2 chemical utilization (CCU), and CO2 biological utilization (CBU). In this paper, first, the development status of the different utilization technologies in China is introduced, and then, the situation, distribution, and water characteristics of China’s coal chemical industry (CCI, i.e. an industry to convert coal to synthetic fuel and/or chemical products) are analyzed in detail. Subsequently, utilization technologies suitable for China’s CCI are proposed combining water consumption of CCS technology. The results of this research led to the following conclusions: (1) CO2 utilization technology is undoubtedly the best choice for the CCI; (2) CGU technologies are viewed as the best choices for the coal chemical industry, with supplementary, small-scale chemical utilization of three wastes, i.e., waste gas, wastewater, and industrial residue; (3) The EOR (CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery), EUL (CO2 Enhanced Uranium Leaching), ECBM (CO2 Enhanced Coal Bed Methane), and EWR (CO2 Enhanced (Saline) Water Recovery) technologies show great promise, and CCI preferentially use the option with low water consumption, such as CO2-EWR. However, as the carbon market matures, CO2-EOR will become the first priority.
Mainstreaming involves integrating climate adaptation measures into existing policies and programs. This article reviews the policy process and policy capacity of government organizations and suggests that both need to be incorporated into climate change adaptation assessments. A critical part of mainstreaming is evidence-based decision-making, which emphasizes that decision makers should have the best available information in order to make knowledgeable decisions. This requires policy work that involves a wide variety of statistical methods, applied research, and advanced modeling techniques to gauge broad public opinion and attitudes as well as more routine research techniques. A review of previous past quantitative studies conducted mainly in Canada identifies factors driving policy capacity within government departments responsible for formulating, choosing, implementing, and evaluating climate change adaptation policies and programs. Policy capacity has traditionally been objectively measured and includes indicators such as the number of policy staff, their education levels, resources available, roles and tasks, and ongoing training. More attention needs to be paid to the subjective perceptions of individuals who undertake policy work, in particular the attitudes towards the policy-making process. This paper concludes by proposing a policy capacity framework that includes individual, organizational, and sectoral policy capacity considerations.
This article explores the space for public participation during the consenting process for a nationally significant wind energy
or carbon capture and storage infrastructure project. Legal obligations to provide opportunities for public involvement in
these processes can be found in national, EU and international law. However, an examination of strategic planning policy suggests
that in practice, very little will be up for discussion at this stage. This is consistent with a certain mistrust of the public
in high-level policy discourse on the technological change thought necessary for climate change mitigation. Legally entrenched
rights to participate, coupled with limited opportunities to influence, create the danger that participation becomes a simple
bureaucratic hurdle, frustrating for all concerned.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is one of the most promising technological solutions to realize low-carbon utilization of fossil fuels in a large scale. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), China and Italy initiated the “Sino-Italy Cooperation on Application of CCS to Coal Fired Power Plants” (SICCS) project which not only promoted CCS technology exchanges and scientific research collaboration between both countries, but also conducted a pre- feasibility study on a full chain demonstration project, including capture of CO2 from coal fired power plant, CO2 transport and storage. This paper will introduce the overall R&D collaboration progress on this project. It first reports activities designed to raise CCS capacity in China and to facilitate the knowledge sharing between Chinese and Italian academe, key outcomes of the SICCS project including the first and second Sino-Italian Scientific Meetings on technology exchange, information sharing, and preliminary feasibility study for CCS demonstration project in China. Then, this paper investigates the preliminary feasibility study of a 1.0 Mt/y carbon dioxide (CO2) capture unit for an existing coal fired power station in China carried out by experts from both China and Italy. The study results obtained with reference to Chinese 600 MWe thermoelectric power plant were compared with those of Italian CCS demonstration project. Finally, this paper concludes main results of the collaboration and preliminary study, raises a new cross-boarder science and technology collaboration mechanism based on industrialization of scientific research cooperation and technology exchange by co-conducting demonstration projects. It also extracts main features of the processes and technologies that may be applied to the demonstrative application of CCS to the 600 MWe unit of Chinese coal power plant.
Norway is among a handful of countries with an explicit policy to promote carbon capture and storage (CCS) at both national and international levels. This paper investigates the internal and external driving forces behind Norway's efforts to advance CCS as a global climate change mitigation option. The ambition is twofold: First, a mapping of Norway's public CCS policy with emphasis on the externally directed efforts is offered based on interviews and document studies. Second, it is explained how CCS foreign policy was chosen as a prioritized means of climate change mitigation policy in Norway. The study is conducted with the application of Foreign Policy Analysis. From the outside-in perspective, the international climate regime is emphasized. From the inside-out perspective, bureaucratic politics is in focus. It is found that the winning coalition behind the domestic CCS agenda also directed CCS foreign policy design and implementation. The CCS foreign policy offers a means to fulfil Norway's regime obligations on terms that harmonize the potential conflict of maintaining a political economy reliant on petroleum exports with a credible climate change mitigation policy. It is shown how technology R&D for global use has been a key ingredient in this context. It is also explored how the CCS foreign policy was materialized with the means of official development assistance and other funding mechanisms.
China is facing severe challenge on CO2 reduction and will rely on coal as its main energy in the future. Under this circumstance, it is necessary for China to develop CCS technology. However, it may suffer serious risks for China to develop scaled CCS project. This paper aims to identify and evaluate risks for the development of scaled CCS project in China. Main research contents are summarized as follows: firstly, risk factors of CCS project are identified with the application of actor network theory analysis method. The results show that the development of CCS project in China could face risks from aspects of technology, HSE (health, safety and environment), market, energy and resources, as well as policy and regulations. Secondly, case study is conducted on China's first demonstration CCS project “Shenhua CCS demonstration project”. Results show that risks of case project is relatively lower which reflects the case project's characteristics in project scale, site selection and technologies applied. Thirdly, suggestions for risk preventing are proposed.
Over the past decade, the United States (US) has demonstrated strong and evolving interest in the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS), an emerging set of technologies with potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants. Given the many technical, economic, and environmental uncertainties about the future of CCS, the political salience of this technology is high. In the US, states make key decisions about deploying energy technology projects, but variation in state-level energy context (both technical and socio-political) is substantial. This research assesses variation in the state-level energy context for CCS development by exploring energy policy stakeholders' perceptions of CCS in four geographically and demographically diverse states. Policy stakeholders have different degrees of familiarity with CCS, and the goal of this research is to understand and compare the perceptions of CCS among stakeholders who shape state-level energy policy. Semi-structured interviews with 84 energy policy stakeholders across government, industry, academia, and non-governmental organizations active in four different states (Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana and Texas) were analyzed to compare perceptions of CCS risks and benefits. Negative associations of CCS were mentioned more frequently than positive attributes in each state, and technical, political and economic risks are more dominant than environmental or health and safety risks. Content analysis of the interviews provides insight on emerging sub-national discourse regarding CCS, on state-level variation in familiarity with CCS, and on sub-national variation in the socio-political context for energy technologies. The variation in state and stakeholder energy priorities and perceptions revealed in this study highlights challenges in the development and implementation of national-level energy policy and also specific challenges in the deployment of CCS.
Climate change poses a significant risk for communities, and local governments around the world have begun responding by developing climate adaptation policies. Scholarship on local adaptation policy has proliferated in recent years, but insufficient attention has been paid to operationalization of the unit of analysis, and methods employed are typically inadequate to draw inferences about variation across cases. This article seeks to contribute to the conceptual and methodological foundations of a research agenda for comparative analysis of local adaptation policies and policy-making. Synthesizing insights from policy studies literature and existing adaptation research, the article identifies and operationalizes two aspects of public policy—policy content and policy process—which are salient objects of comparative analysis that typically vary from one community to another. The article also addresses research design, outlining a comparative case study methodology that incorporates various qualitative analytical techniques as the vehicle to examine these policy elements in empirical settings.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378015000035
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a critical technology to de-carbonise the power and industrial sectors. As such, many nations have ambitious plans to demonstrate and then promote commercial scale development of CCS. To facilitate early demonstrations and lay the groundwork for widespread use of CCS, governments are rapidly developing new CCS regulations and policies. There have been a number of important regulatory and legal developments in the European Union, United States, Australia, Canada, Norway and several other jurisdictions. This paper and presentation will provide a brief but comprehensive update of these developments and will document and synthesise discussions and activities that were undertaken as part of the IEA's International CCS Regulators' Network. It is hoped that information sharing of this kind can help to facilitate harmonised global approaches to regulating CCS. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
We investigate the effect of environmental policies on innovation under different levels of competition. Using information regarding renewable energy policies, competition and green patents for OECD countries since the late 1970s, we develop a pre-sample mean count-data econometric specification that accounts for the endogeneity of policies. We find that renewable energy policies are more effective in fostering green innovation in countries with liberalized energy markets. We also find that environmental policies are crucial only in the generation of high-quality green patents, whereas competition enhances the generation of low-quality green patents.
As an emerging technology with the potential to enable large-scale utilization of fossil fuels in a low-carbon manner, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is widely considered to be a strategic technology option to help reduce CO2 emissions and ensure energy security in China. In principle, CCUS can be divided into three categories, namely chemical utilization, biological utilization and geological utilization. Of the three categories, carbon geological utilization and storage (CGUS) technology has obtained the most attention lately due to its ability to utilize underground resources and conditions, to generate further economic benefits, a feature that distinguishes it from other CO2 reduction technologies. The CGUS technology related in this paper has various types, each with its own potential, difficulties and characteristics. This paper summarizes China’s research findings on the various types of CGUS technology, analyzes their research status, development potential, early opportunities and long-term contributions and recommends major geological utilization methods to policy makers and investors based on China’s natural resources and industrial characteristics. Besides, this paper analyzes the status, mechanisms and limitations of China’s relations with other countries in this field, as a means to promote research cooperation on an international level.
Guangdong has China's highest GDP of any province and actively advocates low-carbon development. At present, Guangdong's low-carbon roadmap emphasizes the adjustment of industrial structure, increased energy saving and efficiency, and renewable and nuclear energy, while CCS is not featured. This is partially due to the geographical gap in the existing body of research on CCS in China, as to date no substantial research on CCS has taken place in the regions south of the Yangtze River, including Guangdong.This paper presents the partial outcome of the first CCS-related research in Guangdong, which is aiming for a preliminary assessment on the effective CO2 storage capacity in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) offshore Guangdong. As the storage capacity onshore Guangdong is limited as shown by a parallel study, the offshore sedimentary basins deserve particular attention. The PRMB is the largest sedimentary basin in the passive margin of the northern South China Sea, with a total area of nearly 200000km2 and maximum sediment thickness of over 14km. Based on published data, geological conditions and parameters for CO2 storage are analyzed, volumes of potential formations are calculated on a GIS platform, and the storage capacity is calculated according to CSLF and USDOE formulations. The estimated effective storage capacity is 308Gt in deep saline formations, including 0.06Gt in oil and gas fields. This capacity is sufficiently large for storaging the CO2 emitted from the major point sources in Guangdong in many decades. Promising areas are suggested for further investigations.
This chapter examines the process related to policy-making as well as potential determinants of policy choices. It begins with a discussion of conceptual models of policy-making, namely the institutional, rational, incremental, group, elite, and process models. It then considers the policy cycle, which models the policy process as a series of political activities, consisting of agenda setting, policy formulation, policy sadoption, implementation, and evaluation. It also analyses the role of institutions, frames, and policy styles in policy-making and concludes with an assessment of the most crucial domestic and international factors shaping the design of policies, focusing in particular on theories of policy diffusion, policy transfer, and cross-national policy convergence, along with international sources that affect domestic policy-making.
Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies are crucial for achieving long-term climate change goals in China. Drawing on the 45Q tax credit provisions enacted by the U.S., three subsidy modes, two scenarios and two carbon emission reduction options are developed in this study, in which the real options approach combined with a trinomial tree model is employed to evaluate investment decisions made by coal-fired power plants (CFPP) in China. The results show that offering a 12-year CO2 storage subsidy to full-chain CCUS CFPP provides the motivation needed for CCUS investment during the 12-year subsidy period; however the economic benefits of such investment cannot be sustained over the 40-year lifetime. It's economically viable for CFPP to capture 90% CO2 emissions and sell them to oil enterprises for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) over a 40-year period. Besides, for full-chain CCUS CFPP the incentive effects of the 45Q subsidy mode and the full initial investment plus operation and maintenance (I + O&M) subsidy mode are much more suited to the 40-year emission reduction option, whereas the simple O&M subsidy mode is more suitable for the 12-year emission reduction option. However, for CO2-EOR projects, there is no significant difference between the three subsidy modes.
Renewable energy, as an important part of the world's energy system, is conducive to the harmonious development of humanity and nature. China has been paying considerable attention to renewable energy given the growing pressure of energy shortages and environmental deterioration. The legal framework of renewable energy in China has greatly contributed to the achievements already made in this field; however, it is still insufficient to integrate renewable energy into the national energy system. This paper, in light of the comparisons of various state practices, critically reviews the problems of China's renewable energy law and policy such as problems with fragmentation, obsolescence, and lack of operability. In addition to identifying the consequent disadvantages, this review also presents improvement recommendations.
Strategic regional planning is an important step towards a successful CCUS development. This paper is the first effort of proposing a development plan of offshore CO2 storage and transport for Guangdong in 2030 and 2050. We attempt to make an ambitious and achievable plan. The cluster-hub model of sources and sinks is adopted, and reuse of existing infrastructures is preferred. The targets of CCUS in Guangdong by 2050 are approximately 8% of the CCS targets that proposed for entire China (ADB, 2015), except a smaller target of 2050. The dual-phase and dual-track approach of ADB’s roadmap is followed. The CCUS phase I before 2030 is characterized by the capture of high-purity CO2 from petrochemical industry and the storage of CO2 mainly related to CO2-EOR. The target of ∼3 Mtpa CCUS in 2030 will be achieved by source-sink match A1. The phase II from 2030 to 2050 is characterized by a wider deployment of CCUS. The target of CCUS in Guangdong is ∼35 Mtpa in 2040 and ∼110 Mtpa in 2050, leading to the cumulative CO2 avoidance of ∼187 MtCO2 for 2031–2040 and ∼730 MtCO2 for 2041–2050. Four source-sink matches are proposed for this phase, including the storage clusters in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and in the Beibuwan Basin in the northern South China Sea. Research with sufficient lead time to support the phased CCUS development is proposed, including databases, feasibility studies, technique R&D, cost estimation, and optimized system design. We are fully aware of the large uncertainty in the years ahead, and regard this planning as a highly general and hypothetic proposal.
Congress is examining potential approaches to reducing manmade contributions to global warming from U.S. sources. One approach is carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) — capturing CO2 at its source (e.g., a power plant) and storing it indefinitely (e.g., underground) to avoid its release to the atmosphere. A common requirement among the various techniques for CCS is a dedicated pipeline network for transporting CO2 from capture sites to storage sites. In the 110th Congress, there has been considerable debate on the capture and sequestration aspects of carbon sequestration, while there has been relatively less focus on transportation. Nonetheless, there is increasing understanding in Congress that a national CCS program could require the construction of a substantial network of interstate CO2 pipelines. S. 2144 and S. 2191 would require the Secretary of Energy to study the feasibility of constructing and operating such a network of pipelines. S. 2323 would require carbon sequestration projects to evaluate the most cost-efficient ways to integrate CO2 sequestration, capture, and transportation. S. 2149 would allow seven-year accelerated depreciation for qualifying CO2 pipelines. P.L. 110-140, signed by President Bush on December 19, 2007, requires the Secretary of the Interior to recommend legislation to clarify the issuance of CO2 pipeline rights-of-way on public land. That CCS and related legislation have been more focused on the capture and storage of CO2 than on its transportation, reflects a perception that transporting CO2 via pipelines does not present a significant barrier to implementing large-scale CCS. Notwithstanding this perception, and even though regional CO2 pipeline networks already operate in the United States for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), developing a more expansive national CO2 pipeline network for CCS could pose numerous new regulatory and economic challenges. There are important unanswered questions about pipeline network requirements, economic regulation, utility cost recovery, regulatory classification of CO2 itself, and pipeline safety. Furthermore, because CO2 pipelines for EOR are already in use today, policy decisions affecting CO2 pipelines take on an urgency that is, perhaps, unrecognized by many. Federal classification of CO2 as both a commodity (by the Bureau of Land Management) and as a pollutant (by the Environmental Protection Agency) could potentially create an immediate conflict which may need to be addressed not only for the sake of future CCS implementation, but also to ensure consistency of future CCS with CO2 pipeline operations today. In addition to these issues, Congress may examine how CO2 pipelines fit into the nation’s overall strategies for energy supply and environmental protection. If policy makers encourage continued consumption of fossil fuels under CCS, then the need to foster the other energy options may be diminished — and vice versa. Thus decisions about CO2 pipeline infrastructure could have consequences for a broader array of energy and environmental policies.
Plant response to the leakage of stored CO2 is a key concern for safe carbon capture and storage (CCS). An understanding of plant tolerance to high soil CO2 concentrations is urgently required to facilitate bio-indicator selection for both long-term environmental monitoring and prevention of stored CO2 leakage. In this study, we propose a new index, the Leaking CO2 Tolerance Index, LCTI, which assesses plant CO2 tolerance using the change (downward shift) in index values under leakage treatments. The calculated LCTI reveals that, of the four studied plants, clover was the most tolerant (0.42), followed by alfalfa (0.4), teosinte (0.33), and finally maize (0.29). Our results suggest that clover, along with other high-LCTI species, should be selected as species that can potentially adapt and respond to CCS leakage. Furthermore, plants such as maize appear suitable as bio-indicators to monitor carbon storage fields, allowing early detection of CO2 leakage.
The abandonment process is a highly important part of project management for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) projects. For the first full procedure of a CO2 geological storage demonstration project in a deep saline aquifer in China, this paper describes the abandonment process of a CO2 operating well. The key idea that we advance is that wellbore integrity tests should be conducted before the abandonment, and consideration must be given to the CO2 corrosion resistance materials, the design method of sealing the plugs, monitoring tests (such as pressure tests), and the use of a long-term monitoring system (such as the original pressure test and a packer isolation test every year). According to Chinese regulations and related experience in the oil and gas industry, the factors chosen are the pressure factor, cap rock, potable water layer, unexploited resource layer, suspected leak path, perforated zone, productive hydrocarbon zone without perforation, and water-injection and wastewater treatment layers. We intuitively evaluate and quantify the plugged zones using the modified analytical hierarchy process (M-AHP) method to determine the positions of the plugs. Next, referring to the Chinese regulations on “Well abandonment and inactive well practices”, the last plug located in the Quaternary strata is compulsorily ensured, and the length of all plugs is also determined. Finally, the paper summarizes the methodology and presents suggestions for the abandonment process of the Shenhua CCS project.
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is regarded as a powerful technology in mitigating the impacts of climate change and is considered as interim solution until other sustainable energy technologies can be used on a broader scale. Despite the fact that well conducted geological risk analyses exists, a major toxicological risk assessment including all components of the process is missing. Therefore, a literature study was undertaken with its focus on potential toxicological risks. These could appear in all parts of the CCS chain: in the capture process when chemicals are used for scrubbing, during transportation in case of accidents, and during geological storage when a leakage of CO2 or brine occurs. Toxicological hazards of special concern emerge not from CO2, but degradation products of scrubbing chemicals (nitrosamines and nitramines) or H2S-co-transportation. Additionally, contamination of potable aquifers due to mobilisation of hazardous trace elements, such as arsenic, nickel, and lead could become relevant in case of a leakage. Overall, to achieve further safety for the implementation of CCS as a mitigation technology, investigations in acute CO2-toxicity (with derivation of mass-intoxications threshold values), acute emergency management, and contaminants should be prime objectives for future CCS risk assessment research.
States struggle to develop adequate climate change mitigation policies, especially when national energy interests conflict with collective environmental concerns. It is therefore crucial to understand how viable solutions may find political support on these terms. As one such case, this paper examines Norway's explicit foreign policy to promote Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as a mitigation measure. I suggest that a Foreign Policy Analysis framework with a norm-centered constructivist focus allows for new insights into how climate policies function as balancing strategies between external normative pressures and important domestic concerns. It reveals how Norway's CCS policy represents an extraordinary effort to bridge seemingly contradictory agendas. The Norwegian CCS case highlights how a state may engage in innovative foreign political engineering to promote solutions to its international climate commitments on terms that fit national energy needs. It shows that climate political success may depend on successfully linking the international and domestic levels by simultaneously appealing to established norms within each system.
This study aims to explore the factors affecting public acceptance of CCS (carbon capture and storage) technologies in China. A survey based on online questionnaires and face-to-face interviews was conducted between September and December 2014. Findings show that, in China the public is still not fully aware of CCS technologies, compared with other renewable energy technologies, and indicates a slightly supportive attitude towards the application of CCS technologies as an alternative technological option to mitigate climate change. In addition, the regression model revealed that public cognition, economic benefits and environmentalism exerted a positive impact, while perceived risk, which is the decisive factor among all related variables, has a negative effect on the acceptance of CCS. Trust in CCS project implementation stakeholders has a positive and direct influence on public decision-making to support CCS. Meanwhile, the interaction between trust and perceived risks and benefits also appears to be significant, indicating that trust indeed enhances the public's expected benefits, while easing concerns about the risks of CCS. These findings suggest that government institutions and project developers should take measures to control the risks of CCS in order to construct and maintain people's trust in the technologies themselves and the project implementation stakeholders.
It is often recognised that the UK benefits from positive technical advantages that could assist in the development and deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, yet policy efforts to secure demonstration projects have faltered over recent years. This commentary article draws on practical experience of cross-sectoral cooperation to explore how different stakeholder interests have aligned in support of CCS, strengthening the case for UK action. A framework for considering stakeholder interests is set out, and informs an analysis of successive waves of government policy making. Implications for forthcoming policy developments are thereby identified.
Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are increasing rapidly in Guangdong, an economically developed Chinese province. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important approach to lower carbon concentration in this area. This study provides guidance and recommendations for CCS development and demonstration by analysing the necessity of CCS in Guangdong. Furthermore, this study identifies the major opportunities and technical demands related to CCS development in this province based on a sectoral analysis of emission inventory and the forecasting and identification of the potential CO 2 storage capacity. A CCS development roadmap is then developed for Guangdong based on the analysis results, and the milestone goals of this roadmap from the present until 2030 are presented in accordance with the development of technology in and the current status of Guangdong. In addition, the roadmap suggests CCS support policies.
Synopsis: The ability to transport massive volumes of carbon dioxide (CO 2) via pipeline will be crucial to using large scale carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) projects as a means of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States. The small existing CO 2 pipeline infrastructure may eventually have to be expanded to be comparable in size to the country's natural gas pipeline system. To build out a national CO 2 pipeline system, the U.S. will need to create a workable regulatory framework. Today, CO 2 pipeline developers have no access to federal siting or federal eminent domain authority for construction of such pipelines; rather, they must deal with a patchwork of individual state laws and regulations. The shape of any applicable economic regulation, including rules on rate and access regulation, will also need to be resolved and addressed before project sponsors will build pipelines to support CCS. This article provides policymakers with analysis and recommendations respecting the federal regulatory regime governing the construction and operation of CO 2 pipelines. The article recommends that existing CO 2 pipelines remain subject to state level regulation principally because the current state schemes in place can support the purpose for which they were built, which was not a national-level GHG emission reduction program. However, new pipelines should be able to elect to apply for federal permits for construction and operation similar to those granted for natural gas pipelines. Once a federal permit is issued, the project sponsor would not be subject to state siting requirements and would have eminent domain authority similar to that provided interstate natural gas pipelines. When operational, CO 2 pipelines for which a federal permit is issued would be subject to federal common carrier regulation. This recommended framework should better support construction of the new CO 2 pipeline infrastructure necessary for widespread deployment of CCS.
Deliberative Democracy and Beyond takes a critical tour through recent democratic theory, beginning with the deliberative turn that occurred around 1990. The essence of this turn is that democratic legitimacy is to be found in authentic deliberation among those affected by a collective decision. While the deliberative turn was initially a challenge to established institutions and models of democracy, it was soon assimilated by these same institutions and models. Drawing a distinction between liberal constitutionalism and discursive democracy, the author criticizes the former and advocates the latter. He argues that a defensible theory of democracy should be critical of established power, pluralistic, reflexive in questioning established traditions, transnational in its capacity to extend across state boundaries, ecological, and dynamic in its openness to changing constraints upon, and opportunities for, democratization.
In this paper we discuss the effectiveness, efficiency and feasibility of policy measures that cities may adopt to stimulate the uptake and use of electric vehicles. Our analysis is based on an expert workshop in which municipal policy-makers used a group decision room system to exchange their experiences with electric vehicle related policies. We distinguish six categories of measures: supporting citizens and businesses, supporting charging-infrastructure build up, regulatory measures, raising awareness, government as lead user, and governing the transition with other levels of government. We find two feasible policy mixes of effective and efficient measures, one for cities that strive to be among the global frontrunners and one of no-regret policies that any city should adopt, if it wants to stimulate electric mobility.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered by some to be a promising technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and advocates are seeking policies to facilitate its deployment. Unlike many countries, which approach the development of policies for geologic storage (GS) of carbon dioxide (CO2) with nearly a blank slate, the U.S. already has a mature policy regime devoted to the injection of CO2 into deep geologic formations. However, the existing governance of CO2 injection is designed to manage enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and policy changes would be needed to manage the risks and benefits of CO2 injection for the purpose of avoiding GHG emissions. We review GS policy developments at both the U.S. federal and state levels, including original research on state GS policy development. By applying advocacy coalition framework theory, we identify two competing coalitions defined by their beliefs about the primary purpose of CO2 injection: energy supply or greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. The established energy coalition is the beneficiary of the current policy regime. Their vision of GS policy is protective: to minimize harm to fossil energy industries if climate policy were to be enacted. In contrast, the newly formed climate coalition seeks to change existing GS policy to support their proactive vision: to maximize GHG reductions using CCS when climate policy is enacted. We explore where and at what scale legislation emerges and examine which institutions gain prominence as drivers of policy change. Through a detailed textual analysis of the content of state GS legislation, we find that the energy coalition has had greater success than the climate coalition in shaping state laws to align with its policy preferences. It has enshrined its view of the purpose of CO2 injection in state legislation, delegated authority for GS to state agencies aligned with the existing policy regime, and protected the EOR status quo, while creating new opportunities for EOR operators to profit from the storage of CO2 The climate coalition's objective of proactively putting GS policy in place has been furthered, and important progress has been made on commonly held concerns, such as the resolution of property rights issues, but the net result is policy change that does not significantly revise the existing policy regime.
The aim of the present study is to examine public preferences regarding the characteristics of the three elements of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS): capture, pipeline, and storage. A random sample of 139 Swiss citizens received basic information about CCS online and then participated in an experiment. A conjoint measurement of CCS acceptance and analysis of variance was used to examine respondents’ preferences for characteristics of CCS elements. This approach allowed respondents to make trade-offs by expressing preferences for complete CCS systems instead of evaluating single elements in isolation. Our results show that people put most emphasis on pipelines near their homes and on the type of plant the CO2 originates from. A “Not in my backyard (NIMBY) effect” was found both for pipelines and storage. This NIMBY effect, however, disappears when CO2 from a biogas-fired plant is used for the injection. We conclude that it may be possible to avoid the NIMBY effect for geological storage field trials by using bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS).