Technical ReportPDF Available

BRI in Central Asia: Overview of Chinese Projects

Authors:
Roman Vakulchuk at Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
Roman Vakulchuk
Farkhod Aminjonov at National Defence College
Farkhod Aminjonov
  • National Defence College
Indra Overland at Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
Indra Overland
Bahtiyor Eshchanov at German Economic Team - Uzbekistan
Bahtiyor Eshchanov
  • German Economic Team - Uzbekistan
Show all 6 authorsHide
Download full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract and Figures

This data article summarises the analysis of 261 Chinese projects in Central Asia. The findings indicate that trade promotion and industrial development are the sectors where there is most BRI-related activity in Central Asia. The total number of projects in these areas approximates the number of projects in all other areas combined. These sectors also receive most investment. In terms of the number of implemented projects, roads is the second key sector, followed by energy. However, due to larger project sizes, energy receives more funds than roads. The majority of Chinese projects in Central Asia are bilateral.
Figures - uploaded by Roman Vakulchuk
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Roman Vakulchuk
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Roman Vakulchuk
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Roman Vakulchuk on Jun 18, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
!
!
Central!Asia!Regional!Data!Review!20!(2019)!1–5.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
BRI!in!Central!Asia:!Overview!of!Chinese!Projects!
!
Farkhod!Aminjonov,a,b,*!Alina!Abylkasymova,b!Anna!Aimée,b!Bahtiyor!Eshchanov,b,c!Daniyar!
Moldokanov,b!Indra!Overland,b,d!Roman!Vakulchuk!b,d!
!!
a!College!of!Humanities!and!Social!Sciences,!Zayed!University!
b!Central!Asia!Data-Gathering!and!Analysis!Team!(CADGAT)!
c!Westminster!International!University!in!Tashkent!
d!Norwegian!Institute!of!International!Affairs!(NUPI)!
*!Corresponding!author:!F.!Aminjonov;!Email!address: farkhod.aminjonov@zu.ac.ae;!a_farkhod@yahoo.com!
!
!
A!B!S!T!R!A!C!T!
!
This!data!article!summarises!the!analysis!of!261!Chinese!projects!in!Central!Asia.!The!findings!indicate!that!trade!
promotion!and!industrial!development!are!the!sectors!where!there!is!most!BRI-related!activity!in!Central!Asia.!The!
total!number!of!projects!in!these!areas!approximates!the! number! of! projects! in! all! other!areas!combined.!These!
sectors!also!receive! most! investment.!In! terms! of!the! number! of! implemented!projects,! roads! is! the! second! key!
sector,! followed! by! energy.! However,! due! to! larger! project! sizes,!energy! receives!more! funds! than! roads.! The!
majority!of!Chinese!projects!in!Central!Asia!are!bilateral.!
!
Keywords:!BRI,!China,!Central!Asia,!Kazakhstan,!Kyrgyzstan,!Tajikistan,!Turkmenistan,!Uzbekistan!
!
Background+
China’s!main!strategic!document!devoted!to!BRI!is!
“Vision! and! Actions! on! Jointly! Building! the! Silk!
Road! Economic! Belt! and! the! 21st-Century!
Maritime!Silk!Road,”!published! in! March!2015.!As!
highlighted! in! that! document,! BRI! “is! aimed! at!
promoting!the! orderly! and! free! flow! of! economic!
factors,!highly!efficient!allocation!of!resources!and!
deep! integration! of! markets;! encouraging! the!
countries! along! the! Belt! and! Road! to! achieve!
economic! policy! coordination! and! carry! out!
broader!and!more!in-depth!regional!cooperation!of!
higher! standards;! and! jointly! creating! an! open,!
inclusive! and! balanced! regional! economic!
cooperation! architecture! that! benefits! all.”
1
!The!
definition! of! BRI!outlined! in! the! document!is! all-
encompassing!in!nature!and!it!can!be!applied!with!
equal!success! to! different! contexts.! Therefore,! the!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
1
For!more!detail,!see:!
http://www.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2017/0410/c22-
45.html!!
2
!Vakulchuk,! Roman! and! Indra! Overland! (2019)! “China’s! Belt! and!
Road!Initiative!through!the!Lens!of!Central!Asia”,!in!Fanny!M.!Cheung!
term!BRI! itself!is! broad!and! general!and! it!opens!
the! room! for! a! diversify! of! meanings! and!
interpretations.!
!
What+is+a+BRI+project?!
China! has! actively! promoted! Belt! and! Road!
Initiative! (BRI)! projects! in! Central! Asia! since!
2013.
2
!However,!there! are!no!commonly!accepted!
definitions! or! key! determinants! of! what! makes!
project!part!of!BRI.!We!regard!Chinese!projects!in!
Central! Asia! as! part! of! BRI! if! they! satisfy! the!
following!criteria:!!
!
• publicly!reported!as!a!BRI!project;!
• fully!or!partially!financed! by! the! BRI!financial!
institutions:! Asian! Infrastructure! Investment!
Bank!(AIIB),!China!Development!Bank,!Export–
Import!Bank!of!China!or!New!Silk!Road!Fund;!!
and!Ying-yi! Hong!(eds)!Regional! Connection!under!the! Belt!and! Road!
Initiative.! The! Prospects! for! Economic! and! Financial! Cooperation.
London:!Routledge,!pp.!115–133.!Available!at:!!
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641!
Central!Asia!Data-Gathering!and!Analysis!Team!
CADGAT
Central!Asia!Regional!Data!Review!19!(2019)!1–5.!
!
2!
!
• launched!after!the!first!announcement!of!BRI!in!
2013;!!
• implemented!and!financed!in!either!a!bilateral!
format!(between!China!and!one!of!the!Central!
Asian!states)! or!a! multilateral! format! (among!
three!or!more!parties).!!
In!this!and!other!data!articles!on!BRI!(see!CADGAT!
data!articles!no.!21-27),!Chinese!projects!that!meet!
all!or!some!of!these!criteria!are!considered!part!of!
BRI.! Other!projects!are! simply! Chinese! bilateral!
projects! implemented! in! Central! Asian! countries;!
they!are!also! presented!in! this!article.!This!article!
provides! a! detailed! description! of! projects! that!
have! been!implemented,! have! been! cancelled,!or!
are!still!in!the!planning!stage.!
Data!on!the!261!projects!were!gathered!by!
one! researcher! from! each! Central! Asian! country!
and! were! drawn!from! official!statistics,! local! and!
international! media!news,! government!press!
releases,! interviews!and! reports.! Data! collection!
was!carried!out!between!August!2018!and!January!
2019.!
! We! divide! projects! into! four! major!
categories!that! correspond! to!the! four! BRI!
priorities:!(a)!rail!and!road!connectivity,!(b)!energy!
connectivity,! (c)! trade! promotion! and! industrial!
development!and!(d)!people-to-people!projects.!In!
addition,!we!have!divided!the!trade!promotion!and!
industrial! development! category! into! four! sub-
categories:!(a)!mineral!and!petroleum!exploration,!
development! and! processing! (b)! industry,! (c)!
finance! and! IT,! and! (d)! agriculture! and! food.!
Because! trade! promotion! and! industrial!
development!are!one!of!the!four!official!categories!
of!BRI! projects,! we!present! numbers!for! both! the!
main!category!!and!its!sub-categories.!
This!publication! is!part! of!a! series!of! data!
articles! on! Chinese! projects! in! Central! Asia!(see!
CADGAT! data! articles! no.! 21-27).! It!summarises!
some! key! numbers! across! sectors,! whereas! the!
other!articles! in! the! series!contain! more! detailed!
overviews!of!BRI!projects!in!specific!sectors.!All!the!
data! are! also! available! in! a! unified! database! in!
Excel!format!at:!!
http://osce-academy.net/en/research/cadgat/!
!
Definitions+
Financing+–!Sources!of!funding!for!each!project!are!
identified!and!presented.!
Commercial! interests! –! A! project! is! classified! as!
“commercial”,!if!the!parties!promoting!it!primarily!
pursue!commercial!goals.!
Strategic! interests!–!A! project! is! classified! as!
“strategic”,!if!it! fits! one!of!the! broader! categories,!
particularly!strengthening!connectivity.!
Connection! to! BRI! –! If! a! project! is! announced!
publicly!as!part!of!BRI,!then!it!is!classified!as!a!“BRI!
project”.!
Local! project!–!A! project! is! classified! as! “local”,! if!
the! infrastructure! or! facility! constructed! and!
services!provided,!are!limited!to!a!specific!country.!
Regional! project! –! A! project! is! classified! as!
“regional”,! if! it! is! part! of! the! bigger! regional!
initiative,!which!includes!more!than!one!country.!
Bilateral+–!A!project!is!classified!as!“bilateral”,!if!an!
agreement!for!project!implementation!is!signed!by!
the!Chinese!government!or!a!Chinese!company,!as!
one! party,!and! one! of! the! Central! Asian!
governments!or!companies!as!the!other.!
Multilateral+–! A! project! is! classified! as!
“multilateral”,! if! an! agreement! for! project!
implementation!is!signed!by!three!or!more!parties,!
including! the! Chinese! or! Central! Asian!
governments,! multilateral! financial! institutions!
(AIIB,! China! Development! Bank,! Export–Import!
Bank!of!China!or!New!Silk!Road!Fund)!and!private!
enterprises.!
!
!
Central!Asia!Regional!Data!Review!20!(2019)!1–5.!
! !
3!
!
Table!1.!Number!of!China’s!BRI!and!bilateral!projects!in!Central!Asia!
!
Sectors!
Total+
number++
by+sector+
Kazakhstan+
Tajikistan+
Uzbekistan+
Turkmenistan+
Total+by+country+
261+
102!
44!
43!
26!
Trade!and!industrial!
development!
131+
61!
17!
24!
12!
Rail!and!road!connectivity!
51+
14!
16!
5!
5!
Energy!connectivity!
48+
20!
7!
12!
4!
People-to-people!projects!
31+
7!
4!
2!
5!
!
+
+
+
+
+
!
!
!
!
Table!2.!Breakdown!of!China’s!BRI!and!bilateral!trade!and!industrial!development!projects!
!
Sectors!
Total+
number++
by+sector+
Kazakhstan+
Tajikistan+
Kyrgyzstan+
!
Trade!and!industrial!
development!
131+
61!
17!
17!
Mineral!and!petroleum!exploration,!
extraction!and!processing!projects!
47+
23!
3!
9!
Industry!
44+
17!
6!
3!
Agriculture!and!food!
26+
17!
6!
2!
Finance!and!IT!
14+
4!
2!
3!
!
!
!
!
!
Table!3.!Total!investment!of!Chinese!projects!in!Central!Asia!(USD!mln)!
+
!
!
!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
3
!Here!and!throughout:!“NA”!means!“no!information!has!been!found/is!available”.!
+
Total!
by!country+
Rail+and+
road+
connectivity+
Energy+
connecti
vity+
Industry++
Agricultu
re+and+
food+
Mineral+and+
petroleum+
exploration+
and+
processing+
Finance+
and+IT+
People-to-
people+
projects+
Total+by+sector+
136+251.06+
23+499.74!
35+693.8!
12+299.55!
1+451.88!
55+159.65!
8+100!
46.44!
Kazakhstan!
90!862.43!
14!539.3!
18!849.5!
10!545.5!
1!049.63!
37!778.5!
8!100!
NA!
Turkmenistan!
24!842.5!
1!402.5!
9!410!
NA!
NA!
14!03!
NA!
NA!
Tajikistan!
10!518.7!
4!515.9!
4!516!
679,8!
342!
465!
NA!
NA!
Kyrgyzstan!
5!391.68!
1!773.04!
2!713!
150.8!
31.55!
676.85!
NA!
46.44!
Uzbekistan!
4!635.75!
1!269!
205.3!
923.45!
28.7!
2!209.3!
NA!
NA!
!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Central!Asia!Regional!Data!Review!20!(2019)!1–5.!
! !
4!
!
!
Table!4.!Number!of!bilateral!vs.!multilateral!Chinese!projects!in!Central!Asia!
!
!
!
Table!5.!Number!of!commercial!vs.!strategic!Chinese!projects!in!Central!Asia!
!
+
Total!by!country!
Road+
infrastructure+
Energy+connectivity+
Trade+and+industrial+
development+
People-to-people+
projects+
!
Commerc.!
Strateg.!
Commerc.!
Strateg.!
Commerc.!
Strateg.!
Commerc.!
Strateg.!
Commerc.!
Strateg.!
Total+by+sector+
135+
126+
6+
45+
25+
23+
102+
28+
2+
29+
Kazakhstan!
70!
32!
3!
11!
10!
10!
57!
4!
0!
7!
Kyrgyzstan!
12!
34!
0!
11!
1!
4!
9!
8!
2!
11!
Tajikistan!
22!
22!
2!
14!
4!
3!
16!
1!
0!
4!
Uzbekistan!
28!
15!
0!
5!
10!
2!
18!
6!
0!
2!
Turkmenistan!
3!
23!
1!
4!
0!
4!
2!
10!
0!
5!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Table!6.!Number!of!local!vs.!regional!Chinese!projects!in!Central!Asia!
!
+
Total!by!country!
Road+infrastructure+
Energy+connectivity+
Trade+and+industrial+
development+
People-to-people+
projects+
!
Local!
Regional!
Local!
Regional!
Local!
Regional!
Local!
Regional!
Local!
Regional!
Total+by+sector+
209+
52+
27+
24+
37+
11+
123+
7+
21+
10+
Kazakhstan!
96!
6!
13!
1!
16!
4!
60!
1!
7!
0!
Kyrgyzstan!
29!
17!
5!
6!
4!
1!
13!
4!
7!
6!
Tajikistan!
28!
16!
4!
12!
6!
1!
16!
1!
2!
2!
Uzbekistan!
39!
4!
3!
2!
11!
1!
23!
1!
2!
0!
Turkmenistan!
17!
9!
2!
3!
0!
4!
12!
0!
3!
2!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
+
Total!by!country!
Road+
infrastructu
re+
Energy+
connectivity+
Trade+and+
industrial+
development+
People-to-people+
projects+
!
Bilateral!
Multil.!
Bilateral!
Multil.!
Bilateral!
Multil.!
Bilateral!!
Multil.!
Bilateral!
Multil.!
Total+by+sector+
237+
24+
33!
18!
46!
2!
127!
3!
30!
1!
Kazakhstan!
100!
2!
13!
1!
20!
0!
60!
1!
7!
0!
Kyrgyzstan!
41!
5!
8!
3!
5!
0!
16!
1!
12!
1!
Tajikistan!
35!
9!
8!
8!
6!
1!
17!
0!
4!
0!
Uzbekistan!
38!
5!
2!
3!
11!
1!
23!
1!
2!
0!
Turkmenistan!
23!
3!
2!
3!
4!
0!
12!
0!
5!
0!
!
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Central!Asia!Regional!Data!Review!20!(2019)!1–5.!
! !
5!
!
!
+
About+CADGAT+and+Central+Asia+Regional+Data+Review+
+
The!Norwegian!Institute!of!International!Affairs!(NUPI)!and!the!OSCE!Academy!established!the!Central!Asia!Data-
Gathering!and!Analysis!Team!(CADGAT)!in!2009.!The!purpose!of!CADGAT!is!to!produce!new!cross-regional!data!on!
Central!Asia!that!can!be!used!free!of!charge!by!researchers,!journalists,!NGOs,!government!employees,!and!students,!
both!inside!and!outside!the!region.!The!data!articles!can!be!found!at!http://osce-academy.net/en/research/cadgat/!
!
The!following!CADGAT!data!articles!have!been!published:!
!
1.!Hydroelectric!dams!and!conflict!in!Central!Asia!
2.!The!narcotics!trade!and!related!issues!in!Central!Asia!
3.!Language!use!and!language!policy!in!Central!Asia!
4.!The!transportation!sector!in!Central!Asia!
5.!Road!transportation!in!Central!Asia!
6.!Gender!and!politics!in!Central!Asia!
7.!Political!relations!in!Central!Asia!
8.!Trade!policies!and!major!export!items!in!Central!Asia!
9.!Intra-regional!trade!in!Central!Asia!
10.!Trade!barriers!and!tariffs!in!Central!Asia!
11.!Holidays!in!Central!Asia.!Part!I:!Laws!and!official!holidays!
12.!Holidays!in!Central!Asia.!Part!II:!Professional!and!working!holidays!
13.!Media!in!Central!Asia:!Print!Media!
14.!Media!in!Central!Asia:!TV!
15.!Media!in!Central!Asia:!Radio!
16.!Renewable!energy!policies!of!the!Central!Asian!countries!
17.!Wind!power!potential!of!the!Central!Asian!countries!
18.!Solar!power!potential!of!the!Central!Asian!countries!
19.!Hydropower!potential!of!the!Central!Asian!countries!
20.!BRI!in!Central!Asia:!Overview!of!Chinese!projects!
!
!
CADGAT! has! also! produced! a! database! on! Elites! in! Central! Asia,! which! can! be! found! at! http://osce-
academy.net/_dbelite/!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
©!2019!by!the!authors.!This!is!an!open!access!publication!under!the!terms!
and! conditions! of! the! Creative! Commons! Attribution! (CC! BY)! license!
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).!The!material!can!be! used!
freely,!as!long!as!a!reference!to!this!article!is!included.!

Supplementary resources (2)

2019 - Unified database - BRI in Central Asia
Data
January 2019
Farkhod Aminjonov · Alina Abylkasymova · Anne Aime · Bahtiyor Eshchanov · Roman Vakulchuk
BRI in Central Asia: Unified Database for CADGAT Data Articles No 20-27
Data
June 2019
Roman Vakulchuk · Farkhod Aminjonov · Indra Overland · Alina Abylkasymova · Bahtiyor Eshchanov
... It was joined by the representatives of more than 130 states and 70 international organizations. The forum revealed that the initiative will work on five regions of development i.e., policy, infrastructure, trade, financial and people-to-people connectivity (Vakulchuk et al., 2019). ...
LEASE AGREEMENT ISSUE OF THE HAMBANTOTA AND GWADAR PORT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: Hambantota and Gwadar Port
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
This paper broadly examines the lease issue of the Chinese sponsored ports in Sri-Lanka and Pakistan. The introduction part elaborates The Belt and Road Initiative of China which aims to promote regional connectivity and the South Asian developing countries are the main hub of these development projects. The ports of South Asian countries are acting as pearls in the maritime routes of Arabian Sea. The study briefly explains the Mahan’s theory of sea dominancy and how China took inspiration from that theory to develop the sea routes to expend the maritime trade. The strategic importance of the Hambantota and Gwadar port has been discussed in the perspective of lessening the traveling time and cost of Chinese trade and also how the development of these ports can benefit the struggling economy of Sri-Lanka and Pakistan. This paper also highlights the fact that how the political orientation and instability of a state can led to tough decision by the government in case of the Hambantota port. Comprehensive information about the lease of the ports and the myths and realities of debt trap is underlined in the study. The future prospect of the Gwadar port covers the concerns about political Think Tanks affiliating it to the Hambantota port issue. The path forward explores the ideas that what should be the precautionary measures during lease issues and the lesson for other partner countries who intend to avail the loan for the projects.
View
... Although the coronavirus may reduce BRI investment, the initiative has become a source for significant infrastructure funding for Central Asian countries (WB 2019). Currently, 261 different projects related to BRI, with total budget of $136 billion, are being implemented in Central Asia (Vakulchuk et al. 2019). ...
View
Participation of Central Asian countries in China's Belt and Road Initiative: the leading role of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2024
China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has changed the global economic and geopolitical landscape, drawing attention to the strategic importance of Central Asia and its resources. The authors of the article set out to comparatively analyse the participation of Central Asian countries in the BRI in order to identify Kazakhstan's leading position. By assessing geographical, economic, investment performance and transit potential, this study highlights the important role of Kazakhstan in the successful implementation of the BRI in the region. The theoretical framework of the study is a set of different Chinese approaches, including China's peripheral diplomacy, the theory of large and small states, the Community of Common Destiny, and the "March to the West". The article also draws on Western theories like realism, neoliberalism and interdependence. Methodologically, the authors use comparative analysis complemented by quantitative methods to assess the extent of each country's participation in the BRI. The authors use comparative analysis complemented by quantitative methods. Historical and logical methods are applied to create a comprehensive perspective of the issue.The article provides insight into the participation of Central Asian countries in the Belt and Road Initiative. It may be of interest to Kazakhstan's foreign policy structures, researchers, and the general public who are interested in the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia.
View
China's Belt and Road Initiative: An Analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2023
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a signature foreign policy initiative by China’s President Xi Jinping, is the largest global infrastructure undertaking, surpassing the Marshall Plan. Chinese banks and companies have invested billions in funding and building infrastructure in numerous countries. Two significant initiatives are related to and referred to the BRI. One is the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR). However, with the commencement, the initiative has attracted enormous global attention. Background information about SREB and the MSR and its implementation have been discussed in this article. This article highlights China’s strategic considerations for the BRI and its significance to the country. This article additionally concentrates on the progress of BRI and how the West and China’s neighbours view it and offers insight into the recently unfolding criticisms. Keywords Belt and Road Initiative, Silk Road Economic Belt, Maritime Silk Road, Xi Jinping
View
China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2023
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) mobilizes Chinese construction and investment in developing countries. Ethiopia is Africa's “model” BRI country, due to China's elaborate infrastructure financing and building and its many manufacturing enterprises. Based on field and documentary research, we examine the BRI's meaning, as understood from the perspective of Ethiopia, in comparison to many China-oriented studies. We find that it is an informal Chinese state promise that even when capital flows from China to non-BRI states are curbed, flows to BRI states will be encouraged, and that Ethiopia exercises agency in leveraging the BRI for its development agenda. Using a comprehensive data set, we show that Chinese investment has become even more important in Ethiopia with the BRI and that neither COVID-19 nor Ethiopia's civil war has reversed that trend. We also discuss local criticisms of Chinese activities, which challenge the wholly positive view of the BRI, but do not affirm the US-generated negative narrative.
View
Cybersecurity as the Invisible Sovereign Space: An Analysis of the Cybersecurity Challenges Taiwan Faces and Taiwan’s Policy Responses
Research
Full-text available
  • Aug 2022
This paper explores the research questions “What types of cyber-attacks do Taiwan face the most?” and “What reforms did Taiwan take to counter these cyber-security attacks?” This paper argues that the top three attacks are denial-of-service attacks (DDoS), SQL injections, and phishing. The scope of these three attacks exceeds beyond attacking governments, as these attacks happened across political parties, telecommunication firms, television broadcasts, postal offices, small and medium enterprises, e-commerce, and plain website surfing. In terms of policy responses, this paper introduces two main reforms Taiwan made to counter the aforementioned cyber-security attacks. The first reform is the integration of the Republic of China (ROC) Ministry of Defense (MND) Army, Navy, and Air Force’s three Information and Electronic Force Commands (IEFCOMs) into one Information, Communications, and Electronic Force Command (ICEFCOM). This integration is important because Taiwan’s command, control, communication, computer, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) capacity was scattered across the three military services, including having independent headquarters, different telecommunications, and strategy development rooms, and distinct military culture. The second reform is the Taiwan Computer Emergency Response Team / Coordination Center (TWCERT/CC). The TWCERT/CC is important for two reasons. First, it offers a phishing reporting website for Taiwanese enterprises and the public to report. Second, the TWCERT/CC establishes channels among Taiwanese civilians, the Taiwanese private sector, the Taiwanese government, foreign cyber-security organizations, and foreign countries’ Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) for real-time emergency response purposes.
View
View
Opportunities and co-benefits of transitioning to a net-zero economy in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
Technical Report
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
This report explores the opportunities and co-benefits of transitioning to a net-zero economy in the three countries, with a specific focus on the energy sector and non-conventional renewable energy sources, particularly solar, small hydropower and wind power. The report builds on available studies, evidence and secondary data on the energy sector, including renewables. The study has benefited from several rounds of consultations with international and national experts and government officials in the respective countries.
View
Belt and Road Initiative’s Economic Impact on Central Asia. The Cases of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Chapter
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
This chapter analyzes the cooperation of China with two Central Asian countries—Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan—within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), its positive and negative impacts on the economies of the two countries. The chapter discusses the projects implemented within the economic spheres of the BRI including FDI and infrastructure projects. The chapter questions what role the BRI plays for the countries of Central Asia in the globalization process. Specifically, it questions what infrastructure projects have been implemented between the two countries and their economic impacts on the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan.KeywordsBRIChinaCentral AsiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstaneconomics
View
Trade policies in Сentral Asia after EAEU enlargement and after Russian WTO accession: regionalism and integration into the world economy revisited
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
This paper revisits the question of choice between regionalism and multilateralism in trade relations of Central Asia introduced by Pomfret (2005). Our study is motivated by a significant restoration of economic links between the former Soviet republics following Russian accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and the formation of new trade ties with Vietnam, Iran, and Serbia. Above all, there have been substantial commitments made by the three Central Asian republics of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan toward a multilateral system under the WTO rules. To this end, we apply a multi-region gravity model with interdependent trade flows using bilateral trade data of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to study the ex-ante effects of economic integration with various bilateral, plurilateral, and multilateral partners. Our findings indicate the existence of considerable gains if the aforementioned economies would ascend to the EAEU in comparison to integration with China or Iran. We also document the presence of shared economic links between Tajikistan, Central Asia, and Turkey.
View
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.