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Block Prefix Mechanism for Flow Mobility in PMIPv6 Based Networks
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Abstract
The next generation Internet is deemed to be heterogeneous in nature and mobile devices connected to the Internet are expected to be equipped with different wireless network interfaces. As seamless mobility is important in such networks, handover between different network types, called vertical handover, is an important issue in such networks. While proposing standards like Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) for mobility management protocols, one important challenge being addressed by IETF work groups and the research community is flow mobility in multi-homed heterogeneous wireless networks. In this paper we propose and analyze a block prefix mechanism for flow mobility in PMIPv6 and conducted extensive analytical and simulation studies to compare the proposed mechanism with existing prefix based mechanisms for flow mobility in PMIPv6 reported in terms of important performance metrics such as handover latency, average hop delay, packet density, signaling cost and packet loss. Both analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism outperforms the existing flow mobility management procedures using either shared or unique prefixes.
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As Wi-Fi handheld devices providing a variety of data and multimedia services become more widespread, and as the global demand for internet access everywhere rapidly increases, energy-efficient network mobility (NEMO) technology is attracting great attention with respect to the latest research in mobile networking. The previous research relating to energy-efficient networks in mobile networking has focused on routing protocol or topology control. In NEMO, cost-efficient protocol design reduces unnecessary costs because of mobility signalling and packet delivery, and saves limited network bandwidth in both wired and especially wireless, which is one of the important issues of energy efficiency. In this study, the authors propose a cost-efficient proxy router-based NEMO scheme (PR-NEMO) providing efficient mobility management and packet delivery method. In PR-NEMO, a mobile network is formed with a unique ID and the information of mobile network nodes (MNNs) within the mobile network anchored at local mobility anchor (LMA) are distributed to attached mobile access gateway (MAG). The authors analyse the performance of the PR-NEMO with the N-PMIPv6 and the rNEMO in terms of total cost; that is, sum of location update cost and packet-tunnelling cost. Numerical results demonstrate that the PR-NEMO is the most cost-efficient scheme, under various conditions, among the three schemes evaluated.
Host multi-homing and mobility in the Internet have become a trend due to the widespread wireless services and broad access methods. Meanwhile, with more and more devices join in the Internet, it will be common that one user has multiple devices online. So users will also desire to be multi-homed and mobile across not only addresses but also devices. To provide such support, we present a new network architecture called UNA (User-centric Network Architecture) to achieve user-oriented communications. UNA will make communications completely independent of data delivery, which offers the basis of both network and user level multi-homing and mobility. We first show the general design of UNA including the introduction of new namespaces. Then UNA-I is presented as an illustration to complete the architecture with mapping, resolution and indirection schemes. At last we describe the instantiation of UNA under LTE framework with some security enhancements. However our work is far from complete and in this paper we focus on expressing the new idea.
IP multihoming is a networking concept with a deceptively simple definition in theory. In practice, however, multihoming has
proved difficult to implement and optimize for. Moreover, it is a concept, which, once adopted in the core Internet architecture,
has a significant impact on operation and maintenance. A trivial definition of multihoming would state that an end-node or
an end-site has multiple first-hop connections to the network. In this paper, we survey and summarize in a comprehensive manner
recent developments in IP multihoming. After introducing the fundamentals, we present the architectural goals and system design
principles for multihoming, and review different approaches. We survey multihoming support at the application, session, transport,
and network layers, covering all recent proposals based on a locator/identifier split approach. We critically evaluate multihoming
support in these proposals and detail recent developments with respect to multihoming and mobility management.
Keywordscomputer networks–computer network management–reliability and performance–multihoming–multiaccess–locator/identifier split–MPTCP–SCTP–SHIM6–LISP–HIP–MIPv6–PMIPv6–MCoA
We propose a dynamic mobility management framework for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) and policy enforcement enabled heterogenous
wireless networks. Policies and policy rules are defined depending on network infrastructure facilities, service agreements
and negotiation results. Each traffic is coupled with an identifiable traffic flow while the heterogenous interface flow bindings
are regulated by polices. The network selection, flow distribution, handovers and mobility procedures are flexible and we
propose to improve the decision making via Multiple Attributes Decision Making (MADM). Techniques considered in the framework
include the IPv6 based Network Mobility (NEMO), multihoming capability, transparent vertical handovers, horizontal handovers
and dynamic policy enforcement matching process to improve the Quality of Service (QoS), Quality of Experience (QoE) and ubiquitous
connectivity. A experiment testbed and simulation models have been constructed to verify the mobility framework performance
in a heterogeneous WiFi, WiMax and UMTS hybrid environment.
KeywordsPolicy enforcement–Decision making–Flow distribution–Mobility–Heterogenous wireless networks–Quality of service–Quality of experience
The ability of offloading selected IP data traffic from 3G to WLAN access networks is considered a key feature in the upcoming
3GPP specifications, being the main goal to alleviate data congestion in cellular networks while delivering a positive user
experience. Lately, the 3GPP has adopted solutions that enable mobility of IP-based wireless devices relocating mobility functions
from the terminal to the network. To this end, the IETF has standardized Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a protocol capable to
hide often complex mobility procedures from the mobile devices. This paper, in line with the mentioned offload requirement,
further extends PMIPv6 to support dynamic IP flow mobility management across access wireless networks according to operator
policies. Considering energy consumption as a critical aspect for hand-held devices and smart-phones, we assess the feasibility
of the proposed solution and provide an experimental analysis showing the cost (in terms of energy consumption) of simultaneous
packet transmission/reception using multiple network interfaces. The end-to-end system design has been implemented and validated
by means of an experimental network setup.
KeywordsProxy Mobile IPv6–Flow mobility–Experimental evaluation
We investigate a novel robust flow control framework for heterogeneous network access by devices with multihoming capabilities. Toward this end, we develop an H<sup>infin</sup>-optimal control formulation for allocating rates to devices on multiple access networks with heterogeneous time-varying characteristics. H<sup>infin</sup> analysis and design allow for the coupling between different devices to be relaxed by treating the dynamics for each device as independent of the others. Thus, the distributed end-to-end rate control scheme proposed in this work relies on minimum information and achieves fair and robust rate allocation for the devices. An efficient utilization of the access networks is established through an equilibrium analysis in the static case. We perform measurement tests to collect traces of the available bandwidth on various WLANs and Ethernet. Through simulations, our approach is compared with AIMD and LQG schemes. In addition, the efficiency, fairness, and robustness of the H<sup>infin</sup>-optimal rate controller developed are demonstrated via simulations using the measured real-world network characteristics. Its favorable characteristics and general nature indicate applicability of this framework to a variety of networked systems for flow control.
Supporting flow mobility is an emerging challenge in today mobile networks. This paper introduces a network-based solution to support flow mobility. It requires minimum modification at the mobile node. All signaling processes are performed by the network. The mobile node can seamlessly switch flow over multiple access technologies while maintaining ongoing connections.
Mobile devices with two network interfaces(WiFi and 3G) are already commercially available. Point-to-point communications such as Infrared and Bluetooth are also readily used. In the near future, mobile phones will have several interfaces including satellite and new technologies such as Ultra wideband. Hence we must assume that such devices will be multi-homed by default. For various reasons, including network congestion, network resilience and increased endpoint bandwidth, there have been several attempts to address multi-homing. Heterogeneous environments with the need to support vertical handover introduce another set of issues which make the need to solve multi-homing problems more urgent. This paper outlines the issues, looks at past efforts and proposes a solution based on the Location Id/Node Id concept but also argues that additional support is needed to make such an approach efficient for heterogeneous environments.
The growing availability of IP based heterogeneous wireless access technologies coupled with the increasing capabilities of mobile devices is creating opportunities for multimedia distribution. Through its multi-homing feature, the ability to support multiple network connections in a single end to end association, the transport layer Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) can enable seamless and transparent communication sessions over multiple heterogeneous networks. This paper analyzes the performance of multimedia distribution when making use of two multi-homing SCTP-based approaches: Single Path Transfer and Concurrent Multi-path Transfer, in which a single or all paths within an association are used simultaneously for data transmission. In this investigation various retransmission policies and different parameter sets are used in turn and recommendations are made for achieving best results during video delivery. In order to perform this study a novel realistic evaluation tool-set was proposed and is described, which can simulate video delivery over SCTP. Our simulation results and analysis show how to optimize the transmission of multimedia content over SCTP associations in both single and multipath scenarios.
Cellular networking standards organizations such as the 3<sup>rd</sup> Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) are currently developing System Architecture Evolution (SAE) as their core network architecture. SAE is all-IP based. However, IP-based networks face several known issues, such as mobility, multi-homing, location privacy, path preference, etc. Mobile IP (MIP) and its variants, such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Hierarchical MIP, and Proxy MIP, have been developed primarily to alleviate the mobility problem. These variation and extensions, however, still do not provide many of the features required in Next Generation Wireless Networks (NGWN). The limitations are especially due to the overloading of IP addresses as both node identity and locator. In this paper, we propose an extension to MIPv6 called Virtual ID. This concept applies the ID/Locator split idea into a Mobile IPv6 environment. Virtual ID and its extensions provide many features that would be desired in the NGWN. Since our proposed scheme is based on the standard MIPv6 and Proxy MIPv6, the scheme is fully compatible with the legacy MIPv6.
This paper proposes an extension of Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) with bicasting for multi-homing and mobility support. In the proposed scheme, the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) extends its Binding Cache Entry (BCE) for support of multiple bindings, and a mobile node (MN) performs the binding update to LMA. To support the handover, the LMA begins the bicasting of data packets to the New-Mobile Access Gateway (N-MAG) as well as Previous-Mobile Access Gateway (P-MAG). The proposed scheme is compared with the existing PMIPv6 handover by ns-2 simulations. From the numerical analysis, we can see that the proposed scheme can reduce the possible packet losses and handover latency, compared to the existing scheme, during handover in the multi-homing environment.
Internet traffic has increased steeply in recent years, due in great part to social platforms and peer-to-peer networks. In addition, users' wireless access represents an ever-growing portion of such demand, thus posing a paradigm shift in the flow of Internet information, for which most deployed architectures are not prepared for. This evolution in user traffic demand is tackled by a different approach for IP mobility, called Distributed Mobility Management, that is focusing on moving the mobility anchors from the core network and pushing them closer to the users, at the edge of the network. The work presented here copes with the distributed approach, describing a novel solution for network-based localized mobility support in a flat architecture without central mobility anchors. It leverages PMIPv6 standard, but it is intended to overcome most of the issues in current centralized architectures, by splitting the control plane from the data plane and distributing them throughout the access networks.
Recently, the IETF NETLMM working group is standardizing a network-based localized mobility management (NETLMM) protocol called proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), yet the research on NETLMM is still in its early stage while it has attracted a fair amount of critical attention both in the telecommunication and the Internet communities. Unlike previous host-based mobility management protocols such as mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), and fast handover for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), PMIPv6 has salient features and is expected to expedite the real deployment of IP mobility support protocol by using only collaborative operations between the network entities without mobile node (MN) being involved. In this paper, we analyze and compare the handover latency of PMIPv6 with those of the various existing host-based IP mobility management protocols. In addition, we show good efficacy of the desirable features and key strengths of PMIPv6. Numerical results demonstrate that (1) the handover latency of PMIPv6 is much lower than those of MlPv6 and HMIPv6, and (2) the handover latency of PMIPv6 becomes lower than that of FMIPv6 in case the wireless link delay is greater than the delay between mobile access gateway (MAG) and local mobility anchor (LMA).
Multihoming is often used by large enterprises and stub ISPs to connect to the Internet, In this paper, we design a series of novel smart routing algorithms to optimize cost and performance for multihomed users. We evaluate our algorithms through both analysis and extensive simulations based on realistic charging models, traffic demands, performance data, and network topologies. Our results suggest that these algorithms are very effective in minimizing cost and at the same time improving performance. We further examine the equilibrium performance of smart routing in a global setting and show that a smart routing user can improve its performance without adversely affecting other users.
In this paper, radio resource allocation in a heterogeneous wireless access medium is studied. Mobile terminals (MTs) are assumed to have multi-homing capabilities. Both constant bit rate and variable bit rate services are considered. A novel algorithm is developed for the resource allocation. Unlike existing solutions in literature, the proposed algorithm is distributed in nature, such that each network base station / access point can perform its own resource allocation to support the MTs according to their service classes. The coordination among different available wireless access networks' base stations is established via the MT multiple radio interfaces in order to provide the required bandwidth to each MT. A priority mechanism is employed, so that each network gives a higher priority on its resources to its own subscribers as compared to other users. Numerical results demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm.
This paper analyzes the reduction of handover delay in a network-based localized mobility management framework assisted by IEEE 802.21 MIH services. It compares the handover signaling procedures with host-based localized MIPv6 (HMIPv6), with network-based localized MIPv6 (PMIPv6), and with PMIPv6 assisted by IEEE 802.21 to show how much handover delay reduction can be achieved. Furthermore, the paper proposes and gives an in-depth analysis of PMIPv6 optimized with a handover coordinator (HC), which is a network-based entity, to further improve handover performance in terms of handover delay and packet loss while maintaining minimal signaling overhead in the air interface among converged heterogeneous wireless networks. Simulation and analytical results show that indeed handover delay and packet loss are reduced.
As the future generation networks are envisioned to be heterogeneous in nature, seamless mobility in such networks is an important issue. While IETF work groups have standardised various mobility management protocols, such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (Predictive FMIPv6, and Reactive FMIPv6), Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) and Fast Handovers for PMIPv6 (Predictive FPMIPv6, and Reactive FPMIPv6), the decision regarding which protocol suits the future networks is still a research issue. A good analytical or evaluation model, in terms of various performance metrics like handover latency, packet density, and signalling cost during the handover, is needed to compare various mobility management protocols. In this paper, a novel analytical model in terms of the handover latency, as well as the packet density, and packet arrival rate during the handover time is developed for comparison of various mobility management protocols by applying transport engineering principles in the field of telecommunication. The model enables us to make a few important observations regarding the performance of these mobility management protocols.
In this paper, we propose a policy-based flowmobility management scheme in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) networks. The proposed mechanism allows a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) to make decisions about moving selected IP flows based on information, such as user-information, network status, and service.
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol. After a decade of deployment and platform integration, it stands ready to revolutionize the internet, networking, and the telecommunications industry. With the increasing number of networks, router performance needs to be upgrade with time. However with the present global routing table about 3k many routers face difficulties of handling the routing table. Ipv6 networks also blooming the internet gradually, which is a must to cater the IPv4 depreciating issue? Routing table handling issue may be huge with the IPv6 because the huge address space will cause for many routes. Multi-homing becomes the key issue with such implementation in future. Proper mechanism need to be followed to safeguard routing tables as well as networks.
The radio link between a pair of wireless nodes is determined by radio channels, transmission range, node mobility and node-pair distance, which form a set of random factors in multihop wireless networks. The properties of such radio links can be characterized by link lifetime, residual link lifetime and link change rate, which, in fact, have been widely used for network design and performance evaluation. In this paper, we take a new modeling approach that captures the dynamics of radio channels and node movements in small-scale. More specifically, distance transition probability matrix is designed in order to describe the joint effects of dynamic transmission range due to radio channel fading and relative distance of a node-pair resulting from random movements. We find that the PDF of link lifetime can be approximated by an exponential distribution with parameter characterized by the ratio of average node speed bar{V} to effective transmission range R_e. To further understand the implication of link properties, analytical results are used to investigate the upper bound of network connectivity and the associated network performance is evaluated by extensive simulations.
While host mobility support for individual mobile hosts (MHs) has been widely investigated and developed over the past years, there has been relatively less attention to NEtwork MObility (NEMO). Since NEMO Basic Support (NEMO-BS) was developed, it has been the central pillar in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) communication architectures for maintaining the vehicle's Internet connectivity. As the vehicle moves around, it attaches to a new access network and is required to register a new address obtained from the new access network to a home agent (HA). This location update of NEMO-BS often results in unacceptable long handover latency and increased traffic load to the vehicle. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce new NEMO support protocols, which rely on mobility service provisioning entities introduced in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as possible mobility support protocols for ITS. As a base protocol, we present PMIPv6-based NEMO (P-NEMO) to maintain the vehicle's Internet connectivity while moving and without participating in the location update management. In P-NEMO, the mobility management for the vehicle is supported by mobility service provisioning entities residing in a given PMIPv6 domain. To further improve handover performance, fast P-NEMO (FP-NEMO) has been developed as an extension protocol. FP-NEMO utilizes wireless L2 events to anticipate the vehicle's handovers. The mobility service provisioning entities prepare the vehicle's handover prior to the attachment of the vehicle to the new access network. Detailed handover procedures for P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are provided, and handover timing diagrams are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols. P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are compared with NEMO-BS in terms of traffic cost and handover latency.
This paper proposes an enhanced multihoming support scheme based on combining ideas from both the Shim and Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocols. The proposed scheme not only resolves the multihoming support problems with the current PMIPv6, but also provides mobility support to the Shim protocol. In the proposed scheme, the Shim protocol is locally used between a multihomed Mobile Node (MN) and the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) in the PMIPv6 domain. A flow distribution scheme with the Shim locator preferences is proposed to provide flexible multihoming. Simulation results show that the PMIPv6 combined with the localized Shim protocol can support both mobility and multihoming efficiently.
The rapid progress being made in mobile device technologies that enable consumers can enjoy Internet based multimedia/business services in travel will rely on IP mobility management protocols for enabling mobile services. The performance of mobility management protocols will largely effect on consumers¿ experiences. In this paper, an analytical cost model is developed for evaluating the performance of the existing IP mobility management protocols including the recently developed Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6); they are analyzed and compared in terms of signaling cost, packet delivery cost, tunneling cost, and total cost. The conducted results identify each mobility management protocol¿s strengths and weaknesses that could be used to facilitate decision-making for consumer network design. In addition, suggestions for developing further PMIPv6 improvements are provided.
The next generation network may be regarded as an IP (Internet Protocol) converged network, combining various access technologies. In this environment, ubiquitous computing and seamless networking are required for the mobile host. The growing availability of multiple network interfaces on mobile devices makes Concurrent Multi-path Transfer (CMT) an appealing candidate to realize the seamless handover. In this paper, we proposed a novel Latent Handover mechanism, which is flow-oriented and switches the traffic to the new path progressively to make the handover process unconscious to users or upper layer applications, especially real-time services. In addition, to support the proposed Latent Handover, the transport layer introduces our proposed cmpSCTP (concurrent multi-path Stream Control Transmission Protocol), which adds concurrent multi-path transfer and dynamic Multi-Path Management support to the standard SCTP for realizing seamless handover.The theoretical analysis verified that the proposed Latent Handover can efficiently optimize the handover process and enhance transmission efficiency during handover. Extensive simulations under different scenarios using OPNET highlighted the superiority of the proposed Latent Handover solution against other existing handover schemes under performance indexes such as throughput, handover latency, packet delay, and packet loss.
The dynamic nature of future network environments, where a huge number of nodes of diverse types and equipped with a variety
of access technology interfaces will be dynamically moved across heterogeneous networks, calls for an enhanced mobility function
that facilitates multi-homing support. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the lack of multi-homing support in the Proxy
Mobile IPv6 specification that has become the standardized mobility management protocol in 3GPP (SAE/LTE) and WiMAX Forum
(NWG), then propose an enhanced multi-homing support scheme based on multiple IPv6 address allocation to maintain application
session continuity between two interfaces of a mobile node during an inter-technology handover. The proposed scheme is validated
using QualNet simulator.
In this paper, we propose a method to support handover between heterogeneous access technologies to multiple interface (MIF) mobile node (MN) in the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) domain. PMIPv6 enables network-based mobility for a regular IPv6 mobile (MIPv6) with no mobility management protocol. But, there have been some issues identified with supporting a host with multiple interfaces attaching to the PMIPv6 domain. So we propose the method using NAT (Network Address Translation) in MAG (Mobile Access Gateway) which can continuously delivery packets although handover between heterogeneous access technologies occur. This paper analyzes the reduction of handover signaling cost in the proposed MAT (MAG Address Translation) method. It compares the handover signaling cost with PMIPv6 assisted by IEEE 802.21(MIH) and with the proposed method (i.e. PMIPv6-MAT) to show how much handover signaling cost reduction can be achieved.
Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) relies on centralized data and signaling anchoring. Communications of mobile users are tunneled to and from a local mobility anchor (LMA) for routing decision. In a hierarchical architecture this centralization generates bottlenecks and scalability issues. In distributed architectures, PMIPv6 could be extended and optimized to take advantage of the distribution of network functions. This paper proposes a PMIPv6 extension to perform routing optimization in flat and distributed architectures. The key idea is that data traffic performances can be improved by re-considering anchors location. In a distributed architecture, the LMA would attribute the most adapted anchor to handle a flow with regards to the network usage. The anchor could be relocated to follow mobility of the user for instance. Basically, the extension allows the LMA to control the data path of a flow from the source to the destination by determining one or several intermediate anchor(s) to traverse. One intermediate anchor could be chosen to achieve near-zero triangular data path, to apply a specific type of service on the flow (e.g., buffering, charging, filtering, etc.), to offload the flow to a specific network, or to perform smart traffic steering.
Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) supports multi-homing where a mobile node can connect to a PMIPv6 domain through multiple interfaces for simultaneous access. However, for an interface handoff, PMIPv6 does not allow simultaneous access since all the home network prefixes associated with one interface are associated with another interface of a MN. In this paper, we propose a dynamic home network prefix assignment (DHNPA) scheme where both the fixed prefix model and shared prefix model are used for simultaneous access. Simulation results show that the DHNPA scheme can achieve simultaneous access and provide the information for handoff indication in multi-homing scenario.
The motivation of the multi-homing is to improve reliability and load sharing. However, the existing multi-homing schemes for IPv6 seem to simply focus on preserving connectivity via other links when one of the links fails. In this paper, we present a multi-homing scheme in IPv6 considering the load sharing and delay latency, and reliability. The simulation results show the distinct performance of our approach.
Proxy Mobile IPv6 Extensions to Support Flow Mobility
- E Cj Bernardos
E. CJ. Bernardos, "Proxy Mobile IPv6 Extensions to Support Flow Mobility," Internet-Draft, work in progress.
PMIPv6 Multi-homing Support Extensions for Flow Mobility
- B Sarikaya
B. Sarikaya., "PMIPv6 Multi-homing Support Extensions for Flow Mobility," Internet-Draft, work in progress.
A new mobility management scheme in proxy mobile ipv6 networks with dynamic paging support
- M.-K Yi
- S.-Y Yun
- S.-C Park
- Y.-K Yang
M.-K. Yi, S.-Y. Yun, S.-C. Park, and Y.-K. Yang, "A new mobility management scheme in proxy mobile ipv6
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Integrating mobility, multi-homing and security in universal network
- L Zheng
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