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Abstract
Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics and clinical outcomes of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients with NUP98-NSD1 fusion gene. Methods: A total of 80 pediatric AML patients were enrolled in this study, and bone marrow specimens were collected at initial diagnosis and relapse. NUP98-NSD1 was screened by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and PCR. Other laboratory test results and clinical outcomes were further analyzed for the NUP98-NSD1 positive cases. Results: A total of eight patients (10.0%) were positive for NUP98-NSD1, which were all fusions of NUP98 exon12 and NSD1 exon 6. There were two M2, three M4, and three M5 cases according to the French-American-British classification. Seven patients had karyotype results at the time of initial diagnosis, and none of them had complicated karyotype abnormalities. Among these patients, two cases had normal karyotype, three cases had trisomy 8, one case had trisomy 6, and two cases had anomalies involving 9q13 or 9q21. Additional karyotypic abnormalities and clonal evolutions were observed during disease progression or relapse, five cases had 9q13 or 9q32 abnormalities. Five cases (62.5%) were positive with FLT3-ITD mutation. Patients were treated with DAE/NAE/HAE/IA chemotherapy. Three cases did not achieve remission after several courses of chemotherapy, and five cases achieved remission but relapsed in 1 to 19 months. Five cases underwent salvage allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Among whom, four died in 40 days to 4 months after transplantation, and one survived 8.5 months till the last follow-up. Conclusions: NUP98-NSD1 is a recurrent genetic abnormality with significant clinical prognostic significance, and this group of disease has unique clinical and genetic characteristics. NUP98-NSD1 should be screened by FISH or PCR for children with AML who are newly diagnosed or refractory and relapsed to identify the high-risk genetic marker.
目的
观察急性髓系白血病（AML）患者异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）前后核孔蛋白98（NUP98）::NSD1融合基因表达的动态变化，并初步分析其作为可检测残留病（MRD）评估指标预测移植后白血病复发的临床价值。
方法
16例在北京大学人民医院诊断为NUP98::NSD1融合基因阳性AML并接受allo-HSCT的患者纳入研究，移植前后监测NUP98::NSD1融合基因、流式细胞术（FCM）检测白血病免疫残留等指标来评估其MRD状态。
结果
所有患者中位随访时间为526（139～1136）d，共有4例（25.0％）患者在移植后出现血液学复发，中位复发时间为474（283～607）d。3例（18.8％）患者死亡，其中2例（12.5％）死于白血病复发。数据齐全的初诊患者在初诊时NUP98::NSD1的中位表达水平为78.550％（18.900％～184.400％）。移植后NUP98::NSD1阳性患者复发率更高，NUP98::NSD1阳性患者中44.4％发生复发，移植后NUP98::NSD1阴性患者中无发生复发。移植后NUP98::NSD1水平预测复发的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）＝1.000（95％CI 1.000～1.000，P＝0.003）。4例复发患者中，NUP98::NSD1较FCM检测免疫残留和Wilms肿瘤基因1（WT1）更为敏感。
结论
NUP98::NSD1融合基因可用于评估该类AML的MRD状态。移植后NUP98::NSD1阳性患者复发率高，预后差。NUP98::NSD1 比FCM和WT1预测移植后复发更为敏感。
Simple Summary: NUP98 rearrangements are frequent events in myeloid malignancies, especially in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML patients carrying NUP98 fusions show poor response to standard treatments and adverse outcomes. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of NUP98 fusion driven leukemias and the development of therapeutics against them. Abstract: NUP98 fusions constitute a small subgroup of AML patients and remain a high-risk AML subtype. There are approximately 30 types of NUP98 fusions identified in AML patients. These patients show resistance to currently available therapies and poor clinical outcomes. NUP98 fusions with different fusion partners have oncogenic transformation potential. This review describes how the NUP98 gene acquires oncogenic properties after rearrangement with multiple partners. In the mechanistic part, the formation of nuclear bodies and dysregulation of the HoxA/Meis1 pathway are highlighted. This review also discusses mutational signatures among NUP98 fusions and their significance in leukemogenesis. It also discusses the clinical implications of NUP98 fusions and their associated mutations in AML patients. Furthermore, it highlights therapeutic vulnerabilities in these leukemias that can be exploited as therapeutic strategies. Lastly, this review discusses the gaps in our knowledge regarding NUP98 fusions in AML, as well as future research opportunities.
Simple Summary
NUP98-NSD1-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) frequently shows an additional mutation in Neuroblastoma rat sarcoma (NRAS). However, the synergistic effect of NUP98-NSD1 and NRASG12D in leukemic transformation remained unclear. In addition, NUP98-NSD1 positive AML patients respond poorly to chemotherapy and lack a targeted therapeutic option. Our study aimed to identify the cooperation of NUP98-NSD1 fusion and NRASG12D mutation and to develop a novel therapeutic approach for this AML. We found that NUP98-NSD1 alone can cause leukemia with long latency, and NRASG12D contributes to the aggressiveness of this AML. Additionally, we validated a novel NUP98-NSD1-targeting siRNA/lipid nanoparticle formulation that significantly prolonged the survival of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice with NUP98-NSD1-positive AML.
Abstract
NUP98-NSD1-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a poor prognostic subgroup that is frequently diagnosed in pediatric cytogenetically normal AML. NUP98-NSD1-positive AML often carries additional mutations in genes including FLT3, NRAS, WT1, and MYC. The purpose of our study was to characterize the cooperative potential of the fusion and its associated Neuroblastoma rat sarcoma (NRAS) mutation. By constitutively expressing NUP98-NSD1 and NRASG12D in a syngeneic mouse model and using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model from a NUP98-NSD1-positive AML patient, we evaluated the functional role of these genes and tested a novel siRNA formulation that inhibits the oncogenic driver NUP98-NSD1. NUP98-NSD1 transformed murine bone marrow (BM) cells in vitro and induced AML in vivo. While NRASG12D expression was insufficient to transform cells alone, co-expression of NUP98-NSD1 and NRASG12D enhanced the leukemogenicity of NUP98-NSD1. We developed a NUP98-NSD1-targeting siRNA/lipid nanoparticle formulation that significantly prolonged the survival of the PDX mice. Our study demonstrates that mutated NRAS cooperates with NUP98-NSD1 and shows that direct targeting of the fusion can be exploited as a novel treatment strategy in NUP98-NSD1-positive AML patients.
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