Content uploaded by Mohammed Mahbubul Islam
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Mohammed Mahbubul Islam on Oct 26, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
Preparation,
Characterization, Properties,
and Application of
Nanofluid
Preparation,
Characterization, Properties,
and Application of
Nanofluid
I.M. Mahbubul
Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy (CoRERE),
Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM),
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright ©2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s
permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the
Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or
from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-813245-6
For Information on all William Andrew publications
visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Matthew Deans
Acquisition Editor: Simon Holt
Editorial Project Manager: Leticia Lima
Production Project Manager: Kamesh Ramajogi
Cover Designer: Greg Harris
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
1 Introduction to Nanofluid 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Colloid 1
1.3 Nanofluid 5
1.4 Scope 11
References 11
2 Preparation of Nanofluid 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 One-Step Method 16
2.3 Two-Step Method 23
2.4 Comparison of One-Step and Two-Step Methods 39
References 41
3 Stability and Dispersion Characterization of Nanofluid 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Ultrasonication 48
3.3 Surfactant 92
3.4 pH Control 101
References 107
4 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids 113
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 Thermal Conductivity 113
4.3 Viscosity 132
v
4.4 Density 152
4.5 Specific Heat 159
4.6 Surface Tension 173
References 184
5 Rheological Behavior of Nanofluid 197
5.1 Introduction 197
5.2 Measurement Method 198
5.3 Rheological Model 201
5.4 Rheology Analyses 212
5.5 Concluding Remarks 226
References 227
6 Optical Properties of Nanofluid 231
6.1 Introduction 231
6.2 Absorption 234
6.3 Transmittance 248
6.4 Extinction Coefficient 259
6.5 Scattering Coefficient 268
6.6 Concluding Remarks 269
References 270
7 Correlation and Theoretical Analysis of Nanofluids 273
7.1 Introduction 273
7.2 Thermophysical Properties Calculation 273
7.3 Performance Parameter Calculation 292
7.4 Figure of Merit Analysis 308
References 309
8 Application of Nanofluid 317
8.1 Introduction 317
8.2 Electronics Cooling 317
vi Contents
8.3 Solar Collector 323
8.4 Heat Exchanger 327
8.5 Engine Cooling 331
8.6 Refrigerator 335
8.7 Machining 338
References 343
Nomenclature 351
Index 355
Contents vii
Acknowledgments
In the name of Allah, The Beneficent, The Merciful, I would like to express my utmost
gratitude and thanks to the almighty Allah (s.w.t.) for the help and guidance that he has
given me through all these years. My deepest appreciation is to my family for their blessings
and supports.
I would like to acknowledge the support provided by the Deanship of Scientific Research
(DSR) at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) for funding the writing
of this book through project No. BW161002.
Some experimental works were previously conducted in University of Malaya under the
support of the High Impact Research MoE (Ministry of Education Malaysia), grant: UM.C/
625/1/HIR/MoE/ENG/40 (D000040-16001).
I wish to thank Dr. Saidur Rahman, Dr. Amalina Binti Muhammad Afifi, Dr. Fahad
Abdulaziz Al-Sulaiman, my other colleagues and researchers for their kind support.
I appreciate the cooperation of the Elsevier team: the Acquisition Editor (Mr. Simon Holt),
Editorial Project Managers (Ms. Leticia Lima, Ms. Anna Valutkevich), Project Manager-
Production (Mr. Kamesh Ramajogi), and Copyrights Coordinator (Ms. Sandhya Narayanan).
I would like to extend my thanks to Elsevier and other publishers for granting the neces-
sary permission/license to reuse (reprint/adaptation) the copyrighted items.
ix
