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The taxonomy of Genus Microtus and its Distribution in Turkey
... Microtus arvalis has been previously recorded in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey by Kefelioğlu (1995) and reviewed by Kryštufek and Vohralík (2005). Taxonomic studies on M. arvalis in Turkey are mainly karyological and morphological (Kefelioğlu, 1995;Markov et al., 2009Markov et al., , 2014Yorulmaz et al., 2013). ...
... Microtus arvalis has been previously recorded in Eastern Anatolia in Turkey by Kefelioğlu (1995) and reviewed by Kryštufek and Vohralík (2005). Taxonomic studies on M. arvalis in Turkey are mainly karyological and morphological (Kefelioğlu, 1995;Markov et al., 2009Markov et al., , 2014Yorulmaz et al., 2013). Molecular systematic studies of the Turkish common vole are almost absent, with the exception of that of Tougard et al. (2013) who studied Turkish M. arvalis samples using a single molecular marker (CYTB) and defined the western and eastern populations as M. arvalis and M. obscurus, respectively. ...
... The distribution range of the common vole is confined to Eastern Anatolia in Turkey (Kefelioğlu 1995). This pattern of distribution might be due to competition between other Microtus species found to occupy the same niche in Anatolia or due to restricted ecological tolerance (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2005). ...
... Numerous studies have been conducted in Anatolia to solve the complexity of the taxonomic status of the genus Microtus, resulting in a variety of often conflicting arrangements, e.g. [(Misonne (1957), Lehmann (1966), Çağlar (1967), Felten et al., (1971) Kurtonur (1975), Doğramacı (1989), Kefelioğlu (1995), Yiğit and Çolak (1998), Yiğit and Çolak (2002), Jaarola et al., (2004), Yiğit et al., (2006), Gözütok andAlbayrak (2009), Yorulmaz et al., (2013), Arslan and Zima, 2014;Markov et al., 2014)]. This study has clarified the taxonomic status of Microtus spp, in Central Anatolia and provided diagnostic morphological characteristics to distinguish between the four identified species. ...
... M. guentheri was described by Danford and Alston (1880) from Kahramanmaraş and hence our topotype specimens belong to the nominate subspecies M. g. guentheri, which was confirmed by comparison skull measurements, and non-metric characters (tail features, pelage coloration and number of plantar tubercles on the hind feet). No differences were found when compared with the data for M. g. guentheri given by Kefelioğlu (1995), Çolak et al., (1997) and Yiğit and Çolak (2002). The specimens taken from Kahramanmaraş and Mersin by Danford and Alston (1880) and Kefelioğlu (1995) were also included in M. g. guentheri. ...
... No differences were found when compared with the data for M. g. guentheri given by Kefelioğlu (1995), Çolak et al., (1997) and Yiğit and Çolak (2002). The specimens taken from Kahramanmaraş and Mersin by Danford and Alston (1880) and Kefelioğlu (1995) were also included in M. g. guentheri. Our M. guentheri specimens from Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep, Kilis, and Hatay differ in terms of smaller body size, pelage coloration, and baculum morphology from M. hartingi in Central Anatolia. ...
The aim of this study was to determine and compare some morphometric characteristics of Microtus
species occurring in the central Anatolia, Turkey. This study is based on 209 specimens of Microtus spp.
collected the central Anatolia between 2003 and 2010. Some features concerning pelage coloration, cranial
characters, tooth morphotype, and baculum morphology of the species were recorded to determine and
evaluate their taxonomic characteristics. It was determined that four species of the genus Microtus occur in the
study area, including Microtus dogramacii, Microtus guentheri, Microtus hartingi, and Microtus mystacinus.
Microtus hartingi has been found to be widespread throughout central Anatolia. Microtus guentheri is located
in the type locality and nearby provinces. M. guentheri and M. hartingi were not found to be sympatric. Among
species, M. hartingi has the longest hind foot and M. mystacinus has the longest tail. The UPGMA trees were
constructed for each sex, using skull and external measurements of Microtus specimens. As a result, M.
dogramacii and M. guentheri being the most similar, and M. mystacinus is the sister species to these. But, it
was determined that M. hartingi is distinctively from the these species.
... These cytotypes were attributed to the common (arvalis) and Altai (obscurus) voles having, respectively, fundamental number of autosomes (NFa)=80 in Caucasian populations; NFa=68-70 (Meyer et al., 1996). Within the distribution areas of populations of M. majori, M. guentheri and obscurus cytotype, various researchers have conducted karyological studies in the form of conventional chromosome staining (Kefelioğlu, 1995;Çolak et al., 1997a, b;Çolak et al., 1998;Kefelioğlu and Kryštufek, 1999;Yiğit and Çolak, 2002;Arslan and Zima, 2014), G-banding (Macholan et al., 2001;Zima et al., 2013), C and Ag-NOR banding (Yiğit and Çolak, 2002;Baydemir et al., 2011;Tougard et al.,2013;Yorulmaz et al., 2013;Zima et al., 2013). According to these studies, variations was found in the autosomal and sex chromosome morphologies of M. guentheri, M. arvalis (obscurus cytotype) and M. majori species. ...
... Microtus guentheri karyotype (2n=54) was found to be compatible in similar with the studies conducted in the Anatolia and neighbouring regions (Kefelioğlu, 1995;Baydemir et al., 2011;Zima et al., 2013). M. guentheri shows variations in terms of sex chromosome morphology (X=acrocentric, metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric). ...
... M. guentheri shows variations in terms of sex chromosome morphology (X=acrocentric, metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric). X chromosome is metacentric in studies conducted in South Anatolia (Çolak et al., 1997a) and in various regions of Anatolia (Kefelioğlu, 1995;Yiğit and Çolak, 2002); acrocentric in studies conducted in Central and Southern Anatolia (Çolak et al., 1998;Baydemir et al., 2011); submetacentric in studies conducted in Central Anatolia (Baydemir et al., 2011); and subtelocentric in Southern Anatolia and Syria population and the present study (central Anatolia). Constitutive heterochromatin distribution is homomorphic and pericentromeric in autosomal chromosomes (O'Brien, 2006;Baydemir et al., 2011;Zima et al., 2013;in this study). ...
Conventionally stained and C-banded karyotypes of Guenther's vole (Microtus guentheri), Major's pine vole (Microtus majori) and Common vole (Microtus arvalis) were studied from Turkey. Diploid chromosome numbers of M. guentheri, M. arvalis and M. majori were found as 2n=54 and NFa=52, 2n=46 and NFa=68 and 2n=54 and NFa=56, respectively. All chromosomes of M. guentheri were pericentromeric C-band. In Microtus arvalis (obscurus cytotype) and Microtus majori karyotypes, autosomal chromosomes were heterochromatin C band positive and negative band. In M. arvalis (obscurus cytotype), sex chromosome was C band negative. In this study, heterozygote chromosome was not found in the obtained autosomal chromosome set of M. arvalis. M. majori has enlarged heterochromatin block from centromere to telomere on the long arm of X chromosome. Y chromosome was completely heterochromatin. ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Güentheri tarla faresi (Microtus guentheri), Kısa kulaklı kır faresi (Microtus majori) ve Yaygın tarla faresi (Microtus arvalis) türlerinin standart karyotipleri ve kromozomların C-bant özellikleri belirlendi. M. guentheri türünün diploid kromozom sayısı (2n) = 54 ve otozomal kromozomların kol sayısı (NFa) = 52, M. arvalis (obscurus sitotip) türünün 2n = 46 ve NFa = 68, M.majori türünün 2n = 54 ve NFa = 56 şeklindedir. M. guentheri otozomal ve eşey kromozomlarda pericentromerik C-bant olduğu belirlendi. Microtus arvalis (obscurus sitotip) ve Microtus majori karyotiplerinde otozomal kromozomlar C bant pozitif ve negatif şeklindedir. M. arvalis türünde X ve Y kromozomu C bant negatif özelliktedir. M. majori karyotipinde X kromozomunun uzun kolunda sentromerden telomere doğru genişlemiş heterokromatin blok bulunmaktadır. Y kromozomu ise tamamen heterokromatindir.
... Karyological studies conducted on these three species which are distributed in Turkey (C. nivalis, Kefelioğlu 1995, Arslan et al. 2017, C. gud, Sözen et al. 2009, C. roberti, Arslan & Zima 2014 were conducted to determine standard karyotype (except Arslan & Zima 2014). C. nivalis (European Snow Vole) standard karyotype was reported by Kefelioğlu (1995) in different localities of Turkey. ...
... nivalis, Kefelioğlu 1995, Arslan et al. 2017, C. gud, Sözen et al. 2009, C. roberti, Arslan & Zima 2014 were conducted to determine standard karyotype (except Arslan & Zima 2014). C. nivalis (European Snow Vole) standard karyotype was reported by Kefelioğlu (1995) in different localities of Turkey. ...
... Diploid chromosome (2n=54) of Chionomys nivalis and morphology of autosomal and sex chromosomes (NFa=52) are similar to with the results reported by Kefelioğlu (1995) in Turkey and to the results reported from different regions by different researchers in Palearctic region (Peshev & Belcheva 1979, Zima & Kral 1984, Sablina et al. 1988, Malikov et al. 1990, Zima et al. 1997a, O'Brien et al. 2006. Except this, a pair of small submetacentric chromosome has been reported within autosomal chromosomes in the Caucasia population of this species (NFa=54; Zima & Kral 1984), while heteromorphic chromosome pair has been reported in the autosomal chromosomes of Niğde (Turkey) population (sub- In karyological studies conducted on A. agrarius species in Palearctic region (Soldatovic et al. 1969, Kang & Koh 1976, Koh 1982, Bulatova et al. 1991, Kartavtseva & Pavlenko 2000, Kartavtseva 2002, Chassovnikarova et al. 2009), while diploid chromosome number (2n=48) was similar, variations were found in double-armed chromosome in autosomal chromosomes within the karyotype (NFa=52-56). ...
... Karyological similarity has been confirmed for voles from Anatolia and from the Balkans [6,7,[14][15][16][17][18]. Kryštufek et al. [3,4] and Golenishchev and Malikov [19] have performed systematic research on this taxon using a Cytb marker and separated the "guentheri" group into two lineages that correspond to two nominative species: M. guentheri (eastern Anatolia, Syria, and Israel) and M. hartingi (Macedonia, Greece, Bulgarian and Turkish Thrace, western and central Anatolia). ...
... Description of landmark locations on the cranium: (1) (14) the point at the antero-ventral border of the incisive alveolus; (15) the point at half of the distance between landmarks 4 and 5*; (16) the point at half of the distance between landmarks 5 and 6*; (17) the point at half of the distance between landmarks 6 and 7*; (18) the point at half of the distance between landmarks 9 and 10*; (19) the point at half of the distance between landmarks 10 and 11*; (20) the point at half of the distance between landmarks 11 and 12*. ...
We analyzed the cranium dorsal projection and the mandible lateral projection in bone specimens from five Microtus guentheri and Microtus hartingi forms by geometric morphometrics (GM) methods (generalized Procrustes analysis, principal component analysis, canonical variance analysis, and discriminant function analysis). Analyses of the linear size and shapes of the cranium and lower jaw showed clear-cut differentiation among the forms into an eastern cluster and western cluster, matching M. guentheri and M. hartingi, respectively. Differences were revealed both between two subspecies of M. guentheri and between the subspecies M. h. strandzensis and Rhodopean M. hartingi, whose subspecies status has not yet been determined. M. h. ankaraensis bone specimens differ in many parameters of GM from the studied European specimens and to a lesser extent from M. g. guentheri and M. g. philistinus. Calculated morpho-ecological indices of the lower jaw revealed significant differences among all these forms, thereby possibly indicating adaptation of each to a specific habitat and dietary habits. Because of the emergence of impenetrable barriers for voles (the Anatolian Diagonal in the east and the Dardanelles and Bosporus in the west), the resultant vole groups have evolved independently.
... Some records concerning the genus Microtus were given in Turkey [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. ...
... In our specimens external and cranial measurements were in consistent with the values given by Neuhäuser [4], Çağlar [9], Felten et al., [10], Morlok [12], Kefelioğlu [14] and Kryštufek, Kefelioğlu [23], who were given the distrubution records and morphometric measurements for Microtus guentheri, except for the tail to head and body length ratio for which values recorded between % 21-36 in our study. This differences could have been resulted from the measure methods. ...
This study is based on 94 specimens belonging to two species of the genus Microtus collected from the Kırıkkale province between 2001 and 2003. The specimens were obtained by kill and live traps. Some features concerning habitat, pelage colour, feeding, breeding, hair morphology, skull, baculum and karyology of the species were recorded for finding out their ecological and biological aspects. 17 animals were fed with some seeds and fruits in a glass cage at the laboratory to observe their feeding behaviours and carry out karyological analyses. Informations on their feeding and reproduction were recorded both in the field and laboratory. It has been determined that two species of the genus Microtus live in the Kırıkkale province, Microtus guentheri and Microtus levis. Pregnant individuals of Microtus guentheri were encountered in April, June, July and September. It was determined that the diploid number of Microtus guentheri and Microtus levis is 54. The fundamental number, is 54 and the number of autosomal arms, is 52 in both species.
... В центральной части: от Прионежья до Крымского перешейка и севера Волго-Ахтубинской поймы, не выходя в Предкавказье, за исключением нескольких находок в Ставропольском и Краснодарском краях и в Дагестане [Малыгин, 1983, Баскевич, 1996; Окулова и др., 2005]. Кроме того, от Балкан ареал тянется на восток в Малую Азию, где восточноевропейских полёвок обнаруживали в различных регионах, вплоть до восточных границ современной Турции [Kefelioğlu, 1995;Selçuk, Kefelioğlu, 2018]. Находки в Армении [Малыгин, 1983] и Иране [Mohammadi et al., 2013] единичны. ...
... В центральной части: от Прионежья до Крымского перешейка и севера Волго-Ахтубинской поймы, не выходя в Предкавказье, за исключением нескольких находок в Ставропольском и Краснодарском краях и в Дагестане [Малыгин, 1983, Баскевич, 1996; Окулова и др., 2005]. Кроме того, от Балкан ареал тянется на восток в Малую Азию, где восточноевропейских полёвок обнаруживали в различных регионах, вплоть до восточных границ современной Турции [Kefelioğlu, 1995;Selçuk, Kefelioğlu, 2018]. Находки в Армении [Малыгин, 1983] и Иране [Mohammadi et al., 2013] единичны. ...
Представлен обзор собственных и литературных сведений по инвазиям видов-двойников Microtus группа «arvalis» (восточноевропейская, M. rossiaemeridionalis, обыкновенная, M. arvalis и алтайская, M. obscurus полёвки). Установлено два различающихся по продолжительности этапа инвазий, которые определили формирование современных ареалов этих полёвок и оказали влияние на эволюционные процессы. Первый этап связан с земледельческим освоением Евразии от раннего неолита до широкой распашки земель во второй половине XX в. Расширение ареала к северу вслед за вырубкой лесов для распашки и к югу как следствие орошения пахотных земель свойственно всем 3 видам-двойникам.
Второй этап обусловлен расширением транспортной сети и ростом транспортных потоков в XX в. Он характерен для M. rossiaemeridionalis. Реконструированы природные и исторические причины формирования зоны контакта M. arvalis и M. obscurus. Даны оригинальные карты, демонстрирующие современное распространение полёвок группы «arvalis», природные и исторические факторы,
повлиявшие на становление их ареалов. Ключевые слова: Microtus группа «arvalis», виды-двойники, антропогенное влияние, распространение, пульсации ареалов, инвазии.
The review of own and literary data on invasions of sibling species Microtus from the group “arvalis” (East European, M. rossiaemeridionalis, common, M. arvalis and Altai, M. obscures voles) is given. It has been established two stages of invasions differing in duration which defined formation of modern ranges of these species and had an influence on evolutionary processes. The first stage is connected with agricultural development of Eurasia from the early Neolithic before broad plowing of lands in the second half of the 20th century. Expansion of the range in the northern direction after deforestation for plowing of lands and in southern one, as a result of irrigation of arable lands, is peculiar to all three sibling species. The second stage is caused by expansion of transport network and growth of traffic flows in the 20th century. The last is characteristic for M. rossiaemeridionalis. The natural and historical reasons of formation of a contact zone
between M. arvalis and M obscurus are reconstructed. The original maps showing modern distribution of sibling species Microtus of the arvalis group are given, and the natural and historical factors that influenced the formation of their ranges are discussed.
Key words: Microtus of the group “arvalis”, sibling species, anthropogenic influence, distribution, pulsations of ranges, invasions.
... Arazi çalışmaları sonucunda canlı yakalama kapanları ve çukur tuzaklar gibi geleneksel canlı hayvan yakalama teknikleri ile arazi çalışmaları sırasında belirlenememiş türlerin tespit edilmesinde baykuş ve yırtıcı kuş peletlerinin analizi oldukça kullanışlı bir yöntemdir (Teta ve ark., 2010;Yalden, 2009 (Çolak ve ark., 1997;Kefelioğlu, 1995;Kefelioğlu ve Kryštufek, 1999 (Kryštufek ve Vohralik, 2005, 2009Šidlovskij, 1976 ...
In this study, the mammalian fauna of Samsun, Amasya, Tokat and Eskisehir provinces was investigated and their protection status was determined. In 2014-2016, field studies were carried out in Samsun, Amasya, Tokat and Eskişehir provinces. During the field studies, it was utilized from live animal trapping tools, pit traps, phototraps, nest areas, animal feces and traces, and mammalian remains (skull and jaw bones) in pellet contents (owl pellets). As a result of these investigations, 47 mammal species classified in insectivors (Eulipotyphla), rodents (Rodentia), Rabbitish (Lagomorpha), Carnivors, Even-toed ungulates (Cetartiodactyla) mammal groups were identified for Samsun province, 32 for Amasya province, 49 for Tokat province and 34 for Eskişehir province.
... Türkiye' de ise günümüzde yaklaşık 170 memeli türü yaşamaktadır. Türkiye'nin memeli faunasına ait birçok araştırma yapılmıştır (Mursaloğlu B., 1965;Kumerloeve, 1965;Spitzenberger ve Vauk, 1966;Felten ve ark., 1973;Corbet ve Southern, 1977;Corbet, C.B., 1978;Mursaloğlu, 1978;Kumerloeve, H., 1978;Kral ve Benli, 1979;Kumerloeve, H., 1980;Huş ve Göksel, 1981;Tunçdemir, 1988;Doğramacı, 1989;Kaya, 1989;Helversen, 1989;Çolak ve ark.,1994;Kefelioğlu, 1995 ...
Türkiye AB ülkeleri içerisinde ülke başına düşen damarlı bitki ve omurgalı-
omurgasız hayvan sayısı bakımından ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Zengintür
çeşitliliğinin ardındaki önemli sebeplerden biri farklı iklim ve coğrafik özelliklerde
doğal yaşam alanlarına sahip olmasıdır. Natura 2000 alanları ile AB ülkelerinin
orman alanları sıkı bir ilişki içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Üye ülkelerin toplam Natura
2000 alanları içerisinde ormanlık alanların oranı 2015 yılı itibari ile %49’dur. Bunun
diğer arazi örtüleri içerisinde oldukça yüksek olduğu rahatlıkla anlaşılmaktadır.
Türkiye ormanlarının sahip olduğu ağaç türü ve bunlara ait habitat tipleri AB
habitat direktifleri kapsamında tanımlanmamıştır. Türkiye ormanlarının farklı
biyocoğrafikbölgelerinde yayılış gösteren odunsu türlere dayalı habitat çeşitliliğinin
korunması hem Türkiye hem de Natura 2000 konsepti bakımından AB için önemli
fırsatlar ve zorluklar taşımaktadır. Türkiye’nin AB Natura 2000 konseptine ilk
defa 1998 yılında taraf olmaya başlamıştır. AB ile tam üyelik müzakerelerinde
geliştirilmesi gereken bir uyum başlığı olarak 2008 yılından beri güncelliğini hala
korumaktadır. Bu projeyle Türkiye’nin ormanlık alanlarında Natura 2000 alanlarının
seçilmesine yönelik kapasitesinin belirlenmesi ve Türkiye’nin ormanlık alanlarında
doğa korumayla ilgili AB politikalarına dayalı sivil diyaloğun güçlendirilmesi
hedeflenmiştir. Bu çerçevede diğer Avrupa ülkelerinde olduğu gibi Natura 2000
alanlarının tespit edilmesine yönelik bilimsel, teknik ve idari kapasite ile bu konuda
sivil toplumun katılımcı yaklaşımlarınınarttırılmasına yönelik değerlendirmeler
gerçekleştirilmiştir.
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