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Muscari pamiryigidii (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from northwestern Anatolia
Abstract and Figures
A new species from Turkey, Muscari pamiryigidii Eker sp. nov. (Asparagaceae), is described and illustrated here. Diagnostic characters, description, original photographs, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, observations, and taxonomic comments on the new species are presented. The new species is compared to the closely related species M. armeniacum, M. aucheri and M. bourgaei.
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... Muscari have been described from Türkiye in recent years (see, e.g., Eker, 2019a,b and references therein; Uysal & al., 2022), and presumably further taxonomic novelties in the group as well as alternative taxonomic assessments are to be expected (see . Among these new taxa, M. fatmacereniae Eker shares various characters with M. strangwaysii, such as the flowers that are more oblong than the typical M. botryoides, but these are very constricted, the raceme is notably bicoloured, and the leaves are thinner and narrow (Eker, 2019b). ...
Archives and correspondences are often overlooked resources in assessing taxonomic and nomenclatural information and this sometimes affects taxonomic proposals. Here we show that unpublished illustrations not only can definitively help in identifying unresolved or poorly known names but can be themselves original material and sometimes must serve as types, avoiding neotypes or misleading synonymizations. We present the case of three names introduced by the Neapolitan botanist Michele Tenore ( Muscari strangwaysii , Asparagaceae; Pogostemon suavis and Salvia menthifolia , Lamiaceae). They have been interpreted differently over time because herbarium specimens that constituted original material were not accurately searched for ( M. strangwaysii ) or were unavailable ( P. suavis , S. menthifolia ). Although these three names are currently synonymized (with M. neglectum , P. cablin , and S. chamaedryoides ) we demonstrate that these synonymies are not correct, based on the detailed study of original nineteenth‐century watercolour paintings, a re‐examination of protologues and specimens preserved in the Botanical Garden of Naples (NAP). The watercolour paintings are crucial for application of the names, because diagnostic features often disappear with drying ( M. strangwaysii ), or because they are the only extant original material ( P. suavis ). In all three cases we introduce new typifications for the names and update the synonymy to M. botryoides , P. heyneanus , and S. microphylla , respectively.
... together with new species which were added to flora of Türkiye in the years following the revision of Davis & Stuart (1984). Since then, 17 new species, five new records, three taxonomic resurrection, one new synonym and one taxonomic transfer from Muscari to Bellevalia were more reported from Türkiye (Demirci et al. 2013, 2014, Kaya 2014, Pirhan et al. 2015, Yıldırım 2015, 2016, Çilden & Yıldırımlı 2017, Pınar et al. 2018, Eker 2019a, 2019b, Demirci Kayıran et al. 2019, Eker et al. 2019, Doğu & Uysal 2019, Yıldırımlı & Kılıç 2019, Eker & Armağan 2020, Eker & Kandemir 2020, Uysal et al. 2021, Eker & Yıldırım 2021, Eker 2021a, 2021b, Yıldırım et al. 2023, Eroğlu et al. 2024. In the latest revision study, Eker (2022) narrowed the boundaries of the Muscari s.l. in the light of morphological and geographical data and suggested that it would be a more appropriate approach to treat Muscari s.s., Leopoldia and Muscarimia as separate genera. ...
The concept of Muscari massayanum (=Leopoldia massayana), previously treated by Davis & Stuart in the Flora of Turkey, was found to be a mixed species assemblage and included the species Muscari erdalii (=Leopoldia erdalii) and Muscari erzincanicum (=Leopoldia erzincanica), which arose from this confusion. However, in the latest evaluations by the authors of this article, the last missing piece of the confusing puzzle has been put forward in this study. Thus, a new species Leopoldia nigdeensis from Anatolia is described in this study. The new species is morphologically partly similar to Leopoldia massayana, L. erzincanica, L. oztasii, L. tenuiflora and L. erdalii, but differs from all of them with clear features in flower, fruit and seed characteristics.
... According to recent studies conducted in Turkey, the Muscari is represented by 49 species, of which 32 are endemic to Turkey, thus representing a high (65.30%) endemism value (Demirci Kayıran et al. 2019, Dizkirici et al. 2019, Dogu and Uysal 2019, Eker 2019a, b, Eker et al. 2019, Eker and Yıldırım 2021. ...
The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of eight species, the subgenus Botryanthus of the genus Muscari distributed in Turkey were analyzed. These taxa are M. adilii M.B. Güner & H. Duman, M. anatolicum Cowley & Özhatay, M. bourgaei Baker, M. latifolium, J. Krik, M. inconstrictum Rech. f. M. microstomum P.H. Davis & D.C. Staurt, M. parviflorum Desf. and M. sandrasicum Karlén. Five of them (M. adilii, M. anatolicum, M. bourgaei, M. latifolium, M. sandrasicum) are endemic in Turkey. While the chromosome number of the examined taxa was generally determined as 2n=2x=18, the somatic chromosome number was determined as 2n=4x=36 in M. anatolicum and M. parviflorum. Haploid chromosome lengths varied from 26.00 µm (M. adilii) to 101.74 µm (M. parviflorum) among species. Karyotype analysis indicated that Muscari taxa generally have median point (M), median (m), submedian (sm), and subterminal (st) chromosomes. In addition, satellites were observed in two species, M. adilii and M. latifolium.
... 2015;Yıldırım 2015;2016;Çilden & Yıldırımlı 2017;Pınar vd. 2018;Eker 2019a;2019b Eker & Yıldırım 2021;Eker 2021). ...
While the existence of Muscari commutatum is known from Sicily (Italy), Lesbos and Samos Islands (Aegean Sea), it was collected from two different localities at the borders of Antalya Province (Turkey). In this study, besides the description and distribution of the newly recorded species for Turkey, the seed surface taken by SEM and karyotype analysis were included. According to morphological findings, the taxonomically closest relative
of the species is M. filiforme, which naturally occurs in Israel and Jordan. At first glance, M. commutatum appears like M. latifolium for perigonal structure and M. inconstrictum with its concolorous flowers. The chromosome number of the species is 2n=18, as in most other members of the genus, and it is diploid. Seed surface ornamentations are reticulate.
... (URL-1; URL-2; URL-3;URL-4;Yildirimli, 2010;Kayiran et al., 2019;Eker et al., 2019;Eker, 2019a;Eker, 2019b;Eker et al., 2020a;Eker et al., 2020b). The protection of these plants is of immense importance. ...
... Especially, the species has two fairly long sm, four medium m, and finally three small m chromosomes. Eker (2019b) reported that Muscari pamiryigidii is similar to M. armeniacum, M. aucheri, and M. bourgaei, but is easily distinguished from them by its shorter stems, dark brown outer tunics, prominently veined humistrate, and spreading leaves. As with suitable this morphological differences, karyotypes of this endemic species are seen quite comparing to M. armeniacum, M. aucheri and M. bourgaei (Table 4; Karlén 1984b, Demirci Kayıran and Özhatay 2017, Kiran et al. 2020b) Eker and Yıldırım (2021) reported that M. inundatum is morphologically similar to M. neglectum and M. adilii, but differs mainly by its shouldered fertile flowers with erect to slightly recurved lobes at maturity. ...
In this study, chromosome length, karyomorphology and chromosome asymmetry of six Turkish Muscari species; Muscari muglaensis, M. nazimiyensis, M. pallens, M. pamiryigidii, M. inundatum and M. fatmaceranie were evaluated. The somatic chromosome number of all examined taxa was determined as 2n=18. The basic chromosome number was x=9. Chromosomes consist of metacentric, submetacentric, and subtelocentric chromosomes. This is the first report on chromosome number and morphology for five of the six taxa studied. Studies on the karyotype and chromosomal diversity of Muscari may provide insight into taxonomic relationships and differences within the genus.
... Eker (2012) included 30 species in the checklist of the genus Muscari together with new species which were added to flora of Turkey in the years following the revision of Davis & Stuart (1984). Since then, 15 new species, five new records, two taxonomic resurrection, one new synonym and one taxonomic transfer from Muscari to Bellevalia Lapeyrouse (1808: 425) were more reported from Turkey (Demirci et al. 2013, Kaya 2014, Pirhan et al. 2015, Yıldırım 2015, 2016, Çilden & Yıldırımlı 2017, Pınar et al. 2018, Eker 2019a, 2019b, Demirci Kayıran et al. 2019, Eker et al. 2019, Doğu & Uysal 2019, Yıldırımlı & Kılıç 2019, Eker & Armağan 2020, Eker & Kandemir 2020, Eker & Yıldırım 2021, Eker 2021. ...
In this study, the taxonomic status of Muscari wallii, considered as a synonym of Muscari tenuiflorum in previous studies, is re-evaluated based on morphological and chorological studies. Muscari wallii is morphologically similar to M. tenuiflorum and M. babachii. However, it is discussed that M. wallii differs mainly by its seed characteristics, posture of pedicels of sterile flowers at maturity and bulb shape from both taxa. It is also distinguished from M. tenuiflorum by the colour of shoulders of fertile flowers and colour of young intermediate flowers, and from M. babachii by the fruit shape, colour of sterile and young intermediate flowers, shape and length of fertile flowers and scabrid leaf margin. A comprehensive description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, geographical distribution, identification key, observations, and taxonomic comments on the resurrected species are presented.
... Eker (2012) listed 30 species in the checklist of the genus Muscari together with new species which were added to flora of Turkey in the years following the revision of Davis & Stuart (1984). Since then, 14 new species, five new records, two taxonomic resurrection, one new synonym and one taxonomic transfer from Muscari to Bellevalia Lapeyrouse (1808: 425) were reported from Turkey (Demirci et al. 2013, Kaya 2014, Pirhan et al. 2015, Yıldırım 2015, 2016, Çilden & Yıldırımlı 2017, Pınar et al. 2018, Eker 2019a, 2019b, Demirci Kayıran et al. 2019, Eker et al. 2019, Doğu & Uysal 2019, Yıldırımlı & Kılıç 2019, Eker & Armağan 2020, Eker & Kandemir 2020. ...
In the Flora of Turkey, the taxonomic concept of Muscari massayanum sensu Davis & Stuart was given based on five herbarium specimens and a photograph. In the original study, type location of the species was not specified, but its photograph and brief morphological features were included. In current study, herbarium samples given by Davis & Stuart under the description of the species in the Flora of Turkey were examined, and as a result of field studies conducted at the locations where these samples were collected, it was determined that the aforementioned description included M. massayanum, as well as the later published M. erdalii, and a new taxon yet to be named. As a result of comparative and detailed morphological studies to solve this confusion, a new species, Muscari erzincanicum (Asparagaceae) from Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to M. massayanum and M. erdalii, but differs from both by the flower, fruit and seed characteristics.
... Later, Eker (2012) listed 30 species in his checklist of the genus Muscari including new species described after Davis & Stuart (1984)'s revision. Since then, 13 new species have been reported in Turkey and five Muscari species have been first recorded for Turkey (Demirci et al. 2013, Kaya 2014, Pirhan et al. 2015, Yıldırım 2015, 2016, Pınar et al. 2018, Eker 2019a, 2019b, Demirci Kayıran et al. 2019, Eker et al. 2019, Doğu & Uysal 2019, Yıldırımlı & Kılıç 2019, Eker & Armağan 2020. However, Muscari sirnakense Yıldırımlı (2010: 105) was transferred to the genus Bellevalia Lapeyrouse (1808: 425) by Çilden & Yıldırımlı (2017), while Muscari ufukii Kaya & Demirci (2014: 545) became a synonym of Muscari haradjianii Briq. ...
A new species, Muscari inundatum (Asparagaceae) from Turkey, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to M. neglectum and M. adilii, but differs mainly by its shouldered fertile flowers with erect to slightly recurved lobes at maturity. In this study, a comprehensive description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, identification key, and taxonomic comments on the new species are presented.
... Eker (2012) listed 30 species in his checklist of the genus Muscari together with new species which were added to Turkish flora in subsequent years after Davis & Stuart (1984)'s revision. After Eker's checklist (2012), 12 new species and five new records were reported from Turkey (Demirci et al. 2013, Kaya 2014, Pirhan et al. 2015, Yıldırım 2015, 2016, Pınar et al. 2018, Eker 2019a, 2019b, Demirci Kayıran et al. 2019, Eker et al. 2019, Doğu & Uysal 2019, Yıldırımlı & Kılıç 2019. However, one of the subsequently described species, Muscari sirnakense Yıldırımlı (2010: 105), was transferred to the genus Bellevalia Lapeyrouse (1808: 425), while the other (Muscari ufukii Kaya & Demirci in Demirci et al. 2014: 545) became a synonym of Muscari haradjianii Briquet ex Rechinger (1960: 88) which was resurrected (Çilden & Yıldırımlı 2017. ...
A new species, Muscari muglaensis Eker, H.Duman & Yıldırım sp. nov. (Asparagaceae) from Turkey, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to M. weissii, M. comosum, M. cycladicum and M. elmasii, but differs mainly by its large bulbs and fruit structure from M. weissii and M. comosum, and long pedicels of fertile flowers and transversely growing raceme in fruit from M. cycladicum and M. elmasii. In this study, a comprehensive description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, identification key, observations, and taxonomic comments on the new species are presented.
Turkey is an important center of diversity for many plants species including bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, and other plants of high agricultural and horticultural importance. These species have a special importance as ornamental plants. However, due to urbanization and related factors, many of them are under threat. One of these species is the endemic Muscari racemosum Mill. The current study aimed to develop an efficient in vitro commercial bulblet propagation procedure using different explants. Twin-scale bulb explants were regenerated on MS medium having several doses of Kinetin+NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid). The best regeneration was exhibited on 4.65 μM Kinetin+5.37 μM NAA at the end of 10 weeks with induction of 4.08 bulblets/explant with a mean diameter of 0.31 cm. The primary bulblets were cultured on MS medium having 18.60 μM Kinetin+5.37 μM NAA. About a 2.5-fold increase in the diameter of the bulbs (0.76 cm) was exhibited on the regenerated bulblets. The bulblets were regenerated on leaf bases taken from MS medium having several doses of BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) + NAA. The regenerated bulbs were rooted on MS medium having 4.90 μM IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) followed by their transference to a greenhouse for acclimatization. This study provided important information on commercial clonal propagation of M. racemosum and the importance of explants and growth regulators in plant regeneration.
This study presents the first in-depth evaluation of the morphological and anatomical characters, as well as their taxonomic importance, of the seeds of 36 taxa in subgenera Muscari, Leopoldia, Pseudomuscari and Botryanthus of the genus Muscari in Turkey, where 24 of the taxa are endemic. The results indicate that the taxa generally differ from each other in terms of seed shape and dimension. Seed dimensions vary between 1.66 mm and 3.21 mm in length, and between 1.12 mm and 2.63 mm in width. The seed surface ornamentation is grouped into nine forms: ruminate, reticulate, reticulate-areolate, reticulate-foveate, alveolate, scalariform, rugose, verrucate and areolate. The most common type is ruminate, while areolate, reticulate-foveate and scalariform ornamentation forms were found to be taxon-specific. Testa structures of the taxa examined consist in general of two different layers: the epidermis and the subepidermis in scleranchymatous or parenchymatous structures. The subepidermis may be absent in some of taxa. The structure and thickness of the epidermis and the subepidermis are very important characteristics that disclose interspecific relations among the examined taxa. We also provide a key for the identification of the studied taxa based on seed features.
In this study, the taxonomic status of Muscari sintenisii, previously considered the synonym of Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker in the Flora of Turkey, is reevaluated. Similarities and differences between close taxa have been determined by morphological studies. It is discussed that M. sintenisii differs from M. aucheri and M. armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker in terms of flower and leaf characteristics, which have an important place in the taxonomy of the genus, and M. sintenisii is assessed to be a separate species native to Turkey. In addition, the lectotype of M. sintenisii has been determined with this study.
The voucher specimens of Muscari kerkis Karlén, given as a new record for the flora of Turkey in an earlier study, was seen that being received an ISTE number in the relevant publication. However, among the specimens that examined by the first author of this study in the ISTE herbarium in 2016 and 2019, voucher specimens of the M. kerkis record could not be reached. Thereupon, in the detailed field studies we conducted at the addresses shown in the original publication where the new record was given, it was understood to be the samples collected before were actually M. neglectum Guss. ex Ten. By comparing the samples, we collected from Aydın Mountains in 2019 and 2020 with the type specimen, it was revealed that they represent the authentic M. kerkis. Therefore, M. kerkis is recorded for the first time in Turkey based on the specimens collected from Aydın Mountains with this study. The taxonomic relationship of the new record taxon is compared with close relatives M. neglectum and M. pulchellum Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss. subsp. pulchellum in the subgenus Botryanthus and an expanded description and habitat characteristics of the new record are given.
The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of eight species of the genus Muscari distributed in Turkey were analyzed. These taxa are M. macrocarpum Sweet, M. racemosum Mill., M. aucheri (Boiss.) Baker, M. armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker, M. sivrihisardaghlarensis Yıldırımlı & B. Selvi, M. discolor Boiss. & Hausskn, M. botryoides (L.) Mill. and M. neglectum Guss. Five of them (M. racemosum, M. aucheri, M. sivrihisardaghlarensis, M. discolor, and M. botryoides) are endemic in Turkey. The chromosome number of all studied taxa were determined as 2n=2x=18, while M. neglectum had the chromosome number of 2n=4x=36. Haploid chromosome lengths varied 24.94 µm (M. armeniacum) to 119.85 µm (M. racemosum) among species. Karyotype analysis indicated that Muscari taxa generally have a median point (M), median (m), and submedian (sm) chromosomes. In addition, only M. racemosum has one subterminal (st) chromosome pair. Satellites were observed in M. racemosum and M. botryoides. The karyotypes of M. sivrihisardaghlarensis was determined for the first time in this study.
Five endemic Muscari taxa in Turkey are examined in terms of chromosome number and morphology. Muscari sivrihisardaghlarense (2n=18), M. serpentinicum (2n=18), M. atillae (2n=18) and M. ufukii (2n=18) are diploid. M. tuzgoluense is polyploid with 2n=36 chromosome number. Chromosome counts have confirmed the previous reports that Muscari genus is x=9 of basic chromosome number. The chromosome number and morphology of these species are reported for the first time. The karyotypes have the predominance of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Six quantitative asymmetric indices were used to evaluate the karyological characteristics of the species, and these results increase our karyological knowledge about the species.
The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of 11 species the subgenus Leopoldia of the genus Muscari distributed in Turkey were analyzed. These taxa are M. comosum (L.) Miller, M. weissii Freyn, M. caucasicum (Griseb.) Baker, M. tenuiflorum Tausch, M. babachii Eker & Koyuncu, M. erdalii Özhatay & Demirci, M. longipes Boiss., M. massayanum Grunert, M. mirum Speta, M. elmasii Yıldırım, and M. haradjiani Briq. ex Rech., and six of them (M. babachii, M. erdalii, M. massayanum, M. mirum, M. elmasii, M. haradjiani) are endemic species in Turkey. The somatic chromosome number of all studied taxa were determeined as 2n=2x=18. Haploid chromosome lengths varied 44.06 (M. massayanum) to 67.50 µm (M. babachii) among species. Karyotype analysis indicated that Muscari taxa generally have median (m), submedian (sm) and subterminal (st) chromosomes. In addition, only M. comosum has one terminal (t) chromosome. Satellites were observed in five species, M. tenuiflorum, M. erdalii, M. longipes, M. mirum and M. haradjianii. This study is the first in terms of revealing the karyotypes of all taxa of subgenus Leopoldia on the genus Muscari.
In this study, we describe Muscari sabihapinari (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) as a new species from Tufanbeyli district, Adana province in South Anatolia, Turkey. It grows in rocky‐stony steppe habitats. Muscari sabihapinari shows general aspect similar to that of M. anatolicum, M. atillae, and M. discolor but is easily distinguished from them in its bulb, leaf, and flower characteristics. A complete morphological description, identification key, pollen characteristics, detailed photographs, comparative photographs, and comparison table with the closely related species are presented. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The taxonomical status of Muscari haradjianii from Turkey was reevaluated in this study. We provide here a detailed morphological description, including pollen and seed features, distribution range, and chromosome number. There has been frequent confusion regarding the differences between M. haradjianii and its congeners M. longipes and M. tenuiflorum. Here, we clarify the differences among these species. In addition, it was determined that M. ufukii is a synonym for M. haradjianii.
In this study, Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. (Asparagaceae) is recorded for the first time from the East Anatolia
region (B9 Van) of Turkey. The description of Muscari botryoides is given and habitus photos of related species are presented.
Geographical distribution is mapped, and IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) threat categories at the
regional scale of the populations are discussed.
Muscari elmasii Yıldırım (Asparagaceae) is described as a new species to science. It is endemic to the western Anatolia region of Turkey. M. elmasii is known from a single locality in Muğla Province. It is related to M. weissii and M. massayamum by morphological features and shows some similarities in terms of morphological characters and the same distribution area to M. mirum. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and compared with those of related taxa. It is easily distinguished from related species by its especially sessile or subsessile and mostly pinkish flowers; relatively longer, cylindrical with sharply-angled shoulder perigon tube; yellowish-green lobes; and relatively bigger fruit.
Muscari atillae is described as a new species endemic to the Levent Canyon (Malatya Province) in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It is closely related to M. anatolicum and M. discolour, also slightly resembles to M. neglectum. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and compared with those of closely related taxa.
Muscari erdalii is described as a new species from Mersin, Southern Turkey. A description, photographs and identification key to the subgenus Leopoldia for Turkish species are given. The morphological differences between the new species and related taxa (M. tenuiflorum Tausch, M. babachii Eker & Koyuncu) are also presented. Also the karyomorphology of M. erdalii, M. tenuiflorum and M. babachii is presented and discussed. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n = 18.
Lidén, M.: New taxa of tuberous Corydalis (Fumariaceae). − Willdenowia 26: 23−35. 1996. − ISSN 0511−9618.
Understanding plant response to wind is complicated as this factor entails not only mechanical stress but also affects leaf microclimate. In a recent study, we found that plant responses to mechanical stress (MS) may be different and even in the opposite direction to those of wind. MS-treated Plantago major plants produced thinner more elongated leaves while those in wind did the opposite. The latter can be associated with the drying effect of wind as is further supported by data on petiole anatomy presented here. These results indicate that plant responses to wind will depend on the extent of water stress. It should also be recognized that the responses to wind may differ between different parts of a plant and between plant species. Physiological research on wind responses should thus focus on the signal sensing and transduction of both the mechanical and drought signals associated with wind, and consider both plant size and architecture.
In this paper, a new species, Muscari tauricum sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Southern Turkey. It has similar morphological characters to M. aucheri and M. bourgaei except for its broad and several leaves, pyramidal raceme, patent and longer pedicels, small fertile flowers, and early flowering time that distinguish the new species from other Muscari species. A complete morphological description and illustration are given, including comments on karyotypes. The morphological differences among the new species and related species are also discussed.
A new species, Muscari fatmacereniae Eker sp. nov. (Asparagaceae), is described from Turkey. The diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustration, original photographs and geographical distribution of the new species are given. The conservation
assessment, observations and taxonomic comments on the new species are also presented. The new species is compared with the closely related species M. armeniacum and M. botryoides.
Volumes III and IV of this encyclopaedia provide a novel classification of the monocotyledons, a group encompassing plants of most diverse life-forms such as aquatics, terrestrial and epiphytic herbs, and tall trees. Of the 106 families now recognized 104 are treated in the two volumes, while the economically or horticulturally important grass and orchid families are relegated to two subsequent volumes. The classification followed here is based on recent molecular studies as well as on the vast body of information available on this plant group. The wealth and precision of information, but also the keys for the identification of genera and details on their properties, including distribution and diversification, make this work an important source for both the scholar and the practitioner in the fields of pure and applied plant sciences.
Three new species and one subspecies are described from Turkey and their relationships within the genus are discussed.
[Read February 3, 1870.]
This review surveys the large variety of mechanical interactions between wind and plants, from plant organs to plant systems. These interactions range from leaf flutter to uprooting and seed dispersal, as well as indirect effects on photosynthesis or insect communication. I first estimate the relevant nondimensional parameters and then discuss turbulence, plant dynamics, and the mechanisms of interaction in this context. Some common features are identified and analyzed in relation to the wind engineering of manmade structures. Strong coupling between plants and wind exists, in which the plant motion modifies the wind dynamics. I also present some related biological issues in which the relation between plant life and wind environment is emphasized.
[V]oici la lourde nappe/Et la profonde houle et l’océan des blés
[Like a sheet/The deep swell on a sea of wheat]
Charles Péguy (1873–1914)
200 m of elevation, Quercus-carpinus-pinus bush
specimens examined:
M. armeniacum-TURKEY. A1 Edirne: Keşan, pond surroundings, 200 m of elevation, Quercus-carpinus-pinus
bush, 24 April 1999, A.A. Dönmez 6457 (HUB!);
GAZI 4137!); Bolu: Abant-Taşkesti road, 15 km from Abant, roadside, 639 m of elevation
A3 Ankara: Beypazarı, Karaşar, around Uşakgöl
Village, ca. 1350 m of elevation, 05 May 1986, M. Vural s.n. (GAZI 4137!); Bolu: Abant-Taşkesti road, 15 km from
Abant, roadside, 639 m of elevation, 26 April 2017, İ. Eker 11861 (AIBU!);
Abant İzzet Baysal University, around Faculty of Arts and Sciences, meadow, 875 m of elevation
- Gölköy
Gölköy, Abant İzzet Baysal University,
around Faculty of Arts and Sciences, meadow, 875 m of elevation, 26 April 2012, İ. Eker 2724 (AIBU!);
Kesenözü Village to Ellez Waterfall, clayey slopes, 854 m of elevation
- Seben
Seben,
from Kesenözü Village to Ellez Waterfall, clayey slopes, 854 m of elevation, 19 April 2017, İ. Eker 11844 (AIBU!);
Buzluk Mountain, Alanköy, Güllükçalı district, oak and juniper forest, stony areas, 1299 m of elevation
- Amasya
A5 Amasya: Buzluk Mountain, Alanköy, Güllükçalı
district, oak and juniper forest, stony areas, 1299 m of elevation, 10 May 2008, İ. Eker 2149 (AIBU!);
Eskişehir-Sarıcakaya road, 22. km, Bozdağı, under Quercus, 1200 m of elevation
- Eskişehir
Eskişehir: Eskişehir-Sarıcakaya road, 22. km, Bozdağı, under Quercus, 1200 m of elevation, 19 May 1991,
M. Koyuncu 8933 et al. (AEF 16900!);
Akman s.n. (AEF 21367!); B5 Yozgat: Akdağmadeni, Kadınpınarı, under forest, 1500-1700 m of elevation
- Ankara
B4 Ankara: Beynam Forest, 11 April 1970, y. Akman s.n. (AEF 21367!); B5
Yozgat: Akdağmadeni, Kadınpınarı, under forest, 1500-1700 m of elevation, 03 June 1980, T. Ekim s.n. (ANK 4929!);
West of Kodjori, Koroli, scattered woodlands consisting of Quercus, Fraxinus, pyrus, carpinus, 1332 m of elevation
- Georgia Tbilisi
GEORGIA. Tbilisi: West of Kodjori, Koroli, scattered woodlands consisting of Quercus, Fraxinus, pyrus,
carpinus, 1332 m of elevation, 20 April 2004, D.E. Atha 4153 (HUB!).
- Yeniçağa
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