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THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING

Authors:
Elvira Nikšić at University of Sarajevo
Elvira Nikšić
Edin Beganović
Edin Beganović
Marko Joksimović at University of Montenegro
Marko Joksimović
Samira Nasrolahi at University of Guilan
Samira Nasrolahi
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The aim of this study is to determine the influence of motor skills (repetitive strength and coordination) on the success of performance freestyle swimming before and after the completed swimming training program. The research was conducted on a sample of 90 students, both male and female, aged 11-12, the fifth grade of primary school students from Novi Grad municipality in Sarajevo, with 6 motor variables and 1 criterion variable. A regression analysis was used to determine the effects of repetitive power and coordination on the performance of freestyle swimming. By analyzing the presented results of the regression analysis it can be concluded that after the initial measurement of the variables for the repetitive power estimation, the most important and statistically significant influence on the criterion variable OCJTEH had the following predictor motor variables: MRSDTZ (BETA) = 0.217, which is significant at p = 0.033, MRSSKL (BETA) = 0.285, which is significant at p = 0.007, MRSDCU (BETA) = 0.383 which is significant at p = 0.000, and in coordination the following predictor motor variables: MKOPRP (BETA) = 0.393, which is significant at p = 0.001, MKOPRL (BETA) = 0.198, which is significant at p = 0.049, MKOOUZ (BETA) = 0.268 which is significant at = 0.004. After the final measurement of the variables for the assessment of motor i Correspondence: email elvira. abilities (repetitive forces and coordination) the most significant influence on the OCJTEH criterion variable (swimming for 25 m free technique) had the same variables as in initial measurement: at repetitive force variables-MRSDTZ, MRSSKL, MRSDCU, in coordination variables-MKOPRP, MKOPRL, MKOOUZ.
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European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 – 2019 Open Access Publishing Group 10
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3364090
Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON
THE SUCCESS OF PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
Elvira Nikšić1,
Edin Beganović2
i
,
Marko Joksimović3,
Samira Nasrolahi4,
Ivan Đoković3
1Faculty of Education,
University of Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2Faculty of Physical Education and Sport,
University of Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3Faculty of Physical Education and Sport,
University of East Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
4Department of Exercise Physiology,
University of Guilan,
Iran
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to determine the influence of motor skills (repetitive strength
and coordination) on the success of performance freestyle swimming before and after
the completed swimming training program. The research was conducted on a sample of
90 students, both male and female, aged 11-12, the fifth grade of primary school
students from Novi Grad municipality in Sarajevo, with 6 motor variables and 1
criterion variable. A regression analysis was used to determine the effects of repetitive
power and coordination on the performance of freestyle swimming. By analyzing the
presented results of the regression analysis it can be concluded that after the initial
measurement of the variables for the repetitive power estimation, the most important
and statistically significant influence on the criterion variable OCJTEH had the
following predictor motor variables: MRSDTZ (BETA) = 0.217, which is significant at p
= 0.033, MRSSKL (BETA) = 0.285, which is significant at p = 0.007, MRSDCU (BETA) =
0.383 which is significant at p = 0.000, and in coordination the following predictor motor
variables: MKOPRP (BETA) = 0.393, which is significant at p = 0.001, MKOPRL (BETA) =
0.198, which is significant at p = 0.049, MKOOUZ (BETA) = 0.268 which is significant at
= 0.004. After the final measurement of the variables for the assessment of motor
i
Correspondence: email elvira.beganovic1982@gmail.com
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 11
abilities (repetitive forces and coordination) the most significant influence on the
OCJTEH criterion variable (swimming for 25 m free technique) had the same variables
as in initial measurement: at repetitive force variables – MRSDTZ, MRSSKL, MRSDCU,
in co-ordination variables – MKOPRP, MKOPRL, MKOOUZ.
Keywords: students, motor skills, influence, swimming
1. Introduction
Rađo (1998), in his research, comes to the conclusion that swim successes is mostly
contributed to variables of co-ordination, explosive and repetitive strength, speed and
flexibility as well as speed of nerve-muscle reaction in vision. Mirvić, & Rašidagić,
(2002), conducted a research on a population of 50 participants of the sports camp Vela
Luka on Korcula, aged 7-15 years. Children were involved in the training processes of
various sports, but without elementary swimming knowledge, as established by initial
testing. The control and experimental group also numbered 25 respondents with evenly
represented ages in both groups. As the only control variable, the length of the
swimmed distance is expressed in metric. On the basis of the results obtained within
this research, they found that there are no statistically significant differences in the
implementation of swimming program between groups, regardless of the chosen
approach.
Madić, Okačić, & Aleksandrović, (2007) state that the overall anthropological
status, such as morphological characteristics, functional, psychological, biomotor and
intellectual abilities, affects the performance of swimming techniques. Torlaković,
(2009), explored the effects of an experimental training program for non-swimmers on
the dynamics of learning elemental swimming elements in boys ages 8 to 10 years. The
results of the research have shown that boys who are engaged in leisure with some
sport can adopt basic swimming elements faster and more efficiently. In support of this
he says that athletes probably have a more pronounced need for achievements,
perception and motor skills, as well as greater motivation for success. Torlaković,
(2009), on a sample of 88 younger school children, explored the effects of intensive
training of the basic swimming elements created under the influence of programmed
work within extracurricular activities. An intensive 12-hour training program proved to
be efficient because the obtained parameters determined a statistically significant
positive change for all variables as a result of the applied training program. In order to
be able to speak about the significance of motor skills, these children, to their result of
performance in some kinesiological activity, in this case swimming (free style), it is
necessary first to know the basic structures of movement in a given activity, basic
characteristics of individual motor skills and their mutual influence. Swimming as a
sport or in general as a moving activity that a man realizes is specific to the fact that it
takes place in a water environment that possesses certain physical characteristics that
greatly affect the character of man's movements, and thus also the realization of his
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 12
motor skills. In such conditions, the child must adapt, so that their motor skills are at
the highest possible level to achieve the best results possible and to learn how to swim
as soon as possible. Working with children at this age is quite responsible because the
general development of the child is still not finished, and therefore because of the fact
that they are beginners, and that trainers’ commitment is greater.
The aim of this research is to determine the magnitude of the influence of motor
skills (repetitive strength and coordination) on the performance of the freestyle
swimming before and after the completed swimming training program.
2. Methods
A sample of 90 pupils, both sexes, aged 11-12, of the fifth grade of elementary schools
from Novi Grad Municipality in Sarajevo. All of the students were measured with 6
variables imagined to cover certain motor skills (repetitive strength and coordination)
and one criterion variable. The selection of measuring instruments was carried out on
the basis of standards, recommendations, and numerous literature in order to obtain
maximum useful information about the occurrences in children from the measured
results. For the assessment of the motor abilities of the respondents, 6 variables were
designed to cover the space of the primary motor dimensions: repetitive force variables
(push-ups MRSSKL, deep squats – MRSDCU, sit-ups(from lying position) – MRSDTZ);
co-ordination variables (air rotation – MKOOUZ, throwing a ball from hand to hand
over head for 30 seconds – MKOPRL, co-ordination with a stick-MKOPRP) and 1
criterion variable for assessing the performance of freestyle swimming, technique rating
– OCJTEH (Swimming for 25 m freestyle). The work program carried out in this
research is based on the principles of theory and practice that treats the method of work
with beginners. The core program covered the activity through: time period: (four
months, with respondents being divided into two groups of 45 pupils in two months
per group), number of training units: 16 classes per group (2 times per week), duration
of one class: 90 minutes, with the aim of determining the influence of motor skills
(repetitive power and coordination) on the performance of freestyle swimming before
and after the swim training program.
Table 1: Assessment criteria
A Mark:
The Level of Mastered Technique:
1 ( mark E )
Absolute non-swimmer.
2 ( mark D )
Floater. There are major mistakes in performing coordination elements of crawl technique
and complete absence of breathing technique.
3 ( mark C )
Half-swimmer. There are obvious mistakes in performing some coordination elements of
crawl technique, and some mistakes in breathing technique.
4 ( mark B )
Satisfying performance of crawl technique, with insignificant mistakes in hand and leg
coordination.
5 ( mark A )
Techniques which are carried out with the optimal angle of attack (crawl), by a proper
coordination and breathing.
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 13
Table 2: Initial measurements
Marks
Total
Percentage
1-E
41
46%
2-D
24
27%
3-C
24
27%
4-B
1
0%
5-A
0
0%
Table 2.1: Final measurements
Marks
Total
Percentage
1-E
0
0%
2-D
25
28%
3-C
31
34%
4-B
25
28%
5-A
9
10%
From the above tables (Table 2.1 and 2.2), it can be seen that, according to the initial
measurement before the implementation of the training program, the percentage of
non-swimmers was 73% and the percentage of swimmers was only 27%, whereas
according to the final measurement after the training program the percentage of non-
swimmers was 28%, and the percentage of swimmers is surprising 72%. It should be
emphasized that the percentage of non-swimmers, according to the final measurement,
cover students who fall into the category of floaters, while no one has received the 1-E
rating, i.e. remained a complete non-swimmer. Data obtained in this study were
processed using SPSS 16.0 software packages. The regression analysis was applied to
determine the effects of motor skills (repetitive strength and coordination) on the
performance of freestyle swimming before and after the completed swimming training
program.
3. Results
The regression analysis is applied to determine the influence of motor abilities
(repetitive power and coordination), designated as an input or predictor set, on success
in swimming, designated as output or criterion variables. Based on the size of multiple
regression (R), a common variant (R Square) is explained only if it is statistically
significant.
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 14
3.1. Variables for Assessing Motor Abilities (Initial Measurement)
3.1.1. Variables for Assessment of Repetitive Power
Table 3.1: The value of multiple correlation coefficients
between prediction variables and criterion
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
,789a
,623
,610
,41300
Table 3.2: Variables and level of significance of F ration in the question of
differences between subgroup results along the path of regression
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
24,231
3
8,077
47,354
,000a
Residual
14,669
86
,171
Total
38,900
89
A high coefficient of multiple correlation R = 0.789 indicates a significant statistical
effect of the variables for estimating repetitive power on the criterion.
Table 3.3: The value and level of significance of standardized and
non-standardized regression coefficients for individual predictor variables
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
MRSDTZ
,034
,016
,217
2,165
,033*
MRSSKL
,039
,014
,285
2,772
,007**
MRSDCU
,063
,016
,383
3,954
,000**
The most important and statistically significant influence on the OCJTEH criterion have
the following predictor motor variables: MRSDTZ (BETA) = 0.217, which is significant
at p = 0.033, MRSSKL (BETA) = 0.285, which is significant at p = 0.007, MRSDCU (BETA)
= 0.383 which is significant at p = 0.000
3.1.2 Variables for Assessment of Coordination
Table 4.1: The value of multiple correlation coefficients
between predictive variables and criterion
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
,735a
,540
,524
,45607
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 15
Table 4.2: Value and level of significance F ratio in question of difference
between the subgroup of results along the regression path
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
21,012
3
7,004
33,674
,000a
Residual
17,888
86
,208
Total
38,900
89
The high coefficient of multiple correlation R = 0.735 indicates a significant statistical
effect of variables for estimating coordination on the criterion.
Table 4.3: The value and level of significance of standardized and
non-standardized regression coefficients for individual predictor variables
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
MKOPRP
,055
,015
,393
3,580
,001**
MKOPRL
,027
,013
,198
1,998
,049*
MKOOUZ
,038
,013
,268
2,963
,004**
The most important and statistically significant influence on the OCJTEH criterion
variable have the following predictor motor variables: MKOPRP (BETA) = 0.393, which
is significant at p = 0.001, MKOPRL (BETA) = 0.198, which is significant at p = 0.049,
MKOOUZ (BETA) = 0.268 which is significant at p = 0.004.
3.2 Variables for Assessing Motor Abilities (Final-End Measurement)
3.2.1 Variables for Assessment of repetitive power
Table 5.1: The value of multiple correlation coefficients
between predictive variables and criterion
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
,837a
,701
,690
,53096
Table 5.2: Value and level of significance F ratio in question of difference
between the subgroup of results along the regression path
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
56,744
3
18,915
67,094
,000a
Residual
24,245
86
,282
Total
80,989
89
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 16
The high coefficient of multiple correlation R = 0.837 indicates the significant statistical
effect of the variables for the repetitive power rating on the criterion.
Table 5.3: The value and level of significance of standardized and non-standardized
regression coefficients for individual predictor variables
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
MRSDTZ
,007
,003
,137
2,262
,026*
MRSSKL
,046
,011
,283
4,096
,000**
MRSDCU
,136
,016
,612
8,639
,000**
The most important and statistically significant influence on the OCJTEH criterion
variable have the following predictor motor variables: MRSDTZ (BETA) = 0.137, which
is significant at p = 0.026, MRSSKL (BETA) = 0.283, which is significant at p = 0.000,
MRSDCU (BETA) = 0.612 which is significant at p = 0.000
3.2.2 Variables for Assessment of Coordination
Table 6.1: The value of multiple correlation coefficients
between predictive variables and criterion
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
,894a
,800
,793
,43396
Table 6.2: Value and level of significance F ratio in question of difference
between the subgroup of results along the regression path
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
64,793
3
21,598
114,688
,000a
Residual
16,195
86
,188
Total
80,989
89
The high coefficient of multiple correlation R = 0.894 points to the significant statistical
influence of variables for estimating coordination on the criterion.
The most important and statistically significant influence on the criterion
variable OCJTEH have the following predictor motor variables: MKOPRP (BETA) =
0.498, which is significant at p = 0.000, MKOPRL (BETA) = 0.244, which is significant at
p = 0.001, MKOOUZ (BETA) = 0.253 which is significant at p = 0.000
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 17
Table 6.3: The value and level of significance of standardized and non-standardized
regression coefficients for individual predictor variables
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
1
MKOPRP
,096
,016
,498
6,035
,000**
MKOPRL
,046
,014
,244
3,285
,001**
MKOOUZ
,051
,013
,253
3,798
,000**
4. Discussion
To perform any of the swimming techniques (free style swimming), flexibility and
coordination are very important. When performing crawl techniques, a standard co-
ordinate ratio of 1: 6 to 1 arm cycle (3 leg paddle movements) and 2 arm cycles (3 leg
paddle movements) are present, and all this requires good flexibility. For the technique
of the back crawl, the co-ordinate ratio is 1: 6, at 1 cycle of the arm movement, followed
by 6 leg paddle movements. For co-ordination in sprinting swimming styles, the
impression is that the arms and legs do not have anything to do with each other and
work separately, each for themselves. Basically this is not true. At high speeds,
preparatory phases floating in the hand movement and sliding in the work of the leg
are reduced, while the propulsion phases remain rather constant. Dolphin style co-
ordination - the ratio between the upper and lower extremities is 1: 2, at one arm cycle.
Swimmers perform two leg paddles in a time interval of 1.2 to 1.4 seconds. It is easy to
calculate that one simultaneous leg paddle lasts 0.6 to 0.7 seconds. The breathing
technique is adapted and harmonized with the work of the hand. When the hand is
drawn out of the water begins the breath that ends when the arms reach the shoulder
height, followed by a pause, followed by a forged and a strong exhale in the pulling
phase. For a successful overcoming of one of the swimming techniques (freestyle),
continuous work (well-developed flexibility) and proper coordination of the arms and
legs movement, plus breathing (Kazazović, 2008) are indispensable.
Kazazović, & Hadžikadunić, (1986), give an appraisal of the results of the crawl
swimming technique on the 50, 100 and 200 m connections. A 25-test battery of motor
abilities was used. With a single factor analysis, it has been found that flexibility
contributes most to results in crawl technique 30.3%, static power 15%, explosive power
10.83%, repetitive power 9.64%, and speed of simple movements 6.5% (Kazazovic,
1990). Kazazović, (1984), explains the canonical relationships of motor and swimming.
The results obtained in some way come under collapse with the assumption that short
sprint disciplines are realized by aspects of explosive and repetitive forces. This has
prompted the author to ascertain that the respondents have not developed good
swimming technique, the seductive feelings of propulsion of a paddle, and their
swimming results are achieved using unnecessary static strain of the whole body. That
the strength with adequate mobility helps to achieve good results in swimming is
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 18
shown by a high value of the second factor of canonical correlation coefficient which
was 0.654. The research has revealed that there is a stronger connection in the direction
of motor skill - swimming (rather than reverse). In his doctoral dissertation, Volcanšek
(1999) examines the influence of anthropometric and motor dimensions on the results of
swimming. On a sample of 188 respondents in Zagreb, by canonical correlation
analysis, the author gains one dimension between anthropometry and swimming, and
two pairs of canonical dimensions between the motor sub-space and the swimming
results. The first couple talks about swimming successes in those who possess:
coordination ability, flexibility in the shoulder, successful handling of new motor tasks
and speed of movement. The second canonical factor defines explosive power, agility
and repetitive power, and projection on it has only the technique of chest swimming.
Kapus, (1982) investigated the relationship between the variables of the basic and the
situational swim motor skill using canonical analysis, on swimmers aged 10 to 12 years.
Of the four distinguished canonical factors, the most interesting is the first one the
author named the motor type of a successful swimmer. For this factor there is a
significant motor structure determined by explosive power, where it is necessary to
establish the initial inertia of body mass (Redžić, 2001).
Kazazović (1984), in a population of 115 male respondents, attempts to
determine the relationship between all swimming techniques (nine variables) and 25
motor tests (represented by force factors, flexibility and speed of simple movements).
Due to the canonical correlation analysis, two pairs of canonical dimensions were
isolated. In the definition of the first pair, all force variables (primarily static), flexibility
and long-distance swimming (100, 200 m) were involved. The other pair designed 12
motor variables (no speed of simple movements) and completely all swim variables.
Regression correlation analysis, with probability of p = 0.05, was able to successfully
predict the results on 100 m back, 50 m dolphin and 100 m mixed swimming technique.
Rađo, Pivač, & Wolf, (1995), on a sample of 87 respondents, analyzed the influence of
basic motor skills in the process of learning and building swimming techniques (crawl,
back crawl, and breaststroke swimming).
Based on the regression analysis for successful learning of crawl and back crawl,
good coordination, speed, as well as the flexibility of the shoulders and the feet in
dorsal and plantar flexion are necessary. In the chest technique, of the applied
predictive set of basic motor skills, only the dimensions of flexibility have significantly
influenced the definition of the criterion variable (Rađo, 1998). Rađo, (1998), in a sample
of 109 male respondents, concludes that in the function of success in swimming the
most contributing factors are co-ordination, explosive and repetitive power, speed and
flexibility as well as speed of nerve-muscular reaction in vision.
Vidović, (2000), in his dissertation included a survey on a sample of 181 male
subjects. The measurements were performed using 16 morphological and 21 variables
for the assessment of general motor abilities and 23 variables for the assessment of
stylized forms of motion in the water (specific motor abilities). The results of the
regression analysis of swimming with different techniques at 50 m provided sufficient
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 19
information on the impact of the predictive system on the variation of swimming
success. In the space of motor skills, six dimensions are isolated: repetitive hull strength,
explosive power, flexibility, movement frequency, coordination and general muscular
endurance (Turković, 2001).
Redžić, (2004), on a sample of 35 male subjects, conducted a study on the relation
between general and situational motor in anthropological space, which is significant to
the results of swimming in a crawl technique. Five variables of the general motor skills
used in the co-ordination area essential for crawl technique and four variables from the
situational motor space were applied in the research. Using the regression analysis, it
was attempted to determine the size of the general influence of the predictive system,
which is presented by the general motor on the criterion system that represents the
situational motor. At the time of swimming using crawl technique at 50 m, researched
basic motor variables influenced in 20% of the explained results, while the other 80% in
the explanation were influenced by other variables: general motor skills, anthropometry
(Solaković, 2007).
Torlaković, (2009), in his research showed that boys who have already trained in
some of the above sports more effectively adopted the basic elements of swimming,
compared to children who are either not or have never been in the sport before. This
indicates that motor skills are very important for swimming, because students that train
some sports have better developed motor skills and thus achieve better success in
swimming, which at the end of this research has been confirmed. In this study, students
who were not active athletes showed weaker results. After the initial assessment of
swimming level knowledge, 47 students received grade 1, which is 95.92%. On the
seventh, eighth and ninth hour, the number of students with grades 3 and 2 increased.
With the increase in the number of training hours, the students had better mastered the
basic elements of swimming and more and more students had moved from swim to
swimming. The pupils received higher and higher grades, and mark 5 was obtained on
the fourteenth class by two students (4.08%). Regardless of this kind of progress, the
largest number of students received a grade 1 (29 of them), which is 59.18% in percent.
Gradually, the students got better grades, and by doing so, they gained better
knowledge of swimming.
Thus in the final test, grade 1 was obtained by 7 students, which is a great
success considering the number of non-swimmers after initial measurement. Most of
the students in the final measurement swam the crawl technique with proper work of
arms, legs and breathing, which was to be expected as the respondents were boys. The
reason why these students did not learn to swim is likely to be that some students need
more time to adapt to the aquatic environment and start swimming, as well as their
physical inactivity and therefore less developed motor skills, which was confirmed by a
research where students who have trained some sport were more successful in
mastering some of the basic swimming techniques.
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 20
5. Conclusion
Regression analysis was used to determine the influence of motor variables system
(repetitive power and coordination) on the performance of freestyle swimming before
and after the swim training program. As a criterion in this analysis, a variable, OCJTEH
(swimming for 25 m freestyle technique) was used. By analyzing the presented results
of the regression analysis it can be concluded that after the initial measurement of the
variables for the assessment of motor abilities the statistically most significant influence
on the OCJTEH criterion variation (swimming for 25 m freestyle technique) had
variables for the repetitive force estimation, and after the final-evaluation the most
influence had variables of coordination. This could be expected, because all the
movements in swimming, such as arm movements, legs and the whole body plus
breathing are in line with to co-ordination and repetitive power. Based on the presented
results of the regression analysis before and after the realization of the swimming
program it can be established that there is a very high coefficient of multiple correlation
of the motor variables system (repetitive power and coordination) and criterion
variables, indicating that the predictive system of motor variables has statistically
significant influence on the criterion variable, as well as the results of the final
measurement of the free style swimming. The non-swimmers with 73% after the initial
measurement were increased to 72% in the final measurement. It should also be
emphasized that the percentage of non-swimmers according to the final measurement
are students who fall into the category of floaters, while no one has received the 1-E
rating, ie remained a complete non-swimmers.
References
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swimming. MSc Thesis, FFK, Zagreb.
Kazazović, B. (1990). Water abilities and their association with ground abilities in the function
of safe youth efficiency. PhD dissertation, FFK, Sarajevo.
Kazazović, B. (2008). Swimming. 3rd edited edition, Graphic Traffic, Sarajevo.
Kazazović, B., Hadžikadunić, M. (1986). Izbor tehnike plivanja u obuci djece školskog
uzrasta pri morskim uslovima rada. [In Serbian]. Zbornik radova II Jug.
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Mirvić, E., & Rašidagić, F. (2002). Effects of Application of Different Methods of Work
on the Schedule of the School of Non-Swimmers, Sport in Theory and Practice, I /
02, 71-78, Department of Physical Culture, Sarajevo.
Rađo, I. (1998). Transformation process of motor and functional abilities and various aspects of
swimming. Monograph, FFK, Sarajevo.
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 21
Rađo, I., Pivač, M., & Wolf, B. (1995). Metrijske karakteristike testova za procjenu
situaciono- motoričkih sposobnosti u plivanju. [In Serbian]. Fis communication,
Niš.
Redžić, H. (2001). Influence of strength and flexibility on the level of propulsion achieved in
crawl technique. MSc Thesis, Tuzla.
Solaković, E. (2007). Effects of programmed swimming classes on improving swimming
efficiency and success in swimming practice at student population. MSc Thesis,
Sarajevo, FASTO.
Torlaković, A. (2009). Analysis of dynamics of studying basic swimming elements. 11th
International Conference of Sport Kinetics ( IASK ), Chalkidiki, Greece, 83-84.
Torlaković, A. (2009). Effects of an intensive program of learning the basic elements of
swimming in the framework of extracurricular activities for younger school
children. HomoSorticus - Scientific Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 11 (2),
14-18.
Turković, S. (2001). Influence of the condensed curriculum program on the performance of
swimming techniques. MSc Thesis, FFK, Sarajevo.
Vidović, N. (2000). Povezanost morfoloških karakteristika i motoričke spremnosti (sposobnosti)
sa stepenom usvojenosti stilizovanih kretanja u plivanju kod studentske omladine. [In
Serbian]. PhD Thesis, Fakultet fizičke kulture, Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.
Volcanšek, B. (1999). Influence of anthropometric and motor dimensions on results in
swimming. PhD Thesis, Zagreb, Faculty of Physical Culture.
Elvira Nikšić, Edin Beganović, Marko Joksimović, Samira Nasrolahi, Ivan Đoković
THE IMPACT OF STRENGTH AND COORDINATION ON THE SUCCESS OF
PERFORMANCE OF THE FREESTYLE SWIMMING
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 5 │ Issue 11 │ 2019 22
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... It contributes to increasing the strength and endurance of the muscular system, coordination and improving circulation. Successful freestyle swimming requires repetitive strength and coordination, as all movements such as arm, leg and whole body movements plus breathing reduce coordination and repetitive strength, but also balance and flexibility, high joint mobility (Nikšić, Beganović, Joksimović, Nasrolahi & Đoković, 2019). By working on flexibility, the technique of swimming improves, and thus the result (Šiljag & Grčić-Zubčević, 2007). ...
... Analyzing the presented results of the regression analysis, it can be concluded that after the initial and post-test measurements of the repetitive power variables, the following predictor motor variables had the greatest and statistically significant influence on the ST criterion variable: sit-ups, push-up, deep squat, and in coordination the following predictor motor variables: throwing a ball from hand to hand over head for 30 seconds, coordination with a stick, and air rotation. Which is to be expected, as all movements in swimming such as movements of the arms, legs and the whole body plus breathing are dependent to coordination and repetitive power (Nikšić, Beganović, Joksimović, Nasrolahi & Đoković, 2019). ...
The Influence of Balance and Flexibility on thePerformance of Freestyle Swimming
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2020
Theaimofthisresearchwastodeterminetheinfluenceofmotorabilitiesonthesuccessofperformingafreestyleswimming,preandpostthecompletedswimmingtrainingprogram.Thestudywasconductedonasampleof90femalestudents,aged11-12years,fifthgradersfromprimaryschoolsinNoviGradMunicipalityinSarajevo,using6motorvariablesand1criterion.Regressionanalysiswasusedtodeterminetheeffectofbalanceandflexibilityonthefreestyleswimmingperformance.Analyzingthepresentedresultsoftheregressionanalysis,itwasfoundthatafterthepre-testmeasurementofthevariablesforestimatingthebalance,thefollowingpredictormotorvariablehadthegreatestandstatisticallysignificantinfluenceonthecriterionvariable:standinguprightonthebalancebeamwitheyesopen(BETA)=.581,whichissignificantatthelevelofp<.001.Forflexibility,thefollowingpredictormotorvariableis:upperbodybentforwardwhilesittingwithlegssidebyside(BETA)=.411,whichissignificantatthep<.001level.Afterthepost-testmeasurementofthevariablesfortheassessmentofmotorabilities(balanceandflexibility),thesamevariablesasforthepre-testmeasurementhadthestatisticallysignificantinfluenceonthecriterionvariable(freestyleswimmingofthesections25mlong–crawl,chestorbackswimming).Atstandingontherightleglongitudinally,open-eyed,onthebalancebench(BETA)=.448,whichissignificantatthelevelofp<.001,andinflexibilitythevariable-benchabwithlegssidebyside(BETA)=.463,whichissignificantatthelevelofp<.001.Allmovementsinswimmingrequirewell-developedflexibility(mobility),andinparticularthemobilityofthetorsoandupperextremities
View
... It contributes to increasing the strength and endurance of the muscular system, coordination and improving circulation. Successful freestyle swimming requires repetitive strength and coordination, as all movements such as arm, leg and whole body movements plus breathing reduce coordination and repetitive strength, but also balance and flexibility, high joint mobility (Nikšić, Beganović, Joksimović, Nasrolahi & Đoković, 2019). By working on flexibility, the technique of swimming improves, and thus the result (Šiljag & Grčić-Zubčević, 2007). ...
... Analyzing the presented results of the regression analysis, it can be concluded that after the initial and post-test measurements of the repetitive power variables, the following predictor motor variables had the greatest and statistically significant influence on the ST criterion variable: sit-ups, push-up, deep squat, and in coordination the following predictor motor variables: throwing a ball from hand to hand over head for 30 seconds, coordination with a stick, and air rotation. Which is to be expected, as all movements in swimming such as movements of the arms, legs and the whole body plus breathing are dependent to coordination and repetitive power (Nikšić, Beganović, Joksimović, Nasrolahi & Đoković, 2019). ...
View
... It contributes to increasing the strength and endurance of the muscular system, coordination and improving circulation. Successful freestyle swimming requires repetitive strength and coordination, as all movements such as arm, leg and whole body movements plus breathing reduce coordination and repetitive strength, but also balance and flexibility, high joint mobility (Nikšić, Beganović, Joksimović, Nasrolahi & Đoković, 2019). By working on flexibility, the technique of swimming improves, and thus the result (Šiljag & Grčić-Zubčević, 2007). ...
... Analyzing the presented results of the regression analysis, it can be concluded that after the initial and post-test measurements of the repetitive power variables, the following predictor motor variables had the greatest and statistically significant influence on the ST criterion variable: sit-ups, push-up, deep squat, and in coordination the following predictor motor variables: throwing a ball from hand to hand over head for 30 seconds, coordination with a stick, and air rotation. Which is to be expected, as all movements in swimming such as movements of the arms, legs and the whole body plus breathing are dependent to coordination and repetitive power (Nikšić, Beganović, Joksimović, Nasrolahi & Đoković, 2019). ...
Journal of Physical Education and Sport Studies The Influence of Balance and Flexibility on the Performance of Freestyle Swimming
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2020
The aim of this research was to determine the influence of motor abilities on the success of performing a freestyle swimming, pre and post the completed swimming training program. The study was conducted on a sample of 90 female students, aged 11-12 years, fifth graders from primary schools in Novi Grad Municipality in Sarajevo, using 6 motor variables and 1 criterion. Regression analysis was used to determine the effect of balance and flexibility on the freestyle swimming performance. Analyzing the presented results of the regression analysis, it was found that after the pre-test measurement of the variables for estimating the balance, the following predictor motor variable had the greatest and statistically significant influence on the criterion variable: standing upright on the balance beam with eyes open (BETA) = .581, which is significant at the level of p<.001. For flexibility, the following predictor motor variable is: upper body bent forward while sitting with legs side by side (BETA) = .411, which is significant at the p<.001 level. After the post-test measurement of the variables for the assessment of motor abilities (balance and flexibility), the same variables as for the pre-test measurement had the statistically significant influence on the criterion variable (freestyle swimming of the sections 25 m long-crawl, chest or back swimming). At standing on the right leg longitudinally, open-eyed, on the balance bench (BETA) = .448, which is significant at the level of p<.001, and in flexibility the variable-bench ab with legs side by side (BETA) = .463, which is significant at the level of p<.001. All movements in swimming require well-developed flexibility (mobility), and in particular the mobility of the torso and upper extremities.
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... Notably, approximately 32.5% of students use mobile phones and computers for over 2 h daily, while a similar percentage spend more than 2 h watching television. Success in any sport depends on anthropological characteristics, abilities, and their interconnection (Nikšić et al., 2019b). Physical exercise is a fundamental biological necessity for the organism's well-being and life. ...
Basic motor skills among 2nd-9th-grade elementary school students
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
This study involved 3,644 elementary school students from grades 2-9. It aimed to evaluate students' basic motor skills across these grades, utilizing the Eurofit battery of tests. Analysis of results revealed that most students attained a score of 1 in the flamingo test, with the fewest achieving a score of 4. Similarly, in the hand-tapping test, most students achieved a score of 4, while the fewest scored a 2. Results from the gray test showed that the highest proportion of students received a grade of 1, whereas the smallest proportion received a grade of 4. In the standing long jump test, the greatest number of students received a grade of 5, while the smallest number received a grade of 2. Regarding the hand strength test, the largest proportion of students achieved a grade of 5, with the fewest scoring a 1. For the lying down test, the highest number of students scored 2, and the fewest scored 1. In the push-up test, most students scored 3, with the fewest scoring 1. In the 10×5 m running test, the largest number of students achieved a grade of 5, while the smallest attained a grade of 2. Of the respondents, 43% reported engagement in sports, while 57% did not. Given the larger proportion of non-sporting respondents, the basic motor skills results appear notably low. Descriptive statistics were employed alongside various statistical methods during analysis.
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... Notably, approximately 32.5% of students use mobile phones and computers for over 2 h daily, while a similar percentage spend more than 2 h watching television. Success in any sport depends on anthropological characteristics, abilities, and their interconnection (Nikšić et al., 2019b). Physical exercise is a fundamental biological necessity for the organism's well-being and life. ...
Basic motor skills among 2nd-9th-grade elementary school students
Article
  • Feb 2024
This study involved 3,644 elementary school students from grades 2-9. It aimed to evaluate students' basic motor skills across these grades, utilizing the Eurofit battery of tests. Analysis of results revealed that most students attained a score of 1 in the flamingo test, with the fewest achieving a score of 4. Similarly, in the hand-tapping test, most students achieved a score of 4, while the fewest scored a 2. Results from the gray test showed that the highest proportion of students received a grade of 1, whereas the smallest proportion received a grade of 4. In the standing long jump test, the greatest number of students received a grade of 5, while the smallest number received a grade of 2. Regarding the hand strength test, the largest proportion of students achieved a grade of 5, with the fewest scoring a 1. For the lying down test, the highest number of students scored 2, and the fewest scored 1. In the push-up test, most students scored 3, with the fewest scoring 1. In the 10×5 m running test, the largest number of students achieved a grade of 5, while the smallest attained a grade of 2. Of the respondents, 43% reported engagement in sports, while 57% did not. Given the larger proportion of non-sporting respondents, the basic motor skills results appear notably low. Descriptive statistics were employed alongside various statistical methods during analysis.
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... Because swimming's main objective is to cross the liquid medium in the shortest possible time, it is necessary to achieve high levels of swimming propulsion which is related to ULP and LLP. 51,52 This is visible when comparing elite athletes (i.e., national and international levels) with recreational practitioners of the sport, the elite level shows higher levels of ULP and LLP. 53 To have an efficient swimming propulsion, the athlete depends on technical performance and biomechanics that influence the coordination of the upper and lower limbs and consequently the production of ULP and LLP. ...
Are there differences in anaerobic relative muscle power between upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers: A blinded study
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2023
Success in speed swimming depends on the efficiency of the anaerobic system for the production of cellular energy, especially during muscle power production. In the adolescent athletes much is unknown with regards to the relationships between relative power of upper and lower limbs with speed swimming performance. The aim the present study was to identify differences in relative muscle power of upper and lower limbs in adolescent swimmers and relate these to speed swimming performances. Sixty adolescents, of both sexes (50% female, 50% male, 30 swimmers and 30 controls), were recruited. The relative upper limb power (ULP[W/kg]) was assessed by a medicine ball test and the relative lower limbs power (LLP[W/kg]) by a jump test on a jumping platform. Lean mass of the upper and lower limbs was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (g). Sport performance was assessed during national level competition (50-m swimming time [in seconds]). Biological maturation (BM) was indexed by years from attainment of peak height velocity. ULP(W/kg) was higher than LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). Upper and lower limb lean mass (g) correlated significantly with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05). ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) correlated with 50-m swimming performance (s), in both sexes (p < 0.05). Advanced BM was associated with ULP(W/kg) and LLP(W/kg) in both groups (p < 0.05), and with 50-m swimming performance (s) in both sexes (p < 0.05). We concluded that ULP(W/kg) is higher than LLP (W/kg) in adolescent swimmers. Upper and lower limb lean mass and BM were both positively associated with increased ULP (W/kg) and LLP (W/kg).
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... A minimum improvement in the efficiency of swimming can be crucial, especially in short courses (i.e., 50-100 m) [1,2]. to achieve a high swimming performance, it is necessary to deliver an efficient propulsion, which is related to the strength and power of the limbs [3,4]. So, elite athletes display higher strength and power than recreational athletes [5,6]. ...
CONTRIBUTION OF BIOLOGICAL MATURATION AND POWER OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS TO CRAWL SWIM PERFORMANCE IN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
Purpose. there is no consensus in literature data about the influence of biological maturation (BM) on swim performance in young athletes. We analysed the relationship of BM, upper-limb power (ULP), and lower-limb power (LLP) with adolescent athletes' performance in crawl swim. Methods. this observational study determined the BM of 16 competitive swimmers (50% males and 50% females; 12.90 ± 0.88 years) by a mathematical model based on bone age and anthropometric measures. ULP and LLP were established by the horizontal launch test and the vertical and countermovement jump tests on a force platform, respectively. Swim performance was evaluated by the average speed in a 100-m crawl sprint. Results. BM was related to ULP (males: r = 0.76, p = 0.001; females: r = 0.39, p = 0.02), LLP (males: vertical jump r = 0.80, p = 0.02, countermovement jump r = 0.48, p = 0.02; females: vertical jump r = 0.30, p = 0.04, countermovement jump r = 0.80, p = 0.01), and crawl swim performance (males: r =-0.91, p = 0.001; females: r =-0.72, p = 0.04). BM had a 87% contribution to crawl swim performance in males and a 66% contribution in females. ULP and LLP showed < 50% contribution to crawl swim performance in both females and males. Conclusions. BM was associated with crawl swim performance of adolescent athletes of both sexes. BM exhibited a stronger contribution to crawl swim performance than ULP and LLP in adolescent swimmers at the puberty window.
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... A minimum improvement in the efficiency of swimming can be crucial, especially in short courses (i.e., 50-100 m) [1,2]. to achieve a high swimming performance, it is necessary to deliver an efficient propulsion, which is related to the strength and power of the limbs [3,4]. So, elite athletes display higher strength and power than recreational athletes [5,6]. ...
Contribution of biological maturation and power of upper and lower limbs to crawl swim performance in adolescent athletes
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2022
Purpose There is no consensus in literature data about the influence of biological maturation (BM) on swim performance in young athletes. We analysed the relationship of BM, upper-limb power (ULP), and lower-limb power (LLP) with adolescent athletes’ performance in crawl swim. Methods This observational study determined the BM of 16 competitive swimmers (50% males and 50% females; 12.90 ± 0.88 years) by a mathematical model based on bone age and anthropometric measures. ULP and LLP were established by the horizontal launch test and the vertical and countermovement jump tests on a force platform, respectively. Swim performance was evaluated by the average speed in a 100-m crawl sprint. Results BM was related to ULP (males: r = 0.76, p = 0.001; females: r = 0.39, p = 0.02), LLP (males: vertical jump r = 0.80, p = 0.02, countermovement jump r = 0.48, p = 0.02; females: vertical jump r = 0.30, p = 0.04, countermovement jump r = 0.80, p = 0.01), and crawl swim performance (males: r = –0.91, p = 0.001; females: r = –0.72, p = 0.04). BM had a 87% contribution to crawl swim performance in males and a 66% contribution in females. ULP and LLP showed < 50% contribution to crawl swim performance in both females and males. Conclusions BM was associated with crawl swim performance of adolescent athletes of both sexes. BM exhibited a stronger contribution to crawl swim performance than ULP and LLP in adolescent swimmers at the puberty window.
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... Therefore, motor skills are very important for performing any of the swimming techniques (free swimming style) (Nikšić, et al., 2019). In order to be able to speak at all about the influence of the technical swimming skills (start, technique and turn), within each of the mentioned swimming techniques (kraul, back, breast and dolphin), on the resultant efficiency of mixed swimming at 100 meters, one must first know which is the level of their knowledge in performing these swimming techniques (Beganović, 2011). ...
INFLUENCE OF TECHNICAL ABILITIES OF SWIMMING ON THE RESULTING EFFICIENCY OF MIXED SWIMMING
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2020
The aim of this research is to determine the influence of swimming technical abilities (start, technique itself and turn), each of the mentioned swimming techniques (kraul, back, breast and dolphin) on the resulting efficiency of mixed swimming at 100 meters, as well as their interconnections. The study was conducted on a sample of 31 students, female, aged 20-24 years, with the help of testing (evaluation) of technical swimming skills (start, technique and turn): OCJKSTR, OCJKTEH, OCJKOKR, OCJLSTR, OCJLTEH, OCJLOKR , OCJPSTR, OCJPTEH, OCJPOKR, OCJDSTR, OCJDTEH, OCJDOKR) and mixed swimming at 100m (OCJPM100), in the following order: dolphin, back, breast, kraul. Analyzing the presented results of the regression analysis, it can be concluded that after the completion of testing (evaluation) of the whole predictor system, the following predictor variables had the statistically most significant influence on the OCJPM100 criterion variable: the score of kraul technique OCJKTEH (BETA) = 0,390, which is significant at the level of p = 0.008 , OCJPSTR (BETA) breast swimming start rating (BETA) = 0.417, significant at p = 0.014, and OCJPOKR (BETA) breaststroke rotation score = 0.234, significant at the level of p = 0.037. The correlation between PM100 and TEHKL has a negative value sign of r =-0.5734. Connection ie. the correlation between PM100 and TEHLK has a negative value sign of r =-0.2366. The correlation between PM100 and TEHPL has a negative value sign of r =-0.3418. The correlation between PM100 and TEHDE is also a negative value sign of r =-0.5002. The reason for this correlation is poor technical ability of the candidates to swim and breathe and they were not able to transfer their technical skills to the resultant efficiency at 100 m of mixed swimming.
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A potência de membros superiores está relacionada com o desempenho de nado crawl em nadadores adolescentes
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2022
Introdução: Para otimizar o desempenho de jovens atletas de natação é importante compreender os mecanismos envolvidos com a propulsão de nado. Objetivo: Verificar a relação da potência de membros superiores com o desempenho de nado crawl 50-m em atletas escolares de natação de ambos os sexos. Método: Estudo transversal, com amostra composta por 20 atletas escolares de natação (idade: 12.7 ± 0.8, 50% do sexo masculino e 50% do sexo feminino). Analisamos o desempenho de nado crawl através de um sprint máximo de 50-m, realizado em piscina olímpica. Analisamos a potência de membros superiores através do teste de lançamento de medicineball, a unidade de medida do teste de membros superiores foi convertida em watts através de uma equação de física newtoniana. Através de análises de correlações e regressões verificamos a relação e contribuição da potência de membros superiores para o desempenho de nado crawl 50-m. Resultados: A potência de membros superiores se relacionou com o desempenho dos nadadores de ambos os sexos (Masculino: r = -0.77, p=0.009. Feminino: r= -0.68, p=0.0007). A além disso, apontou capacidade de predição do desempenho dos nadadores de ambos os sexos (Masculino: r²= 0.593, β=-0.32, p<0.001. Feminino: r²= 0.474, β=-0.15, p=0.02). Conclusão: Em atletas escolares de natação de ambos os sexos, a potência de membros superiores está relacionada com o desempenho de nado crawl na distância de 50 metros.
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The effects of intensive learning the basic elements of swimming within the frame of ex-curriculum activities upon the elementary school children
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2009
The research had been conducted on the sample consisting of 88 girls and boys attending the 3rd grade of Elementary School. The aim of the research was to establish the effects of training of the basic elements of swimming created under the impact of programmed work within the frame of extra-curriculum acitivities. For the purpose of analysing the differencies between initial and final testing, was used T-test for dependent samples as well as percentage analyses. On the basis of final parameters, statistically significant positive changes had been noticed with the all variables as a result of applied training programme. By correct paedagogical approach, the majority of children have shown positive changes in regard of learning of the basic elements needed for the movement in the water. From the theoretical and practical point of view it could be stated as this programme is highly useful and applicable as a form of extra-curriculum activity.
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Relationships of some motor skills indicators with the result in swimming
  • Jan 1984
  • B Kazazović
Kazazović, B. (1984). Relationships of some motor skills indicators with the result in swimming. MSc Thesis, FFK, Zagreb.
Water abilities and their association with ground abilities in the function of safe youth efficiency
  • Jan 1990
  • B Kazazović
Kazazović, B. (1990). Water abilities and their association with ground abilities in the function of safe youth efficiency. PhD dissertation, FFK, Sarajevo.
Swimming. Niš: Serbia
  • Jan 2007
  • D Madić
  • T Okičić
  • M Aleksandrović
Madić, D., Okičić, T., & Aleksandrović, M. (2007). Swimming. Niš: Serbia.
Effects of Application of Different Methods of Work on the Schedule of the School of Non-Swimmers, Sport in Theory and Practice, I / 02
  • Jan 2002
  • 71-78
  • E Mirvić
  • F Rašidagić
Mirvić, E., & Rašidagić, F. (2002). Effects of Application of Different Methods of Work on the Schedule of the School of Non-Swimmers, Sport in Theory and Practice, I / 02, 71-78, Department of Physical Culture, Sarajevo.
Transformation process of motor and functional abilities and various aspects of swimming
  • Jan 1998
  • I Rađo
Rađo, I. (1998). Transformation process of motor and functional abilities and various aspects of swimming. Monograph, FFK, Sarajevo.
Influence of strength and flexibility on the level of propulsion achieved in crawl technique
  • Jan 1995
  • I Rađo
  • M Pivač
  • B Wolf
Rađo, I., Pivač, M., & Wolf, B. (1995). Metrijske karakteristike testova za procjenu situaciono-motoričkih sposobnosti u plivanju. [In Serbian]. Fis communication, Niš. Redžić, H. (2001). Influence of strength and flexibility on the level of propulsion achieved in crawl technique. MSc Thesis, Tuzla.
Effects of programmed swimming classes on improving swimming efficiency and success in swimming practice at student population
  • Jan 2007
  • E Solaković
Solaković, E. (2007). Effects of programmed swimming classes on improving swimming efficiency and success in swimming practice at student population. MSc Thesis, Sarajevo, FASTO.
Analysis of dynamics of studying basic swimming elements
  • Jan 2009
  • 83-84
  • A Torlaković
Torlaković, A. (2009). Analysis of dynamics of studying basic swimming elements. 11th International Conference of Sport Kinetics ( IASK ), Chalkidiki, Greece, 83-84.
Influence of the condensed curriculum program on the performance of swimming techniques
  • Jan 2001
  • S Turković
Turković, S. (2001). Influence of the condensed curriculum program on the performance of swimming techniques. MSc Thesis, FFK, Sarajevo.