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Phylogenetic re-evaluation of Thielavia with the introduction of a new family Podosporaceae
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The genus Thielavia is morphologically defined by having non-ostiolate ascomata with a thin peridium composed of textura epidermoidea, and smooth, singlecelled, pigmented ascospores with one germ pore. Thielavia is typified with Th. basicola that grows in close association with a hyphomycete which was traditionally identified as Thielaviopsis basicola. Besides Th. basicola exhibiting the mycoparasitic nature, the majority of the described Thielavia species are from soil, and some have economic and ecological importance. Unfortunately, no living type material of Th. basicola exists, hindering a proper understanding of the classification of Thielavia. Therefore, Thielavia basicola was neotypified by material of a mycoparasite presenting the same ecology and morphology as described in the original description. We subsequently performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (rpb2, tub2, ITS and LSU) to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the species currently recognised in Thielavia. Our results demonstrate that Thielavia is highly polyphyletic, being related to three family-level lineages in two orders. The redefined genus Thielavia is restricted to its type species, Th. basicola, which belongs to the Ceratostomataceae (Melanosporales) and its host is demonstrated to be Berkeleyomyces rouxiae, one of the two species in the “Thielaviopsis basicola” species complex. The new family Podosporaceae is sister to the Chaetomiaceae in the Sordariales and accommodates the re-defined genera Podospora, Trangularia and Cladorrhinum, with the last genus including two former Thielavia species (Th. hyalocarpa and Th. intermedia). This family also includes the genetic model species Podospora anserina, which was combined in Triangularia (as Triangularia anserina). The remaining Thielavia species fall in ten unrelated clades in the Chaetomiaceae, leading to the proposal of nine new genera (Carteria, Chrysanthotrichum, Condenascus, Hyalosphaerella, Microthielavia, Parathielavia, Pseudothielavia, Stolonocarpus and Thermothielavioides). The genus Canariomyces is transferred from Microascaceae (Microascales) to Chaetomiaceae based on its type species Can. notabilis. Canariomyces is closely related to the human-pathogenic genus Madurella, and includes three thielavia-like species and one novel species. Three monotypic genera with a chaetomium-like morph (Brachychaeta, Chrysocorona and Floropilus) are introduced to better resolve the Chaetomiaceae and the thielavia-like species in the family. Chrysocorona lucknowensis and Brachychaeta variospora are closely related to Acrophialophora and three newly introduced genera containing thielavia-like species; Floropilus chiversii is closely related to the industrially important and thermophilic species Thermothielavioides terrestris (syn. Th. terrestris). This study shows that the thielavia-like morph is a homoplastic form that originates from several separate evolutionary events. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the taxonomy of Sordariales and the polyphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae.
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... Additionally, these important ecosystem regulators strongly influence plant diversity and productivity [1]. The family Podosporaceae was introduced by Wang et al. [2]. It includes three redefined genera, namely, Cladorrhinum, Podospora, and Triangularia, all of which were previously classified in the family Lasiosphaeriaceae. ...
... It includes three redefined genera, namely, Cladorrhinum, Podospora, and Triangularia, all of which were previously classified in the family Lasiosphaeriaceae. Generally, species in the Podosporaceae family are plant endophytes or saprobes found on rotting wood [2]. These three genera produce single-cell pigmented ascospores or double-cell ascospores comprising a pigmented upper cell and a smaller, usually hyaline, lower cell. ...
... The genus Triangularia is typically found in terrestrial habitats, often growing as saprophytes on the ground among leaf litter or in association with plant roots [3]. Morphologically, it is characterized by the specific shape of its double-celled sexual spores, as described above [2,4]. There are currently 23 species in the genus Triangularia, and the type species is Triangularia bambusae [3]. ...
The fungal strain designated as KNUF-21-020, belonging to the genus Triangularia, was isolated from a soil sample collected in the Chungnam province, Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions and partial sequences of large subunit rRNA, beta-tubulin, and RNA polymerase II subunit genes revealed that the strain was grouped in a clade with Triangularia species. However, it occupied a distinct phylogenetic position. We also observed morphological differences between strain KNUF-21-020 and closely related species. Here, we provided detailed descriptions, illustrations, and discussions regarding the morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the closely related species to support the novelty of this isolated species. The phylogenetic analyses and morphological observations indicate that the strain KNUF-21-020 represents a novel species in the genus Triangularia (family: Podosporaceae). We have designated this species as Triangularia manubriata sp. nov.
... Also, a new species of Acrophialophora liboensis was introduced from soil samples in China (Zhang et al. 2017). Later, Wang et al. (2019) transferred Chaetomium jodhpurense to Acrophialophora and also introduced the new species A. (Han et al. 2022) and were reported as endophyte of plants such as A. fusispora in stems and roots of Hedyotis diffusa, Trifolium repens, Digitaria ischaemum, Silene tenuis, Cynodon dactylon, and Alternanthera philoxeroides (Zhou et al. 2015), Acrophialophora sp. in cortical tissues of Vitex rotundifolia (Yeh and Kirschner, 2019) and in leaves of the Acacia nilotica (Shaikh et al. 2021) and also A. jodhpurensis in roots of tomato (Daroodi et al. 2021a; and in roots of wheat plants ( Daroodi and Taheri, 2023). Also, two species A. levis and A. fusispora are saprophyte, but they have been reported as opportunistic pathogens (Bhattaru et al. 2023). ...
... The sexual species A. jodhpurensis and A. teleoafricana produce dark and superficial ascomata with lateral and terminal hairs, eightspored asci and unicellular ascospores. Also, asexual morphs produce phialides and one-celled conidia (Wang et al. 2019). ...
... In this genus, no species has been introduced to produce both sexual and asexual forms so far (Wang et al. 2019). Two species A. jodhpurensis and A. teleoafricana are sexual forms and produce ascomata, asci and ascospore. ...
... Since then, several studies have been performed on the Sordariales in order to delimitate its families and their largest genera (e.g. Cai et al., 2006;Kruys et al., 2015;Miller & Huhndorf, 2005;Wang et al., 2019). Past phylogenetic studies of the Sordariales have utilized manytaxa/few-genes approaches that have substantially advanced our understanding of phylogenetic relationships inside the order. ...
... Over time, however, lack of resolution has remained an issue and many parts of the tree have remained poorly resolved (see e.g. Ament-Velásquez et al., 2020;Huang et al., 2021;Marin-Felix & Miller, 2022;Wang et al., 2019). ...
... Since then, several lasiosphaeriaceous taxa were reassigned to establish the additional families Diplogelasinosporaceae, Naviculisporaceae, and Schizotheciaceae, with the remaining species placed in Lasiosphaeriaceae sensu lato (Marin-Felix et al., 2020). Around the same time, the family Podosporaceae was introduced to accommodate the Podospora type species and was further divided into three main clades (Wang et al., 2019). However, the branching order of these three clades and the taxonomy of the Podospora type species have to date remained unresolved (e.g. ...
... Nowadays, Chaetomiaceae taxonomic studies are based on a polyphasic approach, using morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S large subunit (LSU), partial β-tubulin (TUB), and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). This trend resulted in various perithecia-producing species, originally placed in Chaetomium, that are now classified into different genera, such as Amesia, Arcopilus, Botryotrichum, Collariella, Dichotomopilus, Humicola, Ovatospora, Thermochaetoides, Trichocladium, Xanthiomyces, and others (Wang et al. 2016a, 2019a, b, 2022. Currently, the Chaetomiaceae includes 50 genera and 275 species (Wang et al. 2022). ...
... We speculate that isolate COAD 3110 may be heterothallic or exclusively able to reproduce sexually in nature. However, asexual sporulation was also described for Acrophialophora (except a few species), Botryoderma, Remersonia, Myceliophthora, and some Humicola and Pseudohumicola species (Wang et al. 2019a(Wang et al. , b, 2022. ...
Interest in cave fungal diversity is flourishing because it may represent a reservoir of new species and metabolites. However, the mycobiota remains poorly studied in the underground environment, especially in neotropical regions. During surveys that aimed to investigate the fungal diversity in quartzite and limestone caves in the Southern Espinhaço Mountain in Brazil, six Chaetomiaceae isolates were obtained from different cave substrates. Five taxonomical novelties of Chaetomiaceae in Brazilian caves were discovered based on phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences from the ITS, LSU, TUB, and RPB2 genes. Chaetomium meridionalense, Pseudohumicola alba, and Pseudohumicola lutea are new species found in Gruta da Extração and Gruta Velha Nova caves. Parahumicola is introduced as a new genus representing a novel phylogenetic lineage with unique morphological characteristics in the family Chaetomiaceae. This new monotypic genus is typified by P. guana, which was found in a bat guano sample in the Gruta Monte Cristo cave. Furthermore, this is the first report of Collariella bostrychodes in a neotropical cave. Overall, these findings emphasise that Brazilian caves constitute an untapped source of fungal resources.
... Wang et al. added the new species Acrophialophora teleoafricana, and they transferred Chaetomium jodhpurense to Acrophialophora as A. jodhpurense in 2019. Moreover, A. teleoafricana and A. jodhpurense are the only two species in the genus for which a sexual state is known [20]. Based on the results of a multigene phylogenetic analysis and molecular dating analyses, combined with the morphological and temperature-growth characteristics, 50 genera and 275 species are accepted in Chaetomiaceae [21]. ...
... The species of the genus Acrophialophora were found to form five distinct subclades. Originally, only asexual states were known for the genus Acrophialophora, and subsequently, A. teleoafricana and A. jodhpurense, as one of the subclades with sexual structures, were accommodated in the genus [20]. In addition, there were three Acrophialophora species: A. ampullaris, A. ampullaphora, and A. berberidis, which were not discussed in this study due to a lack of sequence support. ...
The genus Acrophialophora belongs to the family Chaetomiaceae. With the addition of new species and transferred species from other genera, the genus Acrophialophora has expanded. In this study, eight new species related to Acrophialophora were isolated from soil samples in China. Using muti-locus phylogenetic (ITS, LSU, tub2 and RPB2) analysis combined with morphological characteristics, eight new species (Acrophialophora curvata, A. fujianensis, A. guangdongensis, A. longicatenata, A. minuta, A. multiforma, A. rhombica, and A. yunnanensis) are described. Descriptions, illustrations, and notes of the new species are also provided.
... While the Thermothielavioides genus has been studied for thermophilic enzyme production, studies about its bioactivity and secondary metabolite profiling are limited. In 2019, Wang et al. re-evaluated its related genus Thielavia by multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (rpb2, tub2, ITS, and LSU); based on the phylogenetic relationships of the species studied, Thermothielavioides was considered as a Thielavia-like genus [39]. The isolate P16 deserves more studies to determine its identification with higher match identity scoring. ...
The endophytic fungal biodiversity of unique plants like Peperomia argyreia (Miq.) É. Morren (Piperaceae) has antimicrobial properties and can be employed for infection treatment. Fungal isolates were obtained from appropriately treated plant tissues cultured in solid media, characterized by morphology, and identified by molecular biology using ITS and NL primers. The antimicrobial properties of fungal extracts were analyzed by combining microdilution and bioautographic assays complemented with metabolic profiling by automated thin-layer chromatography and 1H NMR techniques. Thirty-one filamentous fungi were isolated and characterized by ITS and/or D1/D2 region amplification of rDNA, identified as Thermothielavioides, Trichoderma, Cyphellophora, Cladosporium, Arcopilus, Plectosphaerella; Chaetomium, Sporothrix, Alboefibula, and Penicillium. Thermothielavioides spp. inhibited Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923; moreover, Penicillium westlingii P4 showed inhibitory activity on Ascochyta rabiei AR2. The bioactivity-guided fractionation of the EtOAc extract (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL) of P. westlingii P4 allowed the purification of citrinin as the main inhibitory compound (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL). Peperomia argyreia harbors a rich and diverse endophytic community able to produce bioactive molecules. Citrinin, with a minor influence of volatile compounds biosynthesized by P. westlingii P4, was responsible for the inhibition of A. rabiei AR2.
... ITS rDNA has been the common barcoding marker of fungal species (Schoch et al. 2012;Stielow et al. 2015;Vu et al. 2016). Polygenic phylogeny also has been used widely for species identification; for example, Wang et al. (2019) studied phylogenetic re-evaluation of Thielavia and proposed a new family and many new species. Hou et al. (2023) redisposition of acremonium-like fungi in Hypocreales combined morphological characterisation and multilocus phylogenetic analysis. ...
As China’s urbanisation continues to advance, more people are choosing to live in cities. However, this trend has a significant impact on the natural ecosystem. For instance, the accumulation of keratin-rich substrates in urban habitats has led to an increase in keratinophilic microbes. Despite this, there is still a limited amount of research on the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in urban areas. Fortunately, our group has conducted in-depth investigations into this topic since 2015. Through our research, we have discovered a significant amount of keratinophilic fungi in soil samples collected from various urban areas in China. In this study, we have identified and characterised 18 new species through the integration of morphological and phylogenetic analyses. These findings reveal the presence of numerous unexplored fungal taxa in urban habitats, emphasising the need for further taxonomic research in urban China.
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is widely cultivated in Konya province of Türkiye and about one third of Türkiye’s sugar beet production is obtained from this province. As a result of the isolations made from plants showing severe root rot and desiccation symptoms in sugar beet fields in the region in 2015-2017, a new endophytic fungal isolate was obtained from leaves along with soil and foliar disease agents belonging to different fungal species. The fungal isolate has dull yellow, light olive to light brown, fast growing colony-like, flexible conidiophores and septate branched hyphae. The representative fungal isolate did not cause disease symptoms on host plant leaves. Molecular identification of the fungal isolate was carried out using primers specific to the ITS gene region, and it was identified as Podospora flexuosa (syn. Cladorrhinum flexuosum) based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Since P. flexuosa is reported to be a biological control agent living as a saprophyte in soil and plant materials, it is thought that the fungal isolate obtained in our study can be used as a potential biocontrol agent in the biological control of plant disease agents in the future. To the best of our knowledge, this fungal species is reported for the first time for Türkiye.
From September 2021 to September 2022, leaf spots appeared in hulless barley seedlings in the experimental field of Qinghai University (36°62′ N, 101°77′ E) with an incidence of 35%–60%. In this study, four diseased samples were collected from different experimental sites at Qinghai University for analysis. Moreover, four strains with the same colony and microscopic morphology were isolated. A representative QK‐1 strain was used for DNA extraction and sequencing via PCR amplification using a multi‐gene phylogenetic analysis (ITS, tub 2 and EF‐1 α). BLAST search revealed that ITS, tub2 and EF‐1α sequence shared 99.59% (accession MH860852), 98.97% (MK926899) and 95.37% (MN078437) nucleotide sequence similarity with isolate CBS276.74 of C . microsporus . The fungus that caused leaf spot of the hulless barley was then identified as Canariomyces microspores . Similar symptoms were observed on hulless barley seedlings after control inoculation with the QK‐1 strain, consistent with the Koch's hypothesis. This is the first study reporting on C . microsporus in Hulless barley in China, suggesting that barley is a new host of C . microsporus .
The order Melanosporales comprises a large group of ascomycetes, most of them mycoparasites, characterized by the production of usually ostiolate, translucent ascomata, unitunicate asci, and unicellular, pigmented ascospores with germ pores or germ slits. The most studied taxa are Melanospora and Sphaerodes , but the boundaries with other morphologically closely related genera are not well resolved. In this study, the taxonomy of Melanospora and related taxa have been re-evaluated based on the analysis of nuclear rDNA, actin and elongation factor genes sequences of fresh isolates and numerous type and reference strains. The genus Melanospora has been restricted to species with ostiolate ascoma whose neck is composed of intermixed hyphae, and with a phialidic asexual morph. Microthecium has been re-established for species of Melanospora and Sphaerodes without a typical ascomatal neck or, if present, being short and composed of angular cells similar to those of the ascomatal wall, and usually producing bulbils. Three new genera have been proposed: Dactylidispora , possessing ascospores with a raised rim surrounding both terminal germ pores; Echinusitheca , with densely setose, dark ascomata; and Pseudomicrothecium , characterized by ascospores with indistinct germ pores. Dichotomous keys to identify the accepted genera of the Melanosporales, and keys to discriminate among the species of Melanospora and Microthecium , as well as a brief description of the accepted species of both genera, are also provided.
Braun, U. 2018: Annotated list of taxonomic novelties published in "Klotzschii Herbarium Vivum Mycologicum, Editio Nova" issued by G. L. Rabenhorst between 1855 and 1858. Schlechtendalia 35: 1-43. New taxa and new combinations published by G. L. Rabenhorst in "Klotzschii Herbarium Vivum Mycologicum, Editio Nova" in the middle of the 19 th century are listed and annotated. References, citations and the synonymy are corrected when necessary. The nomenclature of some taxa is discussed in more detail. Uredo fragariae is neotypified and reduced to synonymy with Phragmidium fragariastri. The nomenclature of the names Uredo obtusa and Phragmidium obtusum is discussed and clarified. Synonymie werden korrigiert falls notwendig. Die Nomenklatur einiger Taxa wird detaillierter besprochen. Uredo fragariae wird neotypisiert und als Synonym zu Phragmidium fragariastri gestellt. Die Nomenklatur der Namen Uredo obtusa und Phragmidium obtusum wird diskutiert und geklärt.
Nuclear-encoded small-subunit ribosomal DNA was used to examine phylogenetic relationships in Paecilomyces sensu lato. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S nr DNA demonstrates that Paecilomyces is polyphyletic across two subclasses, Sordariomycetidae and Eurotiomycetidae. The type species, Paecilomyces variotii, and thermophilic relatives belong in the order Eurotiales (Trichocomaceae), while mesophilic species related to Paecilomyces farinosus are in the order Hypocreales (Clavicipitaceae and Hypocreaceae). One species, Paecilomyces inflatus, had affinities for the order Sordariales. Within the Eurotiales, Paecilomyces is monophyletic. Within the Hypocreales, species of Paecilomyces are polyphyletic, although the data failed to fully resolve these relationships.
The Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes in the Ascomycota, and the majority of its species are characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. It includes more than 600 genera with over 3000 species and represents a wide range of ecologies including pathogens and endophytes of plants, animal pathogens and mycoparasites. To test and refine the classification of the Sordariomycetes sensu Eriksson (2006) Eriksson OE, ed. 2006. Outline of Ascomycota—2006. Myconet 12:1–82. [Google Scholar], the phylogenetic relationship among 106 taxa from 12 orders out of 16 in the Sordariomycetes was investigated based on four nuclear loci (nSSU and nLSU rDNA, TEF and RPB2), using three species of the Leotiomycetes as outgroups. Three subclasses (i.e. Hypocreomycetidae, Sordariomycetidae and Xylariomycetidae) currently recognized in the classification are well supported with the placement of the Lulworthiales in either a basal group of the Sordariomycetes or a sister group of the Hypocreomycetidae. Except for the Microascales, our results recognize most of the orders as monophyletic groups. Melanospora species form a clade outside of the Hypocreales and are recognized as a distinct order in the Hypocreomycetidae. Glomerellaceae is excluded from the Phyllachorales and placed in Hypocreomycetidae incertae sedis. In the Sordariomycetidae, the Sordariales is a strongly supported clade and occurs within a well supported clade containing the Boliniales and Chaetosphaeriales. Aspects of morphology, ecology and evolution are discussed.
A simple method is described for designing primer sets that can amplify specific protein-encoding sequences in a wide variety of filamentous ascomycetes. Using this technique, we successfully designed primers that amplified the intergenic spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat, portions of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha, calmodulin, and chitin synthase 1 genes, and two other genes encoding actin and ras protein. All amplicons were sequenced and determined to amplify the target gene. Regions were successfully amplified in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and other sclerotiniaceous species, Neurospora crassa, Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus nidulans, Podospora anserina, Fusarium solani, and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. These regions are a potentially rich source of characters for population and speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Each primer set amplified a DNA product of predicted size from N. crassa.
An unknown moniliaceous fungus isolated from soil is described and assigned to a new genus, Acrophialophora. The genus is distinguished from Paecilomyces in producing unbranched, colored, erect conidiophores which are fertile only toward the top region. The species is designated Acrophialophora nainiana.
The genus Thielavia Zopf is defined according to revised concepts and the species enumerated. It is suggested that species of Chaetomidium (Fckl.) Sacc. are not sufficiently different from those of Thielavia to warrant generic separation and are nearly all transferred to the latter genus. Short descriptions are provided for all 25 species and varieties of Thielavia together with a synoptic plate for their identification. References are given under each species to published illustrations. Among the excluded species are T. leptoderma Booth which is made the type species of a new genus, Aporothielavia, and T. ovata Booth, transferred to the genus Kernia Nieuwland.