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Effect of different soil media on the rooting and growth of Delonix regia stem cuttings in Maiduguri

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Mohammed sadisu waziri at University of Maiduguri
Mohammed sadisu waziri
Binta Aliyu Kyari
Binta Aliyu Kyari
Binta Aliyu Kyari
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Musa Adamu Ibrahim at University of Maiduguri
Musa Adamu Ibrahim
Bitrus Apagu
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Abstract and Figures

Reforestation in the arid zone depends on the successful propagation of trees. Vegetative propagation may serve as a good alternative to propagation by seed. This study was carried out in a nursery in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The study was focused to determine the effect of different soil types on the rooting and growth of Delonix regia stem cuttings. The treatments consisted of three different soil types (river sand, top soil and a mixture of river sand + top soil + cow dung in a ratio 1:1:1). The experiment was factorially combined and laid in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The results indicated that soil mixture gave the higher results in all measured parameters followed by top soil, and least result was recorded in river sand.
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AshEse Journal of Agricultural Science
Vol. 1(3), pp. 014-019, February, 2015
ISSN: 2059-1225
© 2015 AshEse Visionary Limited
http://www.ashese.co.uk/agricultural-science/blog
Full Length Research
Effect of different soil media on the rooting and growth of
Delonix regia stem cuttings in Maiduguri
Mohammed sadisu waziri1*, Binta Aliyu Kyari1, Musa Ibrahim1, Bitrus Apagu1, Bitrus Yunana1,
Mohammmed Nasir Askira2 and Ali Babagana Benisheikh3
1Department of Biological sciences, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
2Department of Chempherm, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria.
3Center for Biothecnology, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria
*Corresponding author. E-mail: waibra88@yahoo.com
Received 12 January, 2015; Accepted 25 February, 2015
Reforestation in the arid zone depends on the successful propagation of trees. Vegetative propagation may serve as a good
alternative to propagation by seed. This study was carried out in a nursery in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. The study was
focused to determine the effect of different soil types on the rooting and growth of Delonix regia stem cuttings. The treatments
consisted of three different soil types (river sand, top soil and a mixture of river sand + top soil + cow dung in a ratio 1:1:1). The
experiment was factorially combined and laid in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The results indicated
that soil mixture gave the higher results in all measured parameters followed by top soil, and least result was recorded in river
sand.
Key words: Soil media, Delonix regia, stem cuttings, vegetative.
INTRODUCTION
The vegetative (asexual) propagation of plants is the process,
when an exact copy of the genome (clone) of a mother plant
(ortet) is made and continued in new individuals. It is ensured
by meristematic, undifferentiated cells that can differentiate to
the various organs necessary to form a whole new plant
(Wiesman and Jaenicke, 2002). Plant cuttings is one of the
most common methods of vegetative reproduction which is,
today, used extensively due to low cost. Today, reproduction
by foliate semi hardwood cuttings has been taken into
consideration as a turning point in the affair of development of
the new grassy or woody cultivars and specie (Hartmann et al.,
1997). Soil medium is a factor which influences on the
percentage of cuttings which are to be rooted and kind of the
root created on it. Cultivation environment must have enough
humidity and oxygen and is free from the pathogenic factors.
Considering available facilities or economical situations,
ornamental plants are reproduced by various methods. In most
cases, production of ideal plant from seeds is not possible
because most ornamental plants are heterozygote and their
seeds produce various plants. In addition to these, some plants,
due to genetic reasons (incompatibility between pollen grain
and gynoecium, polyploid) or undesirable environmental
conditions (such as inappropriateness of temperature and
relative humidity for pollination) do not produce seeds, and the
vegetative reproduction must be used to proliferate them.
Delonix regia (Boj.ex Hook.) Raf., the flamboyant or flame
15 AshEse J. Agric. Sci.
Table 1. Soil sample analysis.
Soil media Location PH in H2O EC
Uscm-1 % N P mg/kg soil
K+
Cmol(+)/kg soil
%
O.C
O.M
River sand River Ngadda 7.25 30.00 0.07 2.45 0.12 0.29 0.50
Top soil F.G.C site 6.76 68.10 0.11 13.65 0.58 0.43 0.74
tree, is a very popular and beautiful ornamental tree. The genus
Delonix belongs to the legume family Fabaceae and subfamily
Caesalpinioideae, native to Madagascar (Puy et al., 1995), and
introduced into Nigeria as an exotic ornamental tree to
supplement the native species (Lancaster, 1982). Tall and
reaching a height of more than 15 m and a girth of 2 m under
favorable conditions, compound leaves of D. regia are
bipinnate and feathery, up to 60 cm long, pinnate 11 to 18
pairs, petiole stout. It is a leguminous species like Acacia
species, being a deciduous tree; it sheds its leaves during the
dry season, therefore reducing the rate of evaporation and
transpiration. It enriches the soil fertility. Despite the potential
uses of this species, when propagated from seeds, its early
growth is very slow due to presence of dormancy. Considering
the importance of this species there is the need to ensure its
continuous propagation and conservation. However, the
successful conservation of the species will to a large extent
depend on the identification of suitable soil medium for its
propagation. Thus the aim of this work is to investigate the
effectiveness of these soil media on the cuttings of the study
species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fresh cuttings of Delonix regia were taken on 14th June 2014,
from healthy trees growing within the University of Maiduguri.
Only phenotipically healthy trees, with young and new
branches were selected. The materials were taken from the
same branch position in the morning and placed in boxes filled
with moist clean sand and transported to the propagation area.
The cuttings were separated by sterile socatuoar. Effort was
made to ensure uniformity in selection of cuttings as stem
length of the cutting were determined at 15 cm and diameter
range between 2 to 3 cm (Kareem et al., 2005). The river sand
was obtained from river Ngadda along Bama Road Maiduguri
on 6th June, 2014 and was sterilized by stirring the sand in hot
water at 82°C to kill pathogens and was allowed to cool on the
second day, while the top soil was obtained in the nursery
where the experiment was conducted. The potting mixture was
prepared by ensuring homogenous combination of pulverized
cow dung manure, river sand and top soil in a ratio of 1:1:1. All
the soil media were filled into standard polythene bags of
dimension 14 × 11 × 5cm3. The filled polythene bags were
watered for 7 days before planting. The soil samples were
analyzed according to the method reported by Rechards (1977)
to determine the pH, the exchangeable cation, value of nitrogen
(N), the phosphorous (P) and the soil organic matter.
The experiment was conducted at a nursery in Maiduguri,
Borno State, the experiment was established in randomized
complete block design (RCBD), there were a total of 100
cuttings of D. regia planted on each of the 3 soil media (river
sand, top soil, and soil mixture) at a depth of 3 to 4 cm. Weeds
were removed at regular intervals of two (2) weeks. The
cuttings were watered twice daily. The period of study was 16
weeks. The rate of cuttings sprouting was determined by the
number of days taken by the cutting to commence sprouting,
sprouting percentage was obtained by dividing the number of
sprouted cutting with the total number of cuttings planted and
multiplied by 100, plant height (cm) was measured weekly
using meter rule which involved measuring of the vertical
distance of each sampled seedlings from the basal region (soil
surface) to the tip of the plant/crown point (Kareem et al.,
2002), root length (cm) was measured using meter rule.
Number of root per cuttings was recorded using physical
counting. Number of leaves was taken by physical counting of
the leaves and collar girth (cm) was determined by wrapping a
thread round the basal region of the sampled seedlings stem
and stretching the thread on a meter rule to determine its
dimension (stem width). The data collected were subjected to
analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means were separated using
least significance difference (LSD) at P < 0.5 level of
significance.
RESULTS
Soil sample analysis
The results on soil analysis are shown in Table 1. The result
showed variations in the properties of the different growth
media studied. The pH value of river sand from river Ngadda
and top soil from F.G.C Maiduguri were 7.25 and 6.76,
respectively. Results on EC showed that top soil from F.G.C
Maiduguri site gave higher percentage (68.10%) than that of
river sand from river Ngadda (30%). Result on nitrogen
percentage indicated that the river sand from river Ngadda had
(0.07%) which was lower than top soil from F.G.C Maiduguri
site (0.11%). The phosphorous value in river sand from river
Ngadda was very low (2.45 mg/kg), when compared to the top
Waziri et al. 16
Table 2. Effect of soil media on rate of sprouting.
Parameter
Months After Planting
(MAP)
1
2
3
4
Soil media
River Sand
4.8000
11.800
14.000
a
14.600
a
Top soil
6.8000
a
12.400
ab
15.800
a
15.800
a
Soil mixture
8.4000
a
14.800
a
14.600
a
15.800
a
SEM
0.9776
1.4023
1.4901
1.4901
Mean indicated by the same letter are not significantly (P< 0.05) different
from one another using LSD.
Table 3. Germination percentage.
Parameter
Weeks
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Soil media
River sand
0.8000
a
2.4000
9.800
a
11.200
12.800
a
13.200
a
13.200
a
13.200
a
Top soil
0.0000
a
7.2000
a
11.000
a
14.800
ab
14.800
a
14.800
a
14.800
a
14.800
a
Soil mixture
0.8000
a
7.4000
a
11.600
a
14.200
ab
14.800
a
15.200
a
15.200
a
15.200
a
SEM
0.2413
0.8956
1.6783
1.5632
1.4868
1.5291
1.5291
1.5291
Mean indicated by the same letter are not significantly (P < 0.05) different from one another using LSD.
soil from F.G.C Maiduguri site which had moderate
phosphorous value (13.65 mg/kg). The potassium value in top
soil from F.G.C Maiduguri site was higher (0.58 com(+)/kg) than
the potassium value in river sand from river Ngadda (0.12
com(+)kg). The amounts of organic carbon and organic manure
in top soil from F.G.C Maiduguri site were higher (0.43 and
0.74%, respectively) than those in river sand from river Ngadda
(0.29 and 0.50%, respectively).
Cuttings sprouting
Effect of soil media on rate of sprouting
The effect of soil media on cutting sprouting is shown in Table
2. Results showed that cuttings planted on soil media gave the
highest sprouting rate (8.400 to 15.800) followed by top soil
(6.800 to 15.800), the least rate of sprouting was recorded in
cuttings planted on river sand (4.800 to 14.600). Similarly, soil
mixture and top soil showed no significant different (p < 0.05)
with one another throughout the period of observation. Both the
two soils showed no significant different (p < 0.05) with river
sand throughout the 4 MAP except at 1 MAP.
Effect of soil media on percentage sprouting
The mean sprouting percentage is shown in Table 3. Sprouting
percentage ranged from 0.8000 to 13.200%, 0.80000 to
15.2000%, and 0.0000 to 14.8000% for river sand, soil
mixture, and top soil, respectively. Throughout the 16 weeks,
the highest sprouting percentage was consistently recorded
from cuttings planted on soil mixture, while the lowest
sprouting percentage was observed in cuttings planted on river
sand. Consequently the result showed that sprouting percentage
was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in soil mixture and river
sand than in top soil in the first two weeks, but after four weeks
sprouting percentage from the all soil media showed no
significant difference (p < 0.05) between treatments.
Effect of soil media on percentage sprouting
The mean sprouting percentage for soil media and indole
butyric acid (IBA) concentration is shown in Table 3.
Sprouting percentage ranged from 0.8000 to 13.200%, 0.80000
to 15.2000%, and 0.0000 to 14.8000% for river sand, soil
mixture, and top soil, respectively. Throughout the 16 weeks,
the highest sprouting percentage was consistently recorded
from cuttings planted on soil mixture, while the lowest
sprouting percentage was observed in cuttings planted on river
sand. Consequently the result showed that sprouting percentage
was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in soil mixture and river
sand than in top soil in the first two weeks, but after four weeks
sprouting percentage from the all soil media showed no
significant difference (p < 0.05) between treatments.
17 AshEse J. Agric. Sci.
Table 4. Effect of soil media on cuttings height.
Parameter
Mean of plant height(cm) at month after planting (MAP)
1
2
3
4
Soil media
River sand
0.0000
16.212
c
18.468
19.464
Top soil
0.0000
16.560
18.468
19.116
Soil mixture
15.1400
a
17.248
a
19.354
a
21.144
a
SEM
0.0343
0.1109
0.1621
0.3568
Mean indicated by the same letter are not significantly (P< 0.05) different from one another using
LSD.
Table 5. Effects of soil media on cuttings diameter.
Parameter
Weeks after planting (WAP)
10
12
14
16
Soil media
River sand
0.0000
0.0000
c
3.0400
c
3.212
c
Top soil
0.0000
3.0840
3.2920
3.5520
Soil mixture
3.7080
a
3.9360
a
4.0400
a
4.0400
a
SEM
0.0623
0.0550
0.0574
0.0466
Mean indicated by the same letter are not significantly (P < 0.05)
different from one another using LSD.
Table 6. Effect of soil media on number of leaves.
Parameter Months after planting (MAP)
1 2 3 4
Soil media
River sand 1.6000c 10.000b 13.600a 13.600a
Top soil 8.0000a 14.400a 14.400a 14.400a
Soil mixture 5.000b 12.200ab 14.800a 14.800a
SEM 0.9230 1.7372 1.2584 1.2584
Mean indicated by the same letter are not significantly (P< 0.05)
different from one another using LSD.
Cuttings growth
Effect of soil media on cuttings height
The effect of soil media on plant height is shown in Table 4.
There were significant (p < 0.05) variation in the height of
cuttings planted on soil mixture than those planted on the other
soils throughout the four months period of study. Results from
one to four (1 to 4 MAP) consistently showed that cutting
planted on soil mixture with the mean plant height of (15.140
to 21.144 cm) was significantly taller (p < 0.05) than the other
treatments and exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) faster growth
than the other two soil types. While cuttings on river sand and
top soil showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) throughout
the 4 MAP except at the 2 MAP where top soil (16.560 cm)
outgrown river sand (16.212 cm) and was significantly (p <
0.05) higher.
Effect of soil media on cuttings diameter
The effect of soil media on the cutting diameter of D. regia
after 16 weeks of planting (WAP) is shown in Table 5. Result
indicated that both the effect of soil media and IBA started
manifesting after 10 weeks after planting (WAP) of
observation. The results consistently showed that cuttings in
soil mixture was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (3.708 to
4.0400 cm) in diameter than the other two treatments, followed
by top soil (0.0000 to 3.5520 cm), the lowest was recorded in
river sand (0.000 to 3.212 cm).
Effect of soil media and IBA on number of leaves
The effect of soil media on number of leaves is shown in Table
6. Results at 1 MAP expressed significantly (p < 0.05) higher
foliage in cuttings planted on top soil (8.000), then soil mixture
(5.000) and river sand (1.6000). Similarly at 2 MAP top soil
was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than river sand which in
turn showed no significant (p < 0.05) difference with soil
mixture. At 3 and 4 MAP results showed no significant
different (p < 0.05) between all the soil media.
Effect of soil media on root length and root number
The effect of soil media on root length and root number of
cutting of D. regia is shown in Table 7. Result indicated that
there was no significant (p < 0.05) difference in the root lengths
of the cuttings planted on soil mixture (12.545 cm) and top soil
(12.605 cm) after 4 MAP. Both soil mixture and top soil
showed significant differences (p < 0.05) with river sand. In
respect to the number of roots, result showed no significant
difference (p < 0.05) in all the soil media.
Waziri et al. 18
Table 7. Effect of soil media on root length and root number.
Parameter Root length (cm) at 16 WAP Root number at 16 WAP
Soil media
River sand 8.475b 1.1500a
Top soil 12.605a 1.1500a
Soil mixture 12.545a 1.1500
a
SEM 0.2914 0.1673
Mean indicated by the same letter are not significantly(P< 0.05) different from one another using
LSD.
DISCUSSION
Effect of soil media on growth and rooting of D. regia stem
cuttings
The cuttings planted on the soil mixture had the best result,
although river sand had the fastest sprouting rate of 3 cuttings
at 14 DAP which was later outnumbered by soil mixture. The
result is in line with the work of Kareem et al. (2005) on
Albizia lebbeck cuttings and they found that cuttings planted on
potting mixture (cow dung + top soil + washed river sand) had
the fastest sprouting rate. The nutrient status of the soil also
probably determined the growth rate of the cuttings, nutrient
status of soil mixture consisting of river sand, cow dung
manure and top soil in ratio 1:1:1 was higher than that of top
soil alone and top soil in turn was high than that of washed and
sterilized river sand (Kareem et al., 2002). Root length, plant
height, number of leaves, and plant diameter were also
significantly higher in soil mixture and top soil than river sand,
this could be due to increased aeration and drainage leading to
increased porosity that promotes root growth and development,
also that nutrients in the soils are mostly found at top soil.
Similar observation was reported by Olosunde and Fawusi
(2003) that materials added to the top soil to form a good
rooting medium included animal dung and animal composting.
Soil mixture and top soil supported the longest cutting, the
wider cutting and the highest number of leaves and sprouting
percentage probably due to the high level of moisture content
of the soils (Scalabrelli et al., 1983). The significance
performance of cutting on soil mixture could also be attributed
to better aeration and water drainage because high aeration are
responsible for promoting root development (Olabunden and
Fawusi, 2003; Puri and Thompson, 2003). Therefore the type
of soil media used can have a major effect on the rooting and
growth capacity of cuttings. An appropriate soil media
generally has to have an optimal volume of gas filed pore space
and oxygen diffusion rate adequate for the needs of respiration
(Fonteno and Nelson, 1990).
According to Caron et al. (2000), media physical properties
should not be constrained to just measurements of air filled
porosity, water holding capacity and bulk density, but also gas
exchange characteristic. The highest number of leaves, plant
height and root length recorded in soil mixture may be due to
easy translocation of water and minerals to the above ground
parts of the cuttings, considering the fact that it contains the
combination of both river sand and top soil.
Conclusion
It is possible to get faster seedlings of D. regia through
vegetative propagation by cuttings, and also proper mixture of
soil with other animal dungs at suitable ratio can enhance faster
yield in the rooting and growth of the cuttings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge the guidance of Dr. Abba Umar of the
Department of Biological sciences, University of Maiduguri,
Professor Buba Satsawa of the Department of crop sciences,
University of Maiduguri, the technical assistant of Mallam
saleh of Soil science Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and
all staff of Green Comfortium Nursery.
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
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Full-text available
  • Oct 2023
Allamanda cathartica is an indigenous, widely distributed plant in Sri Lanka and is identified as Rukkathana. It is cultivated for large yellow flowers which have numerous medicinal and ornamental values. The propagation of Allamanda cathartica through conventional cuttings has limitations since the sprouting process is very slow and the success rate is remarkably low. Therefore, with the objective of developing a suitable cutting propagation technique for Allamanda cathartica plants an experiment was carried out in a two factor factorial manner at the University of Colombo Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences, Hambantota, Sri Lanka. Different types of stem cuttings: hardwood, semi-hardwood, softwood and shoot tips were tested in different potting media of pure sand, pure coir dust and sand and coir dust at the ratio of parts by volume 1:1 under controlled environmental conditions. There were twelve treatment combinations and four replications each containing three units and those were arranged in a Complete Randomized Design manner. Survival, rooting, shoot length, number of roots and root weight were recorded and statistical analysis was done by SAS 9.1.3 package. The study revealed that shoot tips exhibited better survival in a mixture of sand:coir dust and sand only media, as well as in coir dust and a mixture of sand:coir dust for hardwood cuttings. However, the lowest survival was in semi hardwood planted in sand only compared to all other treatments. Shoot tips showed superior rooting and shoot length in pure coir dust and a mixture of sand:coir dust media, while other cuttings showed the lowest rooting when planted in sand only media. The highest root weight was observed in shoot tips planted in sand:coir dust media, followed by shoot tips in pure coir dust, while the lowest root weight was recorded in softwood, semi hardwood, and hardwood planted in sand only, as well as in softwood cuttings planted in sand:coir dust media. The results suggest that the choice of growth media should be based on the type of cutting to improve rooting and growth performance. Higher aeration in growth media was found to be crucial for improving root initiation and stimulating metabolic processes. It can be concluded that, shoot tips planted in sand with coir dust can be recommended for mass multiplication of Allamanda cathartica.
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... A mixture of topsoil+rice husk (3:1) in this research is the best for promoting rooted at gerunggang shoot cutting than other media. Increased aeration and drainage at topsoil properties which promotes root growth and development of cutting growth, is similar to research conducted from [14] on Delonix regia stem cuttings, where root length, plant height, number of leaves, and plant diameter were also significantly higher in soil mixture and topsoil than river sand. ...
Effect of media on the percentage of Cratoxylum arborescens cutting
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Gerunggang ( Cratoxylum arborescens Blume.) is one of native peat swamp species which good potential for pulp material and rehabilitation. One factor affecting the success of vegetative propagation is rooting media. The objectived of this study was observed the suitability of four rooting medium for gerunggang cuttings i.e: river sand, mixture of peat+ rice husk (3:1), mixture of top soil+rice husk (3:1), and mixture of cocopeat+rice husk (2:1). A number of 20 gerunggang cuttings with 4 replication were tested at four rooting media during 16 weeks observation period. Some parameter were observed i.e: number of shoots, leaves and roots per cutting, length of primary root (cm), rooting speed, rooted percentage (%), and survival percentage (%). Different rooting media significantly affect (p<0.01) on number of buds per cutting and length of primary root. However, the type of rooting media did not significantly affect (p>0.05) to the number of leaves and roots per cutting, rooted percentage (%) and survival percentage (%). High rooting percentage was achieved by media topsoil+ricehusk with average of 67.50%, while the lowest percentage was obtained peat+ricehusk medium with average of 38.75%. A mixture of topsoil+rice husks (3:1) is a best medium for early growth of gerunggang cutting which indicate by best number of buds, leaves and roots per cutting, rooted percentage (%) and survival percentage (%). Survival rate of cutting in this research is ranging from 56.25% - 77.50%.
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... A wide range of numerous materials is used and mixed in different ratios for obtaining an appropriate growing media including clay, silt, sawdust, and sand which could yield good results as observed in our study. These results agree partially with other studies because of variation in materials (Rafiq and Samad, 2007;Mhango, 2008;Gülcü, 2010;Tariq, 2013;Waziri, 2015). Interaction effects of media and NPK on the growth parameters were significant as shown in Tables (2-8). ...
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... Singh and Kaur Malakar et al. (2019) in Khirni and Waziri et al. (2015) in Delonix regia. Gawankar et al. (2019) and Farooq et al. (2018) also reported the same in jackfruit and grapes. ...
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... Stem cutting is the most common method of vegetative propagation for woody and herbaceous plants. Popularity of vegetative propagation generally due to the low cost and cost effectiveness (Waziri et al., 2015) and easiness of propagation (Dawa et al., 2017) related with the utilization of the technique. The success of propagation by cutting may be related with the planthormones (Bhardwaj et al., 2017), donor plant age (Ambebe et al., 2017), medium of growth (Ashiono et al., 2017), type of cutting taken from mother plant (Washa, 2014), size of the cutting taken from mother plant and donor plant characters (Kramer and Kozlowski, 2014). ...
A REVIEW ON THE USE OF ORGANIC ROOTING SUBSTANCES FOR PROPAGATION OF HORTICULTURE CROPS
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
The objective of the current review is to identify the research work on the organic rooting substances on rooting and root growth of cuttings of Horticulture crops for their propagation. Endogenous and exogenous factors affect the rooting of cuttings. Most of the time auxin like IBA and NAA is widely used to propagate horticultural plants through cutting and layering. As most of the consumers are realizing the importance of organic fruits, there is a need to explore the non-chemical substances for propagating horticultural plants. It is also required to get organic certification. Use of organic rooting substances is also cheaper alternative to synthetic rooting hormone. Organic rooting substances like vermin wash, Coconut water, willow leaf water, honey, humic acid, Seaweed extract, AloeVera, cinnamon powder are considered ideal for rooting of cuttings. A good rooting substance must be easily available, economically attractive, ecologically sound mean of reducing external inputs. Using of organic rooting substances is smart because it reduces the synthetic hormone and improves the quality and quantity of rooting of cutting. Organic rooting substances increase sustainability of the soil and make it more productive.
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... Inflation of no. of leaves/stem by Top soil + river sand media was merely observed in 'Golden Torch' (6.32), 'Choconiana' (7.85), H. metallica (6.79), H. rostrata (8.24), H. stricta (9.31) and H. wagneriana (5.12). Top soil + cow-dung-manure and river sand duo yield disappointed outcomes here also (Table 3) may be for compactness of soil which restrict nutrient up take (Waziri et al., 2015). ...
Rejoinder of diverse organic growing media on morphological attributes of nine Heliconia species and varieties under West Bengal condition
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2019
Predominant constraints for successful thrive of Heliconia the trendiest cut flower of tropics are the shortage of apposite genotypes and growth medium under Bengal circumstance. In this backdrop, a field experiment was conducted being employed Heliconia psittacorum × spathocircinata cv. 'Golden torch', Heliconia psittacorum var. 'Choconiana', Heliconia psittacorum var. 'Lady di', for all parameters considered obtained by top soil+vermicompost(1:1) and top soil+river sand+vermicompost(1:1) irrespective of species after four weeks of planting. Plant height increased manifold times in all species and varieties but H. stricta attained the highest (395.02cm) while significant plant spreading of 674.22, 354.79 and 903.73cm 2 perceived in 'Golden torch', 'Choconiana' and H. rostrata respectively. Latter two Heliconia plants yielded also maximum number of shoots clump-1 (13.01 and 14.12) whereas leaf blade length of 102.72cm. found by H. stricta. Noteworthy stem length noticed in H. wagneriana. On the other hand, sufficiently bigger inflorescences, the most striking part of these plant produced by both H. rostrata and H. stricta (77.11 and 60.95cm). On the contrary, utmost number of inflorescences/plant/year produced by hybrid cultivar 'Golden torch' (102.23). River sand solely failed to prove its competency while the interaction of top soil+cow-dung-manure (1:1) bestowed lowest vegetative traits.
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... Stem cutting is the most common of vegetative propagation methods for herbaceous and woody plants. Reasons for the popularity generally revolve around the low cost ( Waziri et al. 2015) and ease ( Dawa et al. 2017) associated with the use of the technique. The success of cutting propagation may be confounded by the age of the donor plant ( Ambebe et al. 2017), growth medium ( Ashiono et al. 2017), type of cutting (Washa 2014), phytohormones ( Bhardwaj et al. 2017), size of the cutting and health of the donor plant ( Kramer and Kozlowski 2014) among others. ...
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Interactive effects of branch type and growth medium on early growth and survival of cutting-propagated Cordia africana (Lam.)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
Cordia africana Lam is an economically and ecologically valuable tree of the Western Highlands forest of Cameroon that is under pressure of over-exploitation and habitat fragmentation. There is a need for fast and easy means of mass production of quality planting stock for upregulation of the population of the species. An experiment was carried out to investigate the combined effects of branch type and growth medium on early growth and survival of C. africana cuttings. Treatments were comprised of three branch types (primary, secondary, tertiary) of cuttings origin and three growth media (sand, sawdust, 1:1 sand: sawdust) laid out in a split-plot design in a non-mist propagator. Data were collected three months after the initiation of treatments. Sawdust significantly reduced shoot height, stem diameter, stem volume, number of leaves, and leaf area while it increased mortality. There was no significant difference between sand and sand: sawdust for any of the parameters. The five growth parameters were significantly lower in cuttings from tertiary branches than those obtained from primary and secondary branches. In contrast, mortality of cuttings declined from the tertiary to primary and secondary branch types that displayed statistically similar values of the trait. There was no significant interactive effect of treatments on any of the attributes examined in this study. The findings indicate that a tertiary branch and sawdust may not be a suitable source and growth medium, respectively for vegetative propagation of C. africana.
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Influence of rooting media, number of nodes and seedling growing methods on rooting, seedling establishment and early growth of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius McVaugh) stem cuttings at Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Establishment of seedling growing method(s) is priority activity to the distribution of newly introduced vegetable crops. Chaya is proposed as candidate vegetable crop to distribute in eastern Ethiopia. However, recommendation is lacking for rooting media and type of cutting to produce seedlings. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess effect of rooting media and number of nodes on rooting, seedling establishment and early growth of chaya at Dire Dawa from February 2018 to July 2018. Three level of rooting media (top soil only, 3:2:1 top soil: farmyard manure: sand, 3:1 top soil: farmyard manure), three levels of node number (2, 3, 4) and two seedling growing methods (seedbed/bare root and polyethylene bag) in factorial combinations were evaluated in completely randomized and randomized complete block designs with three replications for nursery and field experiments, respectively. Seedling growing methods significantly influenced all traits, rooting media, number of nodes and interaction of the main factors had significant effect on percentage of root initiated cuttings. Fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots, dry weight of leaves and root significantly influenced by interaction of the three factors. The seedlings raised on seedbed filled with 3:1 top soil: farmyard manure (91.6%) and stem cuttings with four nodes (92.7%) showed high percentage survival. Generally, either one or more of the three main factors rooting media, number of nodes and seedling growing method or one or more of the possible two and three main factors interactions significantly influenced the seedlings growth and establishment of seedlings at the field. In conclusion, chaya seedlings from cutting responded well to type of rooting media containing top soil: farmyard manure: sand, cutting length with three and four nodes and growing method (seedbed). Therefore, in the study area it could be advised to use combined mixtures of 3:2:1 top soil: farmyard manure: sand and stem cutting with four nodes grown on nursery bed and field establishment.
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Relationship of water to adventitious rooting in stem cuttings of Populus species
Article
  • Jan 2003
Populus species, characterized by fast growth and easy vegetative propagation, are widely used in agroforestry practices. The substantial water requirement of poplars make them interesting subjects for water balance studies. No information exists on soil moisture requirements for initial root and shoot growth of Populus cuttings. This study on leafless hardwood cuttings of Populus x euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. Robusta examined the dynamics of water use during propagation, as influenced by two initial soil water potentials (–0.006 and –0.06 MPa). Differences in the initial water potential of the cuttings was achieved by three pretreatments i.e., fresh, soaked and dried. Initial shoot was –1.45, –0.10 and –2.10 MPa in fresh, soaked and dried cuttings, respectively. Soil moisture had a major effect on rooting. Water-stressed cuttings took a longer time to root and had fewer roots. Pre-soaking of cuttings stimulated rooting, particularly under the drier soil moisture conditions. Initially the water potential of cuttings decreased with time and with the formation of roots it stabilized in all the pretreatments. The reduction in water potential of cuttings after planting was related to an increase in resistance to water flow in the xylem.
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Growth studies on Detarium microcarpum and nutrient status of its fruits
  • Jan 2002
  • 51-55
  • I A Kareem
  • M S Chomini
  • B I Mohammed
Kareem IA, Chomini MS, Mohammed BI (2002). Growth studies on Detarium microcarpum and nutrient status of its fruits. J. Sustain. Trop. Agric. Res. 3:51-55.
Propagation of Albizza labbeck
  • Jan 2005
  • I A Kareem
  • P C Obiaga
  • O Owa
Kareem IA, Obiaga PC, Owa O (2005). Propagation of Albizza labbeck
Rattle tree) from cuttings as an alternative to propagation from seed
  • 106-110
  • Benth
Benth (Rattle tree) from cuttings as an alternative to propagation from seed. Nig. J. Bot. 10(18):106-110.
Introduction to vegetative tree propagation: Concepts and principles. Training guidelines and references. International Centre for Research in
  • Jan 2002
  • 148
  • Z Wiesman
  • H Jaenicke
Wiesman Z, Jaenicke H (2002). Introduction to vegetative tree propagation: Concepts and principles. Training guidelines and references. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya p 148.