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Weight Loss Methods and Effects on the Elite Cadet Greco-Roman Wrestlers
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The aim of this study was to examine body weight loss methods and its effects on elite cadet Greco-Roman wrestlers' performance. The sample of research consisted of 146 elite Greco-Roman wrestlers. The "Athlete weight loss methodology and effects scale" and a personal information form were used. In addition to descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis. Additionally, a Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between variables. Results showed that 47.9% of the wrestlers lose weight and 52.1% did not engage in a rapid weight loss regimen. It was calculated that on average weight loss wrestlers reduce their body weights by 4.68%. Statistically significant differences were found between dietary, physiological, and psychological sub-dimension effects in the weight loss groups. In addition, there was weak but positive correlations between weight loss percentage and diet (r=0.305), as well as physiological (r=0.231), and psychological (r=0.168) sub-dimensions. Accordingly, as the percentage of weight loss increases, wrestlers' level of nutrition and fluid restriction increases. For this restriction, the physiological and psychological effect sub-dimensions levels also increase. As a result, when the diet sub-dimension of weight loss wrestlers was examined, it was found that 92.9% of the wrestlers engaged in food and fluid restriction. When the physiological effect sub-dimension was examined, it was found that 72.9% were exposed to muscle cramps and 72.9% to injury. Moreover, when the psychological effect sub-dimension of the wrestlers was examined, it was determined that 87.1% were exposed to stress, and 90.0% had decreased performance. As a result, weight loss before the competition was determined to cause physiological and psychological negative effects on athletes.
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... In addition, it is stated that athletes have the right approach in both branches as diet and training while losing weight, but they lose weight quickly (25). In his study, Yağmur stated that 92.9% of elite Greco-Roman wrestlers reduced their weight by reducing their food consumption, 87.1% their carbohydrate consumption, and 95.7% their fat consumption (26). Reducing the weight consumption of wrestlers in the diet sub-dimension (heavyweight 54.1%; middleweight 37.2%; light weight 35.6%) was found to be the most preferred response (14). ...
... Reducing the weight consumption of wrestlers in the diet sub-dimension (heavyweight 54.1%; middleweight 37.2%; light weight 35.6%) was found to be the most preferred response (14). According to the results of the literature research and our study, it is seen that wrestlers generally prefer the diet method as a weight loss method (21,22,20,23,24,25,26,14). ...
This research was conducted in order to determine the preferred weight loss methods of wrestlers in the category of juniors, cadets and espoir who compete in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. 215 male wrestlers between the ages of 14 and 17 participated in the study. In order to determine the weight loss methods of wrestlers, the "athlete weight loss methods and effects scale" developed by Yarar et al. (2016) and the personal information form developed by the researchers were used. In the analysis of the data obtained from the wrestlers SPSS package program was used. Independent t test was used from binary comparisons and ANOVA test was used for multiple comparisons. Significance level was accepted as p<0.05. According to the styles variable, it was found that there was a significant difference between free and Greco-Roman wrestlers in the diet sub-dimension of the athlete weight loss and effects scale (p<0.05). According to the category variable, it was determined that there was a significant difference in the diet and ergogenic aids sub-dimensions of the juniors and the espoir (p<0.05). As a result, it is observed in the research findings that wrestlers usually use the diet method as a method of weight loss. It is thought that one of the most appropriate methods to protect the health and athletic performance of athletes is to apply a conscious diet, which will be more advantageous than other methods. In addition, it can be said that wrestlers consciously and healthily apply weight loss methods as they get older.
... Another study also stated that the psychological effect for athletes with a percentage of 87.1% was exposed to stress, and 90.0% experienced a decrease in performance (Yagmur et al., 2019). However, there are studies that disagree with the authors' opinion, the research states that weight management is considered important mentally as part of pre-competition preparation, serves as a coping strategy by creating an increased feeling of focus and commitment. ...
... Of the several impacts on the athlete's physiology, injury and dyspnea have a lower percentage. However, there are other studies that get the results that the percentage is the same between injuries and muscle cramps, with a value of 72.9% (Yagmur et al., 2019). In this study with this study found differences, namely in addition to reducing fluid, the study also reduced the portion of food in athletes. ...
Martial athletes use the rapid weight loss (RWL) method as a strategy to lose weight quickly before competing. This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of the magnitude of the impact of the RWL method used as a way to lose weight by running using a sauna suit on the physical, physiological, psychological, and performance conditions of martial athletes. The population in this study were martial arts athletes throughout Indonesia. This study uses a descriptive method by collecting data through a questionnaire instrument on google Forms which is distributed to martial athletes, especially in the fighting class. The results of the identification through the instrument were then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results n this study were 88 martial arts athletes using the weight loss method by running using a sauna suit. The impact that occurred on athletes all experienced more than one impact of RWL on the athlete's physical condition, physiological, psychological, and performance of martial athletes which included athletes experiencing 19% of martial arts athletes experiencing muscle cramps, 26% of athletes' body temperature increasing, 7% increasing heart rate, 1% athletes experience dyspnea, 3% athletes experience injuries, 8% athletes feel irritable/increased temperament, 49% athletes experience increased fatigue, 16% athletes experience decreased performance, 9% athletes experience stress, and 17% athletes feel their sports interest is reduced.
... In wrestling, although the adverse effects of weight loss on health status are well documented, weight loss practices (e.g. food and fluid restriction) are widely used by the wrestlers (6). ...
... Many studies have reported that wrestlers who lose weight using various methods such as sauna, food and fluid restriction, repetitive intensive exercises, nylon, or rubber dressing were exposed to dehydration (6,10,11). Moreover, there are many methods in determining dehydration in athletes such as urine specific gravity (U SG ), urine color (U Col ), urine osmolality (U Osm ), and plasma osmolality (P Osm ), and it was reported to have positive relationships between these methods and have a cut-off point for each dehydration measurement method (12)(13)(14). ...
Study Objectives: Wrestling is a weight sport with a weight classification and wrestlers is performed weight loss frequently before the wrestling competitions and they exposed dehydration. In this context, the aim of this study was to monitor the change in the urine specific gravity (U SG) of wrestlers in an official wrestling tournament. Thirty-six wrestlers competing in an official wrestling tournament were included in the study. Methods: Bioelectric impedance analyzer and refractometer were used to determine the change of body weights and the U SG levels of the wrestlers between the weigh-in and the competition times. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for the normality test of the obtained data. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to analyze non-normally distributed data. Results: According to the results of this study, it was determined that there was no difference in the body weights of the wrestlers between the weigh-in and the competition times, whereas there was a difference in the U SG levels. Accordingly, although U SG levels decreased, it could not be reduced to the reference range between the weigh-in and the competition times. Conclusion: These results indicate that the lose body weight before the competition is regained between the weigh-in and the competition times, whereas dehydration in the U SG levels continues in the wrestlers.
... However, the interplay between weight loss strategies, physical activity, and their impact on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in adolescent wrestlers has not been extensively studied. The existing research on caloric restriction and exercise has primarily focused on more on the negative effects of rapid weight loss F 67 on performance, physiology, and psychology in wrestlers (26)(27)(28). It is important to recognize that the physiological responses and adaptations of adolescents may differ significantly from those of adults. ...
Background: Maintaining an optimal weight is essential for wrestlers, given their competition in weight-classified categories. However, many wrestlers resort to unhealthy methods of rapid weight loss, such as drastic caloric restriction and dehydration, which can adversely affect their overall wellbeing. Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of a two-week increase in exercise volume on weight loss, serum oxidative stress, and inflammation in young wrestlers. Methods and Materials: Twenty wrestlers (aged 15-19, weight 63.47 kg) participated in a 2-week exercise intervention in addition to their regular weekly wrestling drills. The intervention consisted of resistance training, high-intensity interval training, and speed training. Wrestlers weighed daily over 2-week span. The participants' superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured both before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test conducted through SPSS software, with a significant level set at p < 0.05. Results: The 2-week intervention resulted in significant weight loss (p<0.001). Within group comparisons found serum levels of IL-6, SOD, and TAC significantly increased from pre-to-post testing, but MDA did not change significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that a two-week increase in exercise volume can be an effective strategy for promoting weight loss and reducing oxidative stress in young wrestlers. The findings suggest that the improvement in antioxidant status is likely a result of the body's response to increased inflammation, as indicated by changes in inflammatory markers.
... These studies were conducted in different countries (e.g., Brazil, France, and Australia) [6,12,13] and considered all competitive levels (e.g., high school, university, and elite level) [14][15][16][17], and different CS modalities (e.g., judo, taekwondo, and boxing) [18][19][20]. Although there is a large number of existing studies on this topic, those conducted before 2010 provide limited comparative data (usually only prevalence and magnitude of WL can be compared across studies) because they are not based on the same questionnaire or similar ones [14,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. In 2010, Artioli et al. established a rapid WL questionnaire (RWLQ) and tested its reliability and validity [33]. ...
The aim of this systematic review is to comprehensively assess the weight loss (WL) practices in different combat sports (CS). The review protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO [CRD42023487196]. Three databases were searched (Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and PubMed) until 8 December 2023. Eligible studies had to meet five criteria: they must have been (a) written in English, (b) published in a peer-reviewed journal, (c) used a survey design to investigate the WL practices of CS athletes, and (d) reported the WL methods used by athletes using a five-point scale. Twenty-six studies (3994 participants from 14 CS) were included. This review found that (1) WL is highly prevalent in CS athletes; (2) many CS athletes started losing weight for competition as teenagers two to three times a year; (3) CS athletes usually lose <5% body weight in 7–14 days before competition; (4) increasing exercise and gradually dieting are the most commonly used WL methods; and (5) the influence of scientific practitioners on athletes is negligible. The habitual practices of CS athletes may be relatively harmless, but in some special cases, CS athletes also perform extreme WL practices. Scientific practitioners have little influence on their WL practices, which may form a vicious cycle of non-qualified influence.
... In the recent Olympic games, 53 out of 306 gold medals were won by combat sports athletes (4). Therefore before the competition, combat athletes (judo, karate taekwondo, boxing, etc.) have dietary restrictions for weight loss and to classifying for different weight levels (5,6). Rapid weight loss is a strategy that combat sports athletes commonly use to compete in weight classes which are not appropriate to their body composition (7). ...
Study Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the weight reduction methods of athletes engaged in weight sports. The sample of the study consists of 99 judo players, 89 taekwondo players, 74 wrestlers and 262 athletes in Ankara. Methods: In this study, Athlete weight reduction methods and effects scale was developed by Yarar et al. (2016) and personal information form developed by the researcher were used as data collection tools. Independent sample test and one-way ANOVA were used for percentage, frequency, arithmetic distributions, and Tukey HSD and Spearman Correlation test, which are the second level tests, were used for significant differences between ANOVA analyzes. Results: As a result, judo, taekwondo and the wrestling athletes were slightly affected by the diet size. There was a difference in weight reduction behaviors according to gender. Again, male athletes were more affected by fluid loss than girls. Significant differences were found in case of physiological, Psychological and fluid loss sub-dimensions. It was determined that wrestlers used Psychological methods. According to the age variable of the athletes, the sub-dimensions are mostly used by athletes aged 19 and over. Conclusion: It is a point that regularly athletes' bodyweight must be controlled to prevent their loss of weight in pre-competitive. Such an approach is beneficial for both athletes' health and performance. In cases where adult athletes must lose weight, it would yield better results to determine the percentage of body fat and to lose weight by reducing the rate of fat.
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of weight loss on simple reaction times in star category wrestlers. The research consisted of 24 wrestlers with an average age of 15.41±0.77, an average height of 170.33±7.72 and an average body weight of 66.04±16.79 in the Big Stars category group competition held in Malatya. Hubbard Scientific 6027 device was used to measure the reaction times of the participants. After taking measurements of their height, body weight, and simple visual and auditory reaction times, participants were instructed to shed 4% of their own body weight. Measurements were taken again after losing 4% of their weight. The SPSS package program was used to examine the study's data. As a result of the findings of the study, a statistically significant result was observed between the body weight pre-test and post-test values of the participant group (p0.05), there was no significant difference between the left-hand auditory pretest posttest values. As a result, while the left hand visual reaction time remained unchanged, the right hand visual, right hand auditory, and left hand auditory reaction times all suffered due to the athletes wrestling in the star category losing 4% of their body weight.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Büyükler Serbest Stil Türkiye Şampiyonasına katılan erkek güreşçilerin kilo düşme profillerinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırma grubu, Büyükler Türkiye Güreş Şampiyonasına katılmış sporcular arasından çalışmamıza gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden, yaş ortalamaları 23,38±4,26 yıl olan 153 sporcu oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Yarar, Eroğlu, Üzüm ve Polat (2016) tarafından geliştirilen “Sporcu Kilo Düşme Yöntemleri ve Etkileri Ölçeği”nden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada, tüm sıkletlerdeki güreşçilerin büyük çoğunluğu, müshil, diyet ve idrar söktürücü gibi haplar kullanmayı tercih etmediklerini belirtirlerken, kilo düşme yöntemlerinden diyet alt boyutunda yer alan yağ tüketiminin azaltılmasının en çok tercih edilen cevap olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, sıkletler arası alt boyutların karşılaştırılmasında sadece diyet alt boyutu içerisinde yer alan “Karbonhidrat tüketimini azaltırım” cevapları arasında anlamlı bir farka rastlanmıştır. Farklılığı yaratan grubun ise ağır sıklet güreşçiler olduğu, hem hafif sıklet hem de orta sıklet güreşçiler ile ağır sıklet güreşçiler arasında farklılık bulunduğu belirlenmiştir (p<.05). Sonuç olarak, güreşçilerin kilo düşme stratejisi olarak, genellikle vücuttan yağ kaybı, sıvı kaybı, yiyecek ve karbonhidrat tüketimini azaltma eğilimde olma gibi yeterli ve dengeli beslenme açısından oldukça önemli konular üzerinde yoğunlaştıklarının görülmesinden hareketle, sporcu performansını etkileyen fizyolojik ve psikolojik faktörlerin bu etkenlerden önemli ölçüde etkilendiği düşüncesiyle, performans sporcuları ve antrenörlere kilo düşme yöntemleri ve kilo kontrolü hakkında uzmanlar tarafından seminerler verilmesi, bilgilendirilmesi ve özellikle sıklet sporlarında müsabık performans sporcusu yetiştiren antrenörlerin bu seminerlere katılımlarının zorunlu hale getirilmesinin, sporcuların ulaşmak istedikleri yüksek performans noktasına erişebilmeleri açısından oldukça fayda sağlayacağı söylenebilir.
Background:
Weight loss practice before competitions is a common method in weight sports.
Objective:
The current study aimed to monitor Plasma Osmolarity (POsm), skeletal muscle damage and inflammation levels induced by pre-competition dehydration among elite wrestlers.
Methods:
Twenty-four male elite wrestlers participated in the study. A survey information form that assessed pre-competition weight loss practices were administered to the wrestlers. Additionally, Total Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), C-reactive Protein (C-RP) and POsm, analyses were evaluated by a specialist at the biochemical laboratory. POsm level for euhydration is ⩽ 290 mOsm/L. But if POsm level is > 290, then dehydration occurs. The wrestlers were divided into two groups according to POsm levels as weight loss and non-weight loss group.
Results:
There were differences in the pre and post-test POsm levels of weight loss group. Similarly; it was identified that there were also statistically significant differences in terms of ALT, LDH and CK levels of weight loss group between pre and post-test.
Conclusions:
It was seen that POsm and levels of all indicators of skeletal muscle damage were higher than non-weight loss group. However, it was found that there were not any differences in terms of C-RP levels.
Rapid weight loss via dehydration has profound adverse effects on the wrestler's physiology and muscular endurance even with %1 of body weight loss. Additionally, there is a decline after 4% of weight loss in strength or anaerobic power performance. However, these adverse effects do not seem to impair muscle strength during high-power exertions lasting less than 30 seconds. In fact, for athletes participating in brief-duration, high-power sports, rapid weight loss may give them an advantage by increasing power on a pound for pound basis. But, as strenuous exercise is extended, environmental temperatures rise, and degree of dehydration increases performance will ultimately suffer. The negative effects of dehydration on cardiovascular fitness parameters seem to repair faster compared to strength and power values. Several studies indicated while weight cycling has acute effects on performance, augmentation in body weight and muscular performance of the wrestlers occurs subsequent to the wrestling season. Several studies also indicated some negative psychological effects of dehydration on wrestlers' performance: increased fatigue, anger, and anxiety, decrements in mood and motivation, and increased confusion. Still, more studies are needed in these areas. Weight loss due to the dehydration can potentially affect wrestlers' health negatively. However, it was found that there are no considerable health effects of dehydration on wrestling. However, more studies are needed to strengthen these results since there are not many studies about the long-term effects of dehydration on hormonal, psychological and health status of wrestlers.
The aim of the study was to determine the changes in body compositions and hydration levels before a competition among elite wrestlers and to demonstrate the difference among leptin and ghrelin hormone levels due to dehydration. Pre and post-test measurements were performed among the twenty-four voluntary wrestlers in before an international tournament. A personal information form that addressed pre-competition weight loss duration and demographic variables was administered to the participant wrestlers. Additionally, body compositions were analyzed using BIA (Bioelectric Impedance Analyzer), and with the help of specialists, 5 cc of blood was drawn from the forearm veins of the wrestlers. Sodium (Na+), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), glucose, leptin and ghrelin levels were analyzed in the blood samples. The wrestlers' Plasma osmolarity (P Osm) levels were calculated through Na+, BUN and glucose in a mathematical formula. The wrestlers who had P Osm >290 mOsm/L constituted the weight loss group while the wrestlers who had P Osm ≤ 290 mOsm/L constituted the non-weight loss group. It was identified that all the body composition variables of weight loss group were different both in the pre-test and post-test. Furthermore, BUN, glucose, P Osm and ghrelin hormone levels of the weight loss group were different whereas there were no differences in sodium and leptin levels. As a result, it was found that wrestlers who lost weight before a competition did it quickly; therefore, wrestlers who underwent significant changes in their body compositions demonstrated serious increases in P Osm and ghrelin hormone levels.
Among weight-sports like wrestling where athletes are required to weigh-in before the competitions and their weights are measured; athletes generally lose weight. Athletes who carry out weight loss through sweat room, fluid and food restrictions undergo dehydration. The current study was undertaken to examine body components changes and their depression scores caused by dehydration among the female elite wrestlers. 29 female elite wrestlers who participated in Turkish Inter-University Wrestling Championship were included in the study. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) used to determine depression scores of female elite wrestlers; personal information forms that addressed age, height, weight, amount of weight lost before the competition and body components [Tanita BC-418 brand via bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)] were administered one hour before weigh-in competition. Data was tested for normality with the Shapiro-Wilk test. The independent Samples T Test was used to compare pairwise group variables that followed a normal distribution. In the current study it has been found statistically significant difference between percentage of body fat, body fat mass, percentage of total body water and depression scores according to weight loss group and non-weight loss group. As a result; it has been found that fat mass is lower and depression scores' is mild degree for female elite wrestlers performing weight loss.
The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to identify the weight loss methodology preferred by athletes and to determine the effect of the chosen weight loss methodology on themselves. On this purpose, a sample group, composed of athletes from wrestling, boxing, judo, taekwon do, karate and kick-box have been formed. Totally 466 (86 female, 380 male) athletes who especially loose weight previously their matches comprised the sample group of the study.
In the analysis part of the study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to initial version of the scale which had an item pool of 32 item. According to the criteria's 21 item loaded on 5 factor which had eigen value over 1 remained. Factors were named as “Physical Effects” (items; 10, 12, 13, 14, 11), “Psychological Effects” (items; 19, 17, 18, 15, 16), “Ergogenical Support” (items; 8, 9, 7), "Diet" (items; 2, 3, 1) and "Dehydration" (items; 6, 5, 4). In the evaluation of items 5 point Likert type scale was used. The Cronbach's alpha values of the factors ranged between .56 and .86. Total scale's Cronbach's alpha value was .74. The correlation tests between factors revealed significant positive correlation, (p
The aim of this study was to determine effects of hydration changes on bioelectrical impedance in wrestlers. One hundred fourteen wrestlers aged 15-17 yr were recruited. The wrestlers' body composition analysis was determined using the methods of bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and skinfold (SK). Urine specific gravity (Usg) method was used for determining the level of body hydration. According to different hydration status no significant difference was found in the comparison of body composition as determined by BIA (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the two methods used for the assessment of body fat percentage (BIA %10.4±4.8; SKF % 9.0±5.6) (P<0.05). We may suggest that body hydration fluctuations or dehydration relatively may affect to assess body composition assessment via BIA. This observation may appear to not be appropriate the BIA to determine body composition of wrestlers during dehydration position.
Weight-classified athletes need an energy intake plan to accomplish target weight reduction. They have to consider body composition and energy metabolism during rapid weight loss followed by rapid weight regain to achieve their energy intake plan. We investigated the effects of rapid weight loss, followed by weight regain, on body composition and energy expenditure. Ten weight-classified athletes were instructed to reduce their body weight by 5% in 7 days. Following the weight loss, they were asked to try to regain all of their lost weight with an ad libitum diet for 12 h. Food intake was recorded during the baseline, weight loss, and regain periods. Fat mass, total body water, and fat-free dry solids were estimated by underwater weighing and stable isotope dilution methods. A three-component model was calculated using Siri's equation. Basal and sleeping metabolic rates were measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition and energy expenditure were measured before and after weight loss and after weight regain. Body weight, total body water, and fat-free dry solids were decreased after the weight loss period but recovered after weight regain (p < 0.05). Basal metabolic rate did not change throughout the study. Sleeping metabolic rate decreased significantly during weight loss but recovered after weight regain. Changes in total body water greatly affect body weight during rapid weight loss and regain. In addition, rapid weight loss and regain did not greatly affect the basal metabolic rate in weight-classified athletes.
Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the weight management (WM) behaviors of collegiate wrestlers after the implementation of the NCAA’s new weight control rules. Methods: In the fall of 1999, a survey was distributed to 47 college wrestling teams stratified by collegiate division (i.e., I, II, III) and competitive quality. Forty-three teams returned surveys for a total of 741 responses. Comparisons were made using the collegiate division, weight class, and the wrestler’s competitive winning percentage. Results: The most weight lost during the season was 5.3 kg ± 2.8 kg (mean ± SD ) or 6.9% ± 4.7% of the wrestler’s weight; weekly weight lost averaged 2.9 kg ± 1.3 kg or 4.3% ± 2.3% of the wrestler’s weight; post-season, the average wrestler regained 5.5 kg ± 3.6 kg or 8.6% ± 5.4% of their weight. Coaches and fellow wrestlers were the primary influence on weight loss methods; however, 40.2% indicated that the new NCAA rules deterred extreme weight loss behaviors. The primary methods of weight loss reported were gradual dieting (79.4%) and increased exercise (75.2%). However, 54.8% fasted, 27.6% used saunas, and 26.7% used rubber/ plastic suits at least once a month. Cathartics and vomiting were seldom used to lose weight, and only 5 met three or more of the criteria for bulimia nervosa. WM behaviors were more extreme among freshmen, lighter weight classes, and Division II wrestlers. Compared to previous surveys of high school wrestlers, this cohort of wrestlers reported more extreme WM behaviors. However, compared to college wrestlers in the 1980s, weight loss behaviors were less extreme. Conclusions: The WM practices of college wrestlers appeared to have improved compared to wrestlers sampled previously. Forty percent of the wrestlers were influenced by the new NCAA rules and curbed their weight loss practices. Education is still needed, as some wrestlers are still engaging in dangerous WM methods.