Content uploaded by Anurag Saxena
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Anurag Saxena on Oct 04, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Pratap Chandra Moharana
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Pratap Chandra Moharana on Oct 03, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
654
Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.079
Ladakh Traditional Farming: An Approach to Resource
Utilization under Changing Climate
M.S. Raghuvanshi1*, Ngawang Dorjay2, R.K. Singh3, B.L. Manjunatha3,
P.C. Moharana3, Enoch Spalbar2, Stanzin, Landol2 and Anurag Saxena3
1National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur-440033, India
2Regional Research Station, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Leh-Ladakh 194101, India
3Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342003, India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is a
wildly beautiful desert region high in the
Western Himalayas, at altitudes ranging from
10,000 to 14,000 feet (from 3,000 to 4,300 m).
It is a place of limited resources with an
extreme climate. The Himalayan mountain
range has significant bearing on the climate of
India, as its towering height created a vast
rain-shadow zone in the north. The cold dry
tracts of the zone referred to as cold arid
region, spread over in the northern states of
India. The cold dry tracts of this zone referred
as the cold arid region are spread over in the
northern states of Jammu and Kashmir (Leh
and Kargil districts), Himachal Pradesh
(Lahaul-Spiti, Kinnaur and parts of Chamba
district), Uttarakhand (parts of Uttarkashi,
Chamoli and Pithoragarh districts) and Sikkim
(barren and desolate northern tip). Ladakh lies
between 32o 15’ - 36o N and 75o 15’ - 80o 15’
E, and is a high altitude cold arid region of
India. Due to harsh winter, and heavy
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 09 (2019)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Ladakh short agricultural season of 6-7 months in the lap of Himalayas and its
production was high and enough to feed the entire population with traditional
techniques to suit the local climatic conditions along with strong social structure to
support the agricultural system. Today it faces many climatic challenges in more
ways than one such as receding glacial snow, unusual rainfall, floods, changing
weather patterns resulting infiltration of new pests and consequently and
significantly changed the lifestyle of high altitude cold arid Ladakh. But an
approach to resource utilization is patterned in present scenario diminishing the
traditional identity with increasingly changing infrastructures due to climate
change.
Ke ywords
Ladakh traditional
farming, Social
structure,
Agricultural system
Accepted:
04 August 2019
Available Online:
10 September 2019
Article Info
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
655
snowfall, Ladakh remains cut off for almost
seven months i.e. from October – May from
rest of the world by surface transportation.
Ladakh being at high altitude, suffers from an
extremely harsh climate during winter (-300C)
and remains cut off for almost seven months
i.e. from October-May from rest of the world
by surface transportation. Agriculture with
harvesting glacier water in the lap of
Himalaya has come-up as a small-scale
farming system, well adapted to this unique
and extreme environment.
Materials and Methods
Keeping in view of the above features of
Ladakhi agriculture, a bio-geographical survey
was carried out by Regional Research Station,
CAZRI, Leh during 2013-18 at different
villages of Leh valley under Externally
Funded Scheme National Mission on
Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem Task Force-
5 (Traditional Knowledge System) with the
objective to find out the prevailing agricultural
scenario in Leh-Ladakh in changing climate.
Six villages (Saboo, 770 34’ 48” E, 340 0’ 12”
N, Stakmo (770 42’ 21.56” E, 340 01’ 36.90”
N), Nang (770 45’ 06.34” E,340 02’ 35.6” N) ,
Umla (770 23’ 57” E, 340 14’ 12.33” N), Phey
(770 27’ 56.99” E, 340 08’ 0.6” N) and Stakna,
770 41’ 06.33” E, 330 59’ 44.06” N) were
selected for the study also to understand the
pasture ecology.
Results and Discussion
Growth of farming
Region experiences mean annual precipitation
of 80-300 mm, which is scanty and negligible
in the thirsty laps of mountains. Himalayan
Mountains and the Indus river system are two
of the gigantic land features that limit the
possibility of large scale agricultural activities
in Leh region. However, it is unique and
representative of the Tibetan plateau. Its
agriculture in the past rendered the region self-
sufficient in food grains especially with small
land holdings. Families rely more essentially
on subsistence agriculture based on principal
crops like wheat, barley and potato on their
stone-built terraces. Potato, being main
vegetable, is a main cash crop grown during
May-September in the region. The art of crop
production which is and seems as old as
civilization itself and its essential features
have remained largely unchanged over the
ages. Productivity in cold deserts in Himachal
Pradesh, as elsewhere, is centered on crops
and animal husbandry.
The altitude variation affects the local climate
and the temperature dips to around -40
degrees in winter, while the mean maximum
temperature in summer is around 14 degrees.
The region receives very little annual
precipitation of 10 cm, mainly in form of
snow and has more than 320 sunny days. The
solar radiation is as high as 6-7 kwh/sq m,
which is among the highest in the world.
Because of the thin atmosphere, solar
radiation is quite extreme. Humidity levels
range from 6-24% making the air very dry.
Agriculture and harvesting glacier water in the
lap of Himalaya has developed a small-scale
farming system adapted to this unique and
extreme environment. Families rely essentially
on subsistence agriculture based on principal
crops like wheat, barley and potato. Potato,
being main vegetable during winter season is a
main cash crop grown during May-October in
the region. The art of crop production which is
as old as civilization itself and its essential
features have remained largely unchanged
over the ages. Productivity in cold deserts in
Himachal Pradesh, as elsewhere, is centered
on crops and animal husbandry. It is based on
human labour, animal power and hand-made
tools. Terraced fields on slopes of high
mountains are irrigated with glacial melt-
water and fertilised with undecomposed farm-
yard-manure, human "night soil" and a starter
dose of fertilizers like urea, DAP and muriate
of potash. Every house also has small
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
656
vegetable garden along with small orchards of
apple or apricot, and keep a few animals, such
as, goats, sheep, cows and dzo (a cross
between a yak and a local breed of cow). Even
with such harsh climatic conditions,
agriculture by almost any measure, is
extremely successful. It represents a unique
way of human survival and progress.
Although simple, it is ecologically sustainable,
and just as important, people are supported by
community bonds that provide a deep sense of
psychological security. Due to its simplicity
and closeness to the nature, people are
psychologically happy and physically fit. But
with modernity setting in, the traditional
structures and processes are giving way to
modern styles and problems. Festival called
SAKA denotes the onset of agriculture season
in Ladakh around April and Dzo are honoured
with chhang and barley products, as it is
thought that they have full-right for these
foods.
Procession called ‘SAKA FESTIVAL’ to
begin the agriculture season in Ladakh
Prioritizing crop sowing is a very amazing and
competitional phenomenon when all the
farmers remain on the fields and women being
a main stakeholders support the sowing along
with folk songs. Germplasm of food crops,
acclimatized to West Himalayan cold deserts,
is saved and conserved year after year. The
traditional germplasm used in Ladakh are ne-
nak, yang-ma, yang-kar, sermo, tug-zur of
barley, buck-suk of alfalfa, to-chen of small
and big wheat, sner-mar of pea, nyas-kara of
mustard, ta-wo of buck wheat are involved in
folk songs revealing the sustainability of local
germplasm. Since inception, conservation of
old land races of cultivated plants, especially
alfalfa, is of global importance. In case of
fragmented land holdings, sowing is
prioritized according to altitudinal zonation.
This helps to tide over the rather limited
growing period by synchronising harvesting,
threshing and storage before the onset of
winter. In this manner scarcity of labour is
also coped with effective and efficient crop
management. The individual farmer is thus
able to attend to his fragmented land holding
which are spaced over varying altitudes. In a
majority of situations, land holdings are only
one to two hectares, but easily sufficient. In
fact, in most of the situations, only limited
plains within Indus valleys are utilized for
agricultural activities.
Uniform seed broadcasting with
approximately higher seed rate is performed
girls in cold desert areas. One handful of seed
is uniformly broadcast in three to four equal
lots. The quantity of seeds thrown in each lot
is determined by the distance of furrows made
during ploughing. It also reduces labour
requirement.
Distribution of organic manure along with
night soil at the rate of 20 to 25 kg of organic
manure is scattered in the fields. This
technique aims at uniform distribution of
organic manure. It is reported that the quantity
of manure spread is optimum for the plot of
land falling in the range of seven steps taken
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
657
Traditional farming
CAZRI’s interaction with NOMADS on
pastoral system in Changthang region
by the woman. With the broadcasting of crop
seeds, weeds find opportunity and become
integral part of cultivated lands which not only
compete for space and moisture, but also
reduce the yields significantly and quality of
produce. Weeding is only performed by farm
women in a group only in vegetables not in
wheat and barley and upto some extent in pea
crop. Being an integral part with crop, weeds
constitute 30 per cent biomass obtained after
harvesting. In cultivated lands and vegetable
lands, the commonly found weeds are
Amaranthus spp. ,Avena sativa, Chenopodium
album, Convolvulus arvensis, Digitaria spp,
Medicago luplina, Medicago sativa, Melilotus
officinalis, Polypogon monospeliensis, Setaria
viridis, Trifolium repens, Polygonum
convolvulus (wild buchwheat),Malva neglecta,
Poa pretensis, Agropyron repens, Phragmitis
spp., Cirsium arvense, Ambrosia spp.,
Artemesia spp. and Lolium spp. The presence
of these weeds in a crop like potato or cereals
is noted to reduce crop yield by 30-40 per
cent. In Changthang and similar pastoral
ecosystems, being natural rangeland for
nomadic livestock economyare under the
major threat with weedy species like Cirsium
arvense. It has been noted from the record that
in an area like changthang, stone called
shangma is used for weed control because it
seems to possess toxic properties. Pieces of
stones are spread over a small heap of soil, in
the middle of fields in the month of
December. This soluble stone, when mildly
irrigated, percolates into the field. This part of
weed control is being investigated. Most
people now use chemical fertilizers and some
kinds of technology to grow food. Institutes
like State Department of Agriculture (SDA),
DIHAR, CAZRI, and other institutes are
supporting farmers with new varieties and
fruit saplings. Out of these institutes, SDA
plays an important role in maintaining
cohesive relations with farmers and other line
departments. Traditional crops replaced by
cash crops leading to loss of agro-biodiversity,
resulting in increased vulnerability to climatic
& market changes, reduction of high altitude
pastoral lands due to changing climate (CC)
and infiltration of weedy species like Cirsium
arvense, reducing capacity to produce food on
small/ marginal land holdings with increased
insects and diseases and labour cost, all four
dimensions of food security are predicted to
be affected by climate change: food
availability, food accessibility, food utilization
and food system stability and increasing
temperatures resulted in shifting of growing
seasons, for example, attack of insects in crops
and orchards of cold arid region like attack of
codling moth on apple in Ladakh as a whole
and tent caterpillars on apricot orchards of
Dha-Biama- a serious issue of global warming
are the key issues in Ladakh region, Northern
India, proves as a suitable case study to
investigate the effects of such dynamic
conditions on food security in high altitude
areas.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
658
Farmers’ major emphasis on
Vegetable production
Leh receives scanty rainfall and fed by
numerous rivulets that stream down glaciers in
this region. Gravity and river canals play an
important part in irrigation activities.
However, efforts are being made to bring
more barren land under cultivation by
constructing irrigation canals on the Indus,
Shayok and other tributaries. Community
approach for distribution of irrigation water is
very unique and honest. Every household gets
glacier recharge water as irrigation at fixed
schedule by informing each other timely.
Total irrigated area in the regions stood at
10424 hectares, most of which were covered
by Canals and Khuls. With regard to irrigation
water security, impact of alarming situation of
global warming in cold arid region likely to
reduce the amount of snowfall, reducing the
water flow in snow-fed rivers during the
summer months and WWF (2010) has also
reported 21% decrease glacierized area IHR,
with glaciers less than one metre square
retreating faster.
Vegetable find important place in the Ladakhi
menu with an area 310 ha, producing 7,544
tons of fresh vegetables annually. Although
area is very less under vegetables in Leh but
every household is growing vegetables in
about half or one kanal. Weeding is rarely
performed in vegetables. In remote villages
where family size is confined to only 2-3
members with old ages, weeding is negligible
and it has been recorded that reduction in
economic yield of vegetables seem to the tune
as reported by Singh et. al., 1993to the tune of
6-82 per cent in potato, 25-30 per cent in peas,
70-80 per cent in carrot, 67 per cent in onion,
42-71 per cent in tomato and 61 per cent in
cauliflower. Simultaneously, efforts made to
apply manure/ fertilizers in vegetables, it can
be interpreted that in unweeded vegetable
plots, on an average weed extract two times
more N and Ca and 25 per cent more
potassium than the crop (Mallik et al., 1998).
As vegetable cultivation is possible only from
April to October, and harvesting is done from
July to October. On the other hand, with
reduced vegetables production may affect the
availability of stored vegetables during the
critical period for winter months due to sub-
zero temperature. While during winter, only
few leafy vegetables find the place to adapt
during winter season. Scope of protected
agriculture is confined to governmental
institutes and farmers with less resources has
very small polyhouses which do not suffice
their demand during winter season. Then it
becomes very critical to store vegetables for
their consumption during winter months as the
region remain isolated during the harsh winter.
Vegetables stored for the winter months form
a major source of income for vegetable
growers. Womenfolk sell stored vegetable on
foot path in the local market.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
659
Ladakhi vegetables
Access to other vegetables
Cabbage, onion and potato stored in traditional storage for winter access
Soil fertility status
Majority of the soils in Leh and Kargil
districts are sandy to sandy loam in texture
and medium to medium high (e”0.75%) in
organic matter with poor water holding
capacity. The pH ranges from 5.65 to 10.12 in
Leh and 6.57-9.47 in Kargil. Therefore the
majority of soils are alkaline in nature.
Nutrients are below the critical level except
potassium which is relatively high. On the
other hand, irrigation water quality is related
to its effect on soils, crops and management
practices necessary to overcome problems
linked to its quality and can directly affect the
crops through toxicity or deficiency. The
topography is rugged, undulated with sloppy
terrain and prone to erosion (Acharya et al.,
2012). Farmers are used to broadcast human
excreta (1.2-1.5 N+0.8 P+0.5 K) as manure to
enrich the soil along with partially
decomposed farm yard manure. In addition to
this, during sowing/ planting, only starter dose
of fertiliser like di-ammonium phosphate and
muriate of potash are the common one. After
that the crops are not taken care off after
sowing and immediately get infested with
dominant weeds like Agropyron (rampa) or
Phragmites (dambu), buck wheat,
Chenopodium spp etc. which take away most
of the nutrients and crops becomes very weak.
It has been recorded that sea buckthorn- a
deciduous shrub, has ability to improve the
soil fertility. For the purpose to understand the
characteristics of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides L.) plant in cold arid and high
altitude habitat, a survey was carried out by
Regional Research Station, CAZRI, Leh
during 2013 encompassing six different land
use patterns. Being a deciduous shrub, it is a
multipurpose fast growing species, serving as
a measure of biodiversity conservation, and
has extensive subterranean rooting system
with strong soil binding ability, useful for soil
stabilization, river bank control and water
retention, soil conservation, medicines, food,
wildlife habitat enhancement, farmstead
protection, fodder and fuel wood. An 8 to 10-
year old seabuckthorn forest can fix 180 kg of
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
660
Green belt under Seabuckthorn vegetation,
feeding animals in cold arid region
nitrogen/ha/year. It was recorded that the
about 83 per cent of the root nodules are at the
depth of 0-15 cm which support more plant
species.
During the survey in different habitats at Leh
Valley, following observations on various
weed species and related flora were noted
associated with varied stages of Hippophae. If
planted on the bunds of cultivated area, it may
be useful in supporting the crop plant around
to be a best example of organic agriculture.
Pest management
The changing global climate is making direct
impact on Indian Himalayan region (IHR).
Various pests and diseases are being recorded
and new one are also emerging on the crop/
vegetables and tree species. Pest population
increases when there is abundance of
particular host plant/ tree on which they feed
and spread further. New pathological threats
have been seen in the last few years on
cereals/ vegetable crops under changing
climatic conditions. In Ladakh region,
increasing menace of insects like codling moth
and tent caterpillars in orchards like apple and
apricot, respectively, aphids on alfalfa,
willows and fruits plants, diseases in barley/
wheat, insect attack in vegetables (cabbage
butterfly, and maggots in onion), poplar and
salix species have been recorded. It has been
noted that the vegetable crops have now
become more prone to viral, bacterial and
fungal diseases. The situation, however, is
entirely different under greenhouse conditions.
Under protected conditions, the severity and
incidence of insects and diseases like powdery
mildew and root rots were found more
alarming. It becomes imperative to manage
weeds which act as alternate hosts to invite
insects and diseases especially in Ladakh
where global warming is making direct impact
by expanding the range of many diseases.
New pests and diseases are likely to emerge as
natural ecosystems respond to altered
temperature and precipitation profiles because
plant disease occurs when three factors
combine: a susceptible host, sufficient
effective pathogen inoculum and suitable
environmental conditions. CAZRI, Jodhpur
organized a training on rodent pest
management in Chushot village. Management
strategies are to be developed in response to
natural climate extremes, and may be useful in
adopting long-term climate changes. There is
need to develop more effective surveillance
and experts system for farmers advisory
system in the management.
Insect and disease incidence in cereals and vegetables
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
661
Status of greenhouse cultivation
Greenhouses with climate controlled devices
are very few in the country. On the other hand,
Ladakh, being cold, arid, high altitude region
of India has a very harsh climate and a short
agriculture season. Attempts are being made
to popularize solar greenhouses with
polyethylene covers in Leh. In early sixties,
DIHAR (previously Field Research
Laboratory)of DRDO at Leh attempted solar
green house vegetable production research and
made an outstanding contribution to the extent
that at present every household possesses a
polyhouse these days in Leh valley.
Greenhouse cultivation has been evolved with
the objective to create favourable micro-
climates, which favours the vegetable
production. During survey, it was recorded
that during harsh winter and declining
landholdings, there is an urgent need to
encourage farmers by providing timely
subsidy for taking up protected agriculture
technology in a big way, demand greater
attention towards protected agriculture. In
addition to this, micro irrigation system has
been found best for watering plants in a
greenhouse.
Table.1 Production potential of natural leafy vegetables of cold desert Ladakh
(Source- Mishra et al , 2010)
Harvesting trend and productivity
In West Himalayan cold deserts like Leh, crop
harvesting is affected by a sickle used in the
upstream direction for maximizing biomass.
While in Kargil, barley/ wheat is harvested by
uprooting and kept on the road for drying.
This indicates that the farmers have very less
land holding for sustaining crop productivity.
It has also been recorded that higher seeding
reduce the number of tillers and during
harvesting 8-10 held right near the base, are
pushed forward and then cut. Each plant
hardly has 3-4 tillers. Thereby reducing total
yields. This method of crop harvesting from
bottom to top ensures maximum harvest by
reducing wastage through easy handling and
consequently saving labour.
Harvesting pattern in cold arid region
Vegetables
Common
name
Leaf yield/
Cutting
(kg/m2)
Chenopodium botrys
Sagani
0.8
Fagopyrum esculentum
Buckwheat
0.7
Lactuca dalichophylla
Khala
1.4
Lepidium latifolium
Dittander
0.7
Oxyria digya
Mountain
Sorrel
0.7
Rumex patientia
Shoma
1.0
Urticahyperborea
Zacchaut
0.9
Polyhouse
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
662
The total area under wheat and barley in Leh
District has remained almost constant for
several years. The area under wheat has
declined drastically to the tune of 1130 ha i.e.
from 3725 ha (1996-97) to 2604 ha (2001-02)
to 2595ha (2011-12) by more than 30 per cent.
On the other hand, area under barley (grim)
has increased tremendously by 22 per cent i.e.
from 3655 ha (1996-97) to 4734 ha (2001-02)
to 4488 ha (2011-12) but remained stabilised
since 2004. But if it is seen from the data, the
area under barley has also declined by 246 ha
(LAHDC, 2013).Correspondingly, the
productivity of wheat and barley is also
declining and far below the potential average
yield on per hectare basis. In survey made by
CAZRI, it has been recorded that the energy
put for producing cereal crops is lesser that
energy put in vegetable production in Saboo
village. While in Leh district, on an average
quantity of food-grain produced is to the tune
of 16.5 and 13.8 q/ha, respectively for barley
and wheat, which may be attributed to change
in food habits and PDS policy. It clearly
indicates that farmers are more interested in
cash crops instead of cereals. While in case of
potato at Leh in almost all the fields where
survey have been made, severe infestation of
weeds in potato field has been recorded and
weed management approach has offered tuber
yield to the tune of 16 t/ha as compared to
farmers’ method (8 t/ha). It is assumed that if
proper packages of practices are followed
along with adequate weed management
timely, tuber yield may be enhanced by 50 per
cent. Instead traditional farming, if proper
packages of practices are followed along with
proper weed control, the yield of any crop
may be increased significantly at Leh.
Table.2 Crop productivity of village Saboo
Crops
Seed Input
(kg/ha)
Yield output (kg/ha)
Manure
used (kg/ha)
Grain
Straw
Barley
200
528
1320
200
Wheat
284
820
2105
242
Pea
260
1350
450
3960
Tuber (Mainly Potato)
1720
12900
2150
5340
Other Vegetables*
2.6
612.2
896
3900
Onion
2.6
342.5
-
3512
Alfalfa ( Fresh)
26.4
9784
3321
(Source-Raghuvanshi et al., 2018)
Energy budget of different crops in village Saboo
(unit in each case= value X 105 k cal/ha /year)
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
663
From self-sufficiency to dependence:
Present trend
Since last many decades, population of
Ladakh (Indian Trans-Himalaya) has led a
self-reliantin food-grain production, and
pastoralism, i.e. food insecurity level was less
than 0.5.The 2008 average yields in Leh
district for barley and wheat, reported by the
Agriculture Department in Leh on
unpublished photocopies, are respectively 21.3
and 17.5 q/ha, while yields for the same
products, measured or recorded by scholars
and researchers, in different sites, villages or
fields in Ladakh, are higher. A conservative
aggregate average of 30 q/ha is accounted for
Zanskar valley (Osmaston 1994) and 52.8 q/ha
in Padum village (Mankelow 1999) both in
Kargil district. In Khaltsi block of Leh district
an average of 32 q/ha is reported for the
Trans-Singe La villages, and 26 q/ha in Alchi
and Saspool villages (Demenge 2007). In
Hemis Shupkachan village, during 2010, in a
case study of small family managed farm, a
yield of 24.7 q/ha for barley and wheat is
recorded (Pelliciardi 2012). All these values
can be compared with cereal yield in India
which, in 2000, was around 23.4 q/ha (FAO
2009), in India and Jammu & Kashmir State,
from 2001-02 to 2005-06, were for barley 20.1
and 6.4 q/ha and for wheat 26.7 and 16.9 q/ha
respectively (DAC 2006). But with the
increase of population from about 70000 in
1981 to 145000 in 2011, is no more self-
sufficient in food-grain production and this
level of food insecurity is increasing. For
overcoming the demand-supply imbalance,
huge amount of rice and flour wheat is
imported every year by traders, cooperatives
and central government under PDS. However
to be self-sufficient is an important and
debatable issue for this land, especially during
harsh winters when roads are closed for about
seven months. Filling the gap between the
required quantity to feed the growing
population and the quantity locally produced
can be a difficult task in high altitude cold
desert region. There is an immediate need to
develop policy and programmatic decision in
regard to the local food security problem.
During the past 10 years, the quantity of food-
grain imported in this District by PDS has
increased from about 56000 quintals, in
2000/01, up to 103000 quintals in2009/10
(61000 rice + 42000 wheat flour called “atta”),
catering for about 111800 souls through the
130 sale outlets (DSEA 2009). Taking account
of all the factors influencing the food system
in Leh District, this study has evaluated the
dependence on imported food-grain
calculating the IDR in 2012,60,2% which is
expected to rise up to 70,3% by 2025
(Pelliciardi, 2013).
Due to rapid changes in political and socio-
economic structures including ecological
conditions, food habits and livelihood security
are facing new challenges now-a-days. High
mountain regions, which are generally
characterised by a peripheral location, limited
resource potential, and political
marginalisation, are especially exposed to
these dynamics.
Feed and fodder
Existing practice especially in central belt of
Leh, fodder Alfalfa (rich in nutrient content) is
grown as secondary crop only on the rejected
areas. Now it is being treated as main fodder
crop, supplemented by wheat and barley
straw. During the survey at Thiksey, Stakna
and other adjoining villages, it was recorded
that crops were sown at much higher seed rate
against recommended rate so as to obtain good
amount of crop residues along with weeds
which are stored and utilized as fodder during
winter. Generally weeding is not performed
and if grown out of crop fields are realised as
fodder. The animals are let loose for grazing
the fields and Alfalfa faces huge loss in its
total production due to grazing and as well as
its early harvest by 3rd week of August to
avoid labour load.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
664
Weeds after manual weeding collected for the livestock
as fodder for the current season
Firewood and cowdung cakes
Firewood and cow dung cakes are the
generally preferred sources of fuel for cooking
and space heating, barring requirements in
Leh city. Twigs and stems from Salix (21000
kj/kg), poplar (9630 kj/kg) and seabuckthorn
are used as firewood. The utilization of
firewood and cow dung cakes varies as per the
accessibility of these resources. In regions
where firewood is abundant, cow dung is
mainly used as manure. In other regions where
households require to buy firewood, or to
expend a lot of energy procuring this, cow
dung turns to be a substitute fuel for the Chula
and bukhari. As it is not possible to collect all
the dung that is produced, and not all of it can
be converted into dung cakes, this study
assumes a collection factor of 60% and further
assumes a utilization factor for dung
combustion for each block. There is great
scarcity for firewood in Ladakh during winter
season. The health damage due to using
firewood and cow dung cakes as combustible
materials is minimized by providing both the
Chula and the bukhari with a chimney that
allows the smoke to escape out of the house.
Firewood option in Ladakh
It is concluded that in the light of climate
change and traditional farming, land degradation is a major issue facing much of
cold desert and is directly affected by land
Collection of harvested alfalfa as fodder
A Ladakhi woman stacks alfalfa on the roof to house
as dryfodderfor livestock to be used during winter
Alfalfa fodder
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
665
use. Adoption of a single, ubiquitous method
of farming throughout the Himalaya would be
impossible, as the edaphic, topographic and
climatic factors vary so greatly and lead to a
multitude of crops being grown using varying
techniques and for different purposes.
Traditional farming under organic mind-set,
subsidized price policies, inadequate
technical-know, increased incidence of insect-
pests and diseases along with severely weed
infested crops, reduced manure application,
by 60-70 per cent, depletion and exploitation
of natural resources, decline in grazing land
by 60 per cent and forest cover, increased
vulnerability to soil erosion by all means
including flash-floods, inadequate power, low
level of farm mechanization and water
harvesting, erratic precipitation/ snowfall,
poor marketability discourage farmers to
intensify their local grain production and
stress the diversification of agricultural
production toward cash crops by exploiting
niche advantages, since one of the District
specificity is the relatively good climate in
summer. In particular, horticulture (vegetable
and fruit). To reduce the dependence from
imported food-grain, strategies should be
tuned up to revive people’s interest in land
based economy, building human resources
among the local population, promoting land
based entrepreneurs to make agro-pastoral
livelihoods more remunerative, improving the
area under crops and the quantity produced in
existing fields; organising a sustained
marketing initiative; encouraging a mix of
agricultural innovations and traditional
methods (LAHDC-Leh 2005). A holistic
approach to agroforestry can prioritise and
address specific lifestyle factors. Traditional
knowledge of climate variability and coping-
up strategies can be useful in formulating
strategies to adapt to the impact of climate
change.
It is required to make more efforts to promote
advanced agricultural techniques, based
on traditional methods of agriculture for
achieving agricultural self sufficiency of
the region along with diversification of
Ladakh agricultural baseto minimise the risk
of a single crop failure by introducing high
yielding crop varieties, motivating and
supporting farmers to adopt the appropriate
technologies so as to increase production,
promoting the horticultural sector, value
addition and marketing of agricultural
products, organic farming and seed
production, dissemination of technical
knowledge of agricultural extension
through trainings, workshops and meetings.
References
Acharya Soman, Singh, Narendra, Katiyar,
Anand K., Maurya, S.B. and
Shrivastava, R.B. (2012) Improving soil
health status of cold desert Ladakh
region. DIHAR Bulletin No. 24
DAC (2006). State-wise Normal Area,
Production and Yield of Wheat, Average
of 2001-02 to 2005-06. Department of
Agriculture and Cooperation,
Directorate of Economic & Statistic.
Demenge, J. (2007). Measuring Ecological
Footprints of Subsistence Farmer in
Ladakh. Paper presented at International
Ecological Footprint Confer., Cardiff,
Wales
(UK).http://web.mnstate.edu/robertsb/30
7/ANTH%20307/ecologicalfootprintfar
mersladakh.PDF.Accessed 26/05/2009
DSEA (District Statistical & Evaluation
Agency) (2009). Statistical Hand Book
2008-09.
Gyan P. Mishra, Narendra Singh, Hitesh
Kumar, and Shashi Bala Singh (2010)
Protected Cultivation for Food and
Nutritional Security at Ladakh. Defence
Science Journal, Vol. 61, No. 2, March
2010, pp. 219-225.
FAO (2009). Statistical Yearbook 2009. Vol.
4. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/
am079m/am079m00.htm. Accessed
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(9): 654-666
666
25/10/2011
LAHDC-L (Ladakh Autonomous Hill
Development Council of Leh) (2005).
Ladakh 2025 Vision Document.
http://leh.nic.in/VISION_DOCUMENT.
PDF.
LAHDC (2013) Statistical Hand Book 2013.
Lu R., 1992. Sea buckthorn: a multipurpose
plant species for fragile mountains. Intl
Centre of Integrated Mountain
Development. Katmandu, Nepal.
Mallik RK, Yadav A and Rana MK. 1998.
Farmers and parliament, December
Issue.
Mankelow, J. S. (1999). The Introduction of
Modern Chemical Fertilisers to the
Zanskar
Osmaston, H. (1994). The Farming System.
In J. Crook & H. Osmaston (Ed.),
Himalayan
Pelliciardi, V. (2012a). Nutrients (N, P, and
K) recycling in traditional soil fertility
practices in Leh district: a case study at
small farm level. International
Association for Ladakh Studies, Ladakh
Studies, 28, 27-35.
Pelliciardi, Vladimiro (2013) From self-
sufficiency to dependence on imported
food-grain in Leh District (Ladakh,
Indian Trans-Himalaya). European
Journal of Sustainable Development
(2013), 2, 3, 109-122- Reference of
Pelliciardi cited in the text for the year
2012 is missing.
Raghuvanshi, Mahendra Singh, Jewan
Chandra Tewari, Rinchen Dolma,
Ayyanadar, Arunachalam and Om
Prakash Yadav (2018) Struggle from
Subsistence to Sustainability and Threat
to Local Biodiversity under Changing
Climate: A Case Study on Ladakh Folk
Agriculture. Climate Change and
Environmental Sustainability. 5(1): 59-
65
Rajchal R., 2009. Sea buckthorn Management
Guide. Rufford Maurice Laing
Foundation, UK and ComForM
(Community Based Natural Forest and
Tree Manag. in the Himalaya), IoF,
Pokhara, Nepal.
Xiaoning, Tu, Baoli, An, Xiufeng, Wen and
Jing, Nie (2002) Soil Improvement of
Seabuckthorn Plantations and Its
Characteristics of the Roots in Loess
Plateau. 12th ISCO Conference Beijing
2002: 403-409.
How to cite this article:
Raghuvanshi, M.S., Ngawang Dorjay, R.K. Singh, B.L. Manjunatha, P.C. Moharana, Enoch
Spalbar, Stanzin, Landol, and Anurag Saxena. 2019. Ladakh Traditional Farming: An
Approach to Resource Utilization under Changing Climate. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.
8(09): 654-666. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.079
