Content uploaded by Gaina A.
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Gaina A. on May 04, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
1
My recollections about Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich
Alex B. Gaina
Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova,
Academiei str.,5, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, email: alex_gaina@mail.ru
Abstract:
The proceeding represents a compilation of some processed readings about Yakov B.
Zeldovitch, a report about personal contacts with Ya.B. as well as a summary of my with coauthors
works about fine structure of levels of particles in gravitational and electromagnetic fields of Black Holes
and compact stars.
Part I. Zeldovitch without formula. I have seen Zeldovich
I know about Yakov B. Zeldovich since 1968, when I was a scholar at the secondary school in
Telenesti, Republic of Moldova. We had there a very good library in the town, where a lot of
popular books existed, as well all the most important popular sciences magazines, such as
“Znanije-Sila”, “Tekhnika molodezhi”, “Nauka I zhizni”, “Nauka I relighia”, “Vokrug sveta”
and other. These magazines were collected by the Library. I recollect very well a popular article
by Yakov B. Zeldovich about quasars, where He discussed the hypothesis about Quasars, as
Nuclei of galaxies, great sources of energy in Astrophysics, as well as about alternative
hypothesis- that of a globular cluster of stars at a center with millions up to billions of stars,
announced earlier and defended till that years by V.A. Ambartzumyan. Zeldovitch told there,
that a connection with new models, such as Black Holes, which was announced by J.A. Wheeler
is very possible and have much chances for the future.
Only in 1973, at the Moscow Lomonosov State University, being a student of 3-rd year, just
before the repartition to departments (specialization), one of my classmates, Alexander Zhukov
(which later finished the Low temperatures department of the Physics Faculty) organized a
meeting for all us with Yakov Borisovich.
He entered to one of big seminars room at the 5-th floor of the Physics Department in a pullover
and Zhukov gave him a glass of water. Zeldovitch told us about most actual problems of modern
Physics, beginning with elementary particles, accelerators, gravitation theory, the Friedman
solution of the Einstein’s equations, Expansion of the Universe, Observational evidence of the
Expansion of Universe, The Hubble’s law, Cosmic Microwave background radiation, Black
Holes and Astrophysics (Shock waves, magneto dynamo in stars ), while we, students, asked
him about his work at the Institute of Experimental Physics in Sarov and about his relations with
academician A.D. Sakharov. He answered us very kindly that He contributed much to the
Increasing of Nuclear Power of the USSR and now he can be free to do anything He wants in the
matter of Science. So, He decided to be as possible closer to Astrophysics, Cosmology and
Gravitation which presented that years the most vivid interest.
Concerning academician A.D. Sakharov He told us that “His very good friend and colleague in
Sarov” is complicating a little bit artificially his problems with Soviet authorities. Finally,
Zeldovich after a question of one of us: where He could be found for a repartition answered:
2
- You can found at any department (kafedra) of the Physics department of the University.
but it should be a theoretical one.
To this I should add, that just in 1973 a historical paper issued by one of His disciples, Alexei
Alexandrovich Starobinskij, concerning transmission coefficient and amplification of Scalar
waves scattered by rotating (Kerr) Black Holes was published in Zhurnal of Experimental and
Theoretical Physics. Subsequently Starobinsky and his disciple Churilov , generalized this article
for electromagnetic and gravitational waves. These two articles which has actually hundreds of
citations, followed the reffs [7,8], In the same year an actual professor in Puna (India) , Varun
Sahni, became in 1973 my very good friend due to another student from India, Vinay Totawar,
actually an University professor of Russian language and literature in Hayderabad.
I do not know the true reasons, but I would be honest here and told, that at the beginning of 70-th
the relations of Zeldovitch with the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Moscow State
University were tensioned. Perhaps, Zeldovitch was more attached to the department of
Quantum Theory and the Shternberg Astronomical Institute, because Zeldovich became attached
to a Hebrew Nationalistic Instituttions, as an opposition to other which propagated Russian
Nationalism, to which belonged the Department of Theoretical Physics, Quantum Statistics,
High Energy Physics and Theoretical Nuclear Physics . The first one was chaired by prof. A.A.
Sokolov, the second by Academician N.N. Bogolyubov, the third by Acad. A.A. Logunov and
the last, was chaired by corr. Member of the Academy of Sciences D.I. Blokhintsev. I should be
honest and tell here that during 70
th
the number of students of Hebrew origin at the Physics
department was very reduced. Perhaps, that’s was due to the Policy of the Ministry, perhaps to
the general line of Communist Party? Only at the Department of Quantum theory 2 professors of
Hebrew origin worked: they were Ilya M. Lifhsits and M.I. Kaganov. Few other Hebrews can be
found at departments of Applied Sciences, such as Biophysics and Radiophysics and very few at
the Experimental departments of the Solid State Physics Section.
It is known, that Zeldovich has finished his work on Nuclear Project in Sarov in 1963 and in
1964 was arrested in his apartment in Moscow and put under control of KGB during 1 year.
Perhaps, this control was established for many other persons worked in Sarov with purpose to
not allow outflows of some secret informations. The same control was established to A.D.
Sakharov not only in 1980-1986, but much earlier in 70-th.
Only after this year of Control Zeldovitch was engaged at the Institute of Applied Mathematics,
while a little bit later He was engaged as professor at the Theoretical Astrophysics department ot
the Shternberg Astronomical Instititute. To this there is need also to mention, that in opposition
to bolshevick Shternberg, Zeldovich was not a member of Communist Party of USSR. It is true,
that the most part of Hebrew scientists were members of Communist Party of USSR. But, this is
a part of truth: The Soviets formulated their Policy in such terms: Any Soviet people can be only
for us, or against us!
It seems to me, that the political portret of Zeldovitch is steel unclear as a) the publications in
[17] are incomplete compared with political portrait of Sakharov, but it seems to me also , that
the publications in Internet [18], in which Zeldovitch is pictured as an admirer of Lavrentij
Beriah and Joseph Stalin are just fakes of the actual Russian Procommunist and Prosoviet
propaganda.
3
In 1977 Zeldovich took a public lecture in the main aula at the Physics Department of the
Moscow University about recent developments in Black Holes Physics, to which participated
A.A. Starobinsky and V.R. Khalilov. At the finish of the lecture Khalilov discussed with
Zeldovich about the role of mass particles bound states in Black Holes evaporation.
Zeldovitch took a course in Relativistic Cosmology in 1977-1980 for the students of the Section
of Astronomy, but which was held in the main Building of the Physics Department. By the way I
recollect very well the number of the aula: 5-19 , which was in the southern part of the Floor and
very close to the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the University.
In 1981 at the Moscow State University a Soviet Conference in General Relativity and
Gravitation took place, to which nor me, nor Yakov Zeldovich took place, because it was
chaired by an enemy of the General Relativity, academician Anatolij Logunov, while in 1984
another much more comfortable Conference took place at the State Pedagogical Institute in
Moscow, where besides my close contacts with G.A. Shulman from Belarus, I have seen for a
second time A.A. Starobinsky and his pupil Lev Kofman, unfortunately died prematurely. The
Conference was chaired “de facto” by Professor. V.N. Ponomariov.
To be as exact as possible, I have seen for a first time Starobionsky at a seminar organized by
Yu. S. Vladimirov and N.V. Mitskevich, at the Physics Department of the Moscow State, which
was regular seminar but separate from the seminar of D.D. Ivanenko, where He was present
with a work concerning the Internal structure of electriclally charged Reissner-Nordstrom Black
Holes in collaboration with Igor Novikov.
In 1983-1987 I was a regular member of the Seminar conducted by Yakov Zeldovich at the
Astronomical Institute of the Moscow University held at the first floor of the Shternberg
Astronomical Institute, where He put under discussion the most actual problems of Astrophysics
and Cosmology: about theory of Galaxies formations (the so called “Bliny”, from which form
galaxies), the Cosmic Microvawe background radiation, the Supernovae, the Inflation or reports
by some of his pupils, as Guseinov, Khlopov, Suniaev, Doroshkevich, Blinnikov, Shakura,
Grishchuk, Shandarin, Linde and other were presented. The seminar that times numbered to my
estimation about 100 participants from various parts of the former USSR. Only once this seminar
was conducted by Rashid Suniaev, in absence of Zeldovich, after which I have conducted
Suniaev to his house on Profsoyuznaia street. We had with Suneaev a short discussion about the
role of synchrotron radiation in Astrophysics and , by the way, we discussed with him about the
role of A.A. Sokolov and I.M. Ternov in the development of theory of synchrotron radiation. It
mainly resumed to theoretical calculation of the polarization effects in Sinchrotron radiation.
Suniaev told me, that He know Ternov.
By the way We have meet with Suniaev in Rome in 1987 at the Marcel Grossmann Meeting and
photographed together with a group of scientists from China.
Coming back to Zeldovich, there is need to accentuate, that Zeldovich loved much Suniaev. That
was evident in Moscow at GAISh, as well as in other circumstances. And He gave a special
accent to Zeldovich-Suneaev effect.
At one of such seminars Zeldovich met me very kindly and told me something like:
4
- Welcome to Black Holes.
I recollect also Iakov Borisovich at the entrance to Kapitza Institute in 1987 at a seminar
concerning High temperature Superconductivity, which was chaired by Sergej Kapitza, while
during the same spring the Supernova 1987A was under very intense debates at the Zeldovich’s
Seminar at the Astronomical Institute.
After the finish of the Seminar on High Temperature Superconductivity at the Kapitza Institute
in the spring of 1987 I have entered shortly to the Institute of Theoretical Physics, where right of
the entrance was the room of the then Chair of the Theoretical section (Teoreticheskii otdel) of
the Landau Institute, which … was open. The room had a few tables, few chairs, a large
window, where a lot of Journals from everywhere were widespread, mostly opened.
At the II-nd Seminar on Quantum Gravity chaired in 1987 by academician M.A. Markov, to
which participated a lot of famous physicists from UK, USA, France, GDR and USSR (see, e.g.
my recollections at the site proza.ru) , I had an occasion to told to Yakov Borisovich shortly
about Killing and Killing-Yano tensors in General Relativity , but this Seminar was so straight,
that after its finish He only invited for a discussion at GAISh Andrei Linde, Leonid Grishchuk
and Valery Frolov. They spent about 1 hour or more ahead the entrance to Shternberg Institute
at the Universitetskij prospect, 19 making some totals of the Seminar. The main topic of
discussions, perhaps, was inflation as this topic dominated then in Moscow.
5
Fig.1. A photo from the Seminar Quantum Gravity, held in Moscow in 1987. In the first raw
(from the left): Prof. Bryce De Witt (USA), academician A.D. Sakharov, academician Yakov B.
Zeldovich, doctor Leonid Khalfin. In the second raw (from the left), Dr. Vaino Unt (Estonia), me
(Republic of Moldova). The Seminar was chaired by Academician M.A. Markov ( in the first
raw right from Khalfin) Were also present: John Wheeler, Stephen Hawking (He obviously
seated left in a second raw), Stanley Deser, Gert t’Hooft, Cecile deWitt- Morette, Norma
Sanchez, Don Page, Garry Gibbons, Kellog Steele, Andrei Linde, Leonid Grishchuk and other
I recollect also the phone number of Igor Novikov and Vladimir Lukash at the Space
research Institute on Profsoyuznaya str. In Moscow. This phone number was 3333373. Once
I have called there and one of His 2 disciples told me:
- Today morning Yakov Borisovich has died. That’s was on 2 December of 1987.
Finally to this paragraph, I would like to add some “nonscientific” recollections about
Yakov Borisovich.
One, when I flew to Kishinev in the spring- beginning of the summer of 1974 I have met
Yakov Borisovich at the Moscow Transagenstvo on Leninskii prospect. Yakov
Borisovich was busy and He tryed to by a tiket without staying a turn. A very height man
from a turn protested. Zeldovich told:
- I am a Hero of Socialist Labor and I have contributed to the welfare of USSR much more
than any of you. Then I immediately stand up and told to the man in a turn:
-Do not protest, please! He is a multiple Heroe of Socialist Labor, Zeldovich, which
contributed more than any of us to the security of the USSR.
Zeldovich book a tiket and left the grand Hall of Transagentsvo, while me thought about the
possible direction of fly of Zeldovich.
Another time, perhaps in 1976 or 1977, I was with my girlfriend at a symphonic concert in
Moscow Conservatory and between the quests of the Conservatory was Yakov Borisovich
with his wife. He came to the Conservatory together with He’s wife in a green “Mercedes”
and stopped just near me and Vera Zingan, which was my colleague from Bessarabia at the
Philological department of the Moscow State. Perhaps, this private recollections would add
some fun to very rigorous and scientifically ordered recollections [9]
Part II. Zeldovich against Logunov.
6
One of most intriguing show I was present during Soviet years in Moscow, at the Moscow
State University was the propagation of the Relativistic theory of Gravitation by academician
Anatoly Logunov, which became in 1977 a rector of Moscow State University and a little bit
before, since 1974 a Vice-President of the Academy of Sciences of USSR.
I recollect distinctively the moment , when professor I.M. Ternov at his seminar in the aula
4-22 told that the new rector, academician Logunov “asked to sustain” his new theory, which
was published in an article in coauthorship with V.N. Folomeshkin (1977, [22]) , in which
the presentation of Landau Lifshits of the conservation laws in General Relativity by means
of the Energy-momentum pseudo tensor is erroneous, while they found a correct presentation
of conservation laws: a) The energy of the source is not changing during the emission of
gravitational waves, b) The gravitational waves are just waves of curvature. They do not
carry energy c) The pseudo tensor of Landau-Lifishits is not expressing any conservation
law.
As V.R. Khalilov was to moment only an associate professor Ternov suggested him to agree
the reference of the Doctoral work of Folomeshkin. Such an “suggestion” by a prorector and
chief of a department should be interpreted as a necessarily one. As a result of agreement the
thesis was defended, while Khalilov got the desired title of Professor. Later during necessary
seminaries in the Central Aula (actually Khokhlov aula) of the Physics Department,
professor Ivanenko commercialized the General Relativity:
- I would agree yours theory, dear rector and Vice-President, if you would take into
account the Λ-term.
Evidently, the key to success of new Logunov’s theory was opened at least at the Physics
department of the Moscow University.
At one of the Session of the Seminar, at which Logunov presented the defects of the book of
Landau and Lifshits, at which assisted Zeldovich and both Lifshits, Logunov quoted by “2”
the knowledge of Academicians in a matter of Fields theory and Gravitation. The replies of
Yakov Borisovich were not sound, while Academician Evgheny Lifshits asked very
politically correct Logunov to show him the mistakes in the book by Landau and Lifshits
“Field Theory”.
Only a few younger people, including me, Candidate Chizhov and Doctor Grishchuk replied
to Rector very sounding from the places in the aula.
We know that the War of Logunov against the General Relativity went on since 1977 till the
due of Logunov in 2015, but there is need to make a conclusion.
Zeldovich made a tactic mistake. Namely: he neglected during the War against Logunov the
contribution of professor Ernst Schmutzer from Jena, which due to his German origin was
not agreed by Yakov Borisovich at the same level as Russian physicists. It seems, that this
mistake persisted during about 10 years of the life of Yakov Borisoviich between 1977 and
1987.
7
There was need to connect here also new forces such as Academician Vitaly Ginsburg and
his disciples: Vyacheslav Dokuchaev and Yuri Yaroshenko.
At the Quantum Gravity seminar in 1987 the report of Logunov was not agreed also
To this there is need to add that the Theory of Logunov was criticized in Romania by Ioan
Gottlieb and N.I. Ionescu-Pallas [22].
.
Part III. Zeldovich without formula. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Podurets.
One of my nearers in Chisinau is Mikhail Pădureţ + a worker of the Moldavian TV, which is
borne in North Bessrabia and Romanian speaking. His family name means in translation
“Forest”. I know, of course about the coauthor of Zeldovich Mikhail Aleksandrovich
Podurets at least from the collection of articles „ Chastitsy, yadra, ...” [17]. Sometimes in the
Russian internet the family name Podurets is related with bridges: Pod (Romainian)- Bridge
(English). But if You want to build a diminutive from bridge you should told “Podeţ”
(Podets) not Podureţ (Podurets). So, the version “Podurets” is a deformation of the correct
Romanian form: “Pădureţ” (Paedurets).
The village of Moldovanca (Moldavanca in Russian), where Podurets was born, was
founded in middle ages as a fishmen village on the border of Black Sea before the foundation
of the City of Odessa by Cathrine II (1794). Not only Podurets was borne there: the
astronomer Nikolay Floria (Florja) which by paternal line is also of Romanian origin was
borne also in Odessa.
Here is important to mention, that, after the finishing of the Kharkov University ( 1951) and
defending of the PhD work (Candidate Thesis) in 1966, He concerned himself mostly to
Gravitational Physics and especially to problems of the Gravitational Collaps, which was
also the most important interest of Yakov B. Zeldovich. It is evident that Podurets and
Zeldovich worked together in Sarov before the liberation of Zeldovich in 1964. Due to this
nobody of coauthors of Zeldovich which were not implied in the Soviet Atomic Project
(Novikov, Grishchuk, Starobinskii, Sahni) do not answered me nothing about Podurets,
because they do not knew him. They knew only Zeldovich which was a public man since
1965, while Podurets continued to work at Soviet atomic Project till his pensioning at least,
because the Doctoral work (Doktorskaia) was on a Closed (Secret) problematic. According to
ADS NASA 4 papers (of a total 19 dealing with gravitational collapse ) was published by
Podurets in a coauthorship with Zeldovich. Perhaps the correct number is 5 of 20, if take into
account the papers in Zhournals and Collections of Papers.
Podurets has died in 2009 in Sarov, but He do not left any recollections about his work with
Zeldovich because the problematics was a secret one.
8
Part IY. Zeldovitch with formula. Fine structure of levels of electrons and other
particles in Kerr and Reissner-Nordstrom background
This topic have also some history as follows.
When Khalilov in 1977 suggested to us with G.A. Chizhov a version of his interpretation
of the scattering problem for waves by Black Holes given by A.A. Starobinsky (1973) he
had in view only Coulombian like Newtonian spectrum of bound states for scalar
particles [see, e.g. the book [3] or the book by Zeldovitch, Baz’, and Perelomov ). He
told me that the corrections to this spectrum are not important for the essence of the
problem. He was right, of course. But, when I compared ours energies with that obtained
by other researchers by computers. I had found discrepancies which create me
discomfort. So, that I have decided to neglect the opinion of Khalilov and proceed to
calculate independently of him the fine structure of levels for a large sort of particles
beginning with scalar and finishing with vector or, higher spins. In such a way in fact
begun the quantum mechanics in the field of a black Hole.
To this there is need to add, that G.A. Chizhov was very concerned to calculations of the
transitions probabilities between levels for photons. This problem was his main
obsession, which He successfully satisfied in his paper with E. Myshenkov [10].
I have found an associate to my ideea in a person of Ionescu-Pallas [11-13], and I can
tell, that , perhaps,. If He had’nt died we could come back with him in coauthorship to
the problem of tunneling through barrier for mass particles bound states. In other words ,
the priorities of the Romanian school in this problem varied a little bit from the priorities
of the Russian school.
Coming back to the seminal paper by J.A. Wheeler (1971, [16]), I should mention that it
was performed numerically, so that the discomfort due to rough calculation of the bound
states energies still would remained.
My result for the Zeeman like shift of the energies of an electron in a weakly rotating
gravitational Kerr field is [15]:
(1)
I do not want to make literature, but , perhaps, many of You would exclame that this is a
wonderful formula, like the chef d’oeuvres of Rafaello which can be seen at the Capella
Sisstina in Vatican .
Let us mention for beginners that I have used above the system of units: .
Let us mention, that the formula (1) was obtained by solving radial equations and does
not contain the contact (Darwin’s) term, because the turtle coordinate used in
calculations does not suppose a border, like in atomic Physics, where the Nuclei
represents a natural border. My coauthor Ionescu-Pallas, improving the calculations by
9
N. Mitskievich (1969), which contained somewhere wrong terms, has given exact
Hamiltonians, but with contact terms.
In principle, my purpose here is to given a formula for fine and hyperfine structure of
electronic levels in an electrically charged Schwarzshild field, based on the Hamiltonian
computed by N.I. Ionescu-Pallas [13] (see the formula (18) of the article [13]) . Perhaps,
it would be useful for comparison with the case of a Kerr metric. The fine and hyperfine
structure of electronic levels in a Reissner-Nordstrom background with an account of
spin-orbit (electromagnetic and gravitational) and contact terms is:
(2)
It is to be added that the formula (1) is going to 0, when the Kerr parameter is 0 , and the
formula (2) is going to the formula (3) from the second article [11] , when eQ→0 , as the
correspondence principle is requiring.
To this there is necessary to add, that in a case of Bosonic fields the supperradiative
growing of scalar, vector and other integer mass partioles fields take place when the
Zeldovich-Misner [7,8, 12 ] superradiation condition holds:
, (3)
where
or equivalently
for spin particles – is the bound level energy,
is the projection of the total angular momentum of a particle on a rotation axis of the
Black Hole, and
(4)
Could such a result can be obtained without the book [3] and article [6]?. Let us recollect
that in a chapter concerning the radiation of photons in a field of weakly rotating Black
Holes , Zeldovich is writing: the photons would be splitted in a Kerr field like in a
magnetic field. Let us further take into account that the rotational (nondiagonal in the
metric tensor) components of the Kerr gravitational fields act as an effective magnetic
field, so that the effect of the Magnetic field is analogous to the effect of the proper
kinetic momentum of a Black Hole. Rigorously speaking only in a case of weak rotations
, but if came to the extrem case () it would be possible, that the
10
formula (1) would be good enough for sufficiently large values of the Kerr parameter like
or more.
Actually a lot of new developments had been obtained in the area of Black Holes clouds,
shells or Bosonic condensate envelopes around Black Holes. Meanwhile, it is not known,
what process and in which conditions this process, due to mass particles accumulation on
bound levels would dominate over the Hawking radiation of particles and radiation to
spatial infinity.
Any way, we can told, that:
1) If the Hawking process would be faster, then absorption lines should be observed in
the spectrum of Hawking radiation , which would be due to transitions in the mass
particles bound states spectrum (first paper [11])
2) If the exponenitially fast mass particles accumulation of bound levels near Black
Holes would dominate over the Hawking particles generation to spatial infinity, then
the transitions between levels [10] as well as ionization of Bound levels should be
taken into account to make a complete picture of Black Holes evaporation,
Final remarks:
The problem of mass particles bound states was the main mistake of S. Hawking which
interfered him to receive a Nobel Prize. The problem of evaporating Black holes is not
solved till nowadays, as for the moment does not exist a solution of the problem at a level
given for massless particles by Don Page. It is well known, that A.D. Sakharov in 1986
has given a treatment of the problem, relating him with the number of existing
elementary particles but also in a spirit of Hawking and Page. He do not took into
account the mass particles bound states and besides of this mistaken in the nonrelativistic
absorption scattering cross section, which fortunately does not accounted for the final
result He expected.
To this is to be added that another researchers as D. V. Galtsov and his younger
disciples: A.A. Ershov, M.S. Volkov and M.Yu. Morozov which participated at list
partially to Quantum Gravity Seminar in Moscow in 1987 with praises to Steven
Hawking’s and William Unruh’s approaches of Black Holes evaporation [19] never
expressed definitely their attitude to Black Holes evaporation. They told sometimes:
- Yes to Gaina [20]
while another times:
- No to Gaina [19],
as in a love story.
As referring to another Russian researcher, V.P. Neznamov and his younger colleagues (see,
e.g. [21]) his answer is for the moment as follows:
- Yes , the problem of mass particles bound states in Quantum evaporation of Black Holes
is of interest at least as a part of Quantum mechanics in Curved spacetimes
11
Acknowledgements: I am grateful to professor Varun Sahni (Pune) for very useful
discussions about Yakov Borisovich Zeldovitch since 1974, to professor A.A.
Starobinsky for his constant interest and to professor Remo Ruffini for his suggestion to
visit Minsk.
Bibliography:
1. Znanije-Sila magazine, Moscow, 1967-1971
2. Elementy prikladnoi matematiki (in collab. with A.D. Myshkis), Be honest this book was
too difficult to me at the moment I had them
3. Teorija Tiagotenija I evoliutsia zvezd, M., Nauka, 1971 (in collaboration with I.D.
Novikov), To my opinion this book is the best by Iakov Borisovich and especially I want
to mention chapters concerning motion of particles in Schwarzschild field, Properties of
the ergosphere of a rotationg (Kerr) Black Hole, Stars Internal structure. A very
interesting and unique paragraph in the book was concerned to the cosmic crystal, which
seemed to me some times very far from the area of constructive physics, or more exactly
constructive astrophysics, but, perhaps, I was not right.
4. The very important papers by Yak. B. Zeldovich and Yu. B. Khariton (1939-1940)
published in Zhurnal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, in which the authors
discussed the uranium disintegration , which led later to the building of Atomic Weapons
(1946-1949) were added by me to the database ADS NASA. These papers as well as
similar works by Igor Kurchatov, Igor Tamm and D.D. Ivanenko were the most important
theoretical works in the USSR concerning the Uranium disintegration since 1936.
5. Ya. B. Zeldovich, I.D. Novikov, Gipoteza zaderzhavshihsia v raschirenii yader, AZh. ,
1965, This article is one of the fundamental in prediction of existence of Primordial
(Cosmological) Black Holes, which can have arbitrary masses beginning with Planckean
ones.
6. Ya. B. Zeldovich, 1965, Analog Zeeman-effekta v gravitatsionnom pole, 1, 95, 1965
7. Ya. B. Zeldovich, Pis’ma ZhETF, Usilenije voln vrashchayushchuimsia tsilindrom, 14,
270, 1971 (Sov. JETP Letters,14, 180, 1971)
8. Ya B. Zeldovich,
Amplification of Cylindrical Electromagnetic Waves Reflected from a
Rotating Body, JETP, 35,1085, 1972,
12
9. Varun Sahni, Ya. B. Zeldovich (1914-1987) Chemist, Nuclear Physicist, Cosmologist. In:
The Zeldovich Universe: Genesis and Growth of the Cosmic Web, Proceedings of the
International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium, 308, pp. 25-31
10. G.A. Chizhov, E. Myshenkov, Quantum electromagnetic radiation of a charged particle in
the field of a rotating black hole, Sov. Phys. JETP , 81, 426, 1995
11. Alex Gaina, Stud. Cercet. Fiz., 44, 585, 1992, ; A.B.Gaina, N.I. Ionescu-Pallas, Rom. J.
Phys., 38, 729, 1993
12. Ch. Misner, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc, 14, 472, 1972
13. Alex Gaina, N.I. Ionescu-Pallas, Rom. Repts Phys., 49, 729, 1998
14. A.B. Gaina, Kvantovyie chastitsy v polyakh Kerra-Niumena, PhD work, M. Moscow
State University, 1981;
15. A.B. Gaina, Kvantovyie chastitsy v polyakh Einsteina-Maksvella, Kishinev, Shtiintsa,
1989
16. J.A. Wheeler, Transcending the law of conservation of leptons, Quaderno, Acad. Naz.
Dei Lincei, No.157, 133, 1971 (Appendix), This article became available in the East
Europe including Russia due to professor Bahram Mashhoon in 2010.
17. Priroda, N.7, 1989, To me this issue is much worse than the issue concerned to A.D.
Skaharov, published as No. 8 one year later in 1990 in the same journal , because it does
not investigating the mentality of Yakov Zeldovich, nor giving any valuable new
biographical detail. Personally I red his autobiography, published in the book “Chastitsy,
Yadra, Vselennaya”, Moscow, Nauka, 1985 where Zeldovitch is giving much concern to
B.P. Konstantinov, as a person which contributed to his becoming as a Scientist, but
above I tried to give some additional informations.
18. Ya. B. Zeldovitch, L. P. Beriah, Soviet Atomic Project, see: Russian Internet during
2014-2019
19. D.V. Galtsov, A.A. Ershov, M.Yu. Morozov .
Classical And Quantum Fields In Space-
times With Event Horizons: New Results . IN *MOSCOW 1987, PROCEEDINGS,
QUANTUM GRAVITY* 629-643.
20. D.V. Galtsov, Chastitsy i polia v okrestnostiakh chernykh dyr, Monograph (in Russian),
Moscow State University Publishing House, 1986
21. Gorbatenko, V.P. and V.P. Neznamov: Teor.Mat.Fiz. 198 (2019) no.3, 489-522,
Theor.Math.Phys. 198 , 425-454, 2019; See also articles by V.P. Neznamov with other
coauthors: V.E. Shemarulin, I.I. Safronov, M.A. Vronskii, N.S. Kolesnikov, E.Yu. Popov.
22. I. Gottlieb, N.I. Ionescu-Pallas, Einstein Field equations in a flat Universe and
gravitational energy distribution, Revue Roumaine de Physique, 35, 25, 1990
13