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Statistical analysis of foliicolous fungal biodiversity of Konkan region, Maharashtra, India: A novel approach
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Foliicolous micro-fungi are the microscopic fungi inhabiting leaf surface as asymptomatic mutualists, benign commensals or latent pathogens. Maharashtra being the largest state in terms of area in peninsular India shows wide variety of ecosystems. With a view of studying the foliicolous fungi in such a diverse array of habitats, a project entitled “Foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra” was undertaken and various areas were visited in different forest ecosystems of Maharashtra. The present paper deals with the analysis of foliicolous micro-fungal diversity of Konkan region of Maharashtra. A total 191 foliicolous micro-fungi were found. In order to analyse difference in biodiversity across the districts ordinary least squares (OLS) and count data regression models were developed with Species Count as a dependent variable. Both approaches yielded identical results in terms of overall significance of regression and statistical significance of estimated coefficients: there was highly statistically significant (p < 0.01) difference in mean Species Count across the districts. To analyse the similarity in species composition Jaccard similarity Index (JSI) was calculated. Maximum JSI was 7.927%, for Greater Thane and Sindhudurg districts. No species was common in all districts; only 4.396% species were common in maximum three districts (i.e. Greater Thane, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg).
http://www.plantpathologyquarantine.org/pdf/PPQ_9_1_9.pdf
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... Substratum: On decaying wood with corticeaceous fungus [39,40]; Cocos nucifera [41], the bark of Mangifera indica (this study). ...
... Distribution: Hawaii, USA [39,40]; Dapoli, India [41]; Yunnan Province, China (this study). ...
Fungi are a large and diverse group of microorganisms, and although the estimated number of species ranges between 2 and 11 million, only around 150,000 species have been described thus far. The investigation of plant-associated fungi is beneficial for estimating global fungal diversity, for ecosystem conservation, and for the continued development of industry and agriculture. Mango, one of the world’s five most economically important fruit crops, is grown in over 100 countries and has been demonstrated to have a great economical value. During surveys of mango-associated saprobic fungi in Yunnan (China), we discovered three new species (Acremoniisimulans hongheensis, Chaenothecopsis hongheensis and Hilberina hongheensis) and five new records. The phylogenetic analyses of multi-gene sequences (LSU, SSU, ITS, rpb2, tef1-α and tub2) coupled with morphological examinations were used to identify all the taxa.
Foliicolous fungal diversity studies were conducted to document the distribution of various foliicolous fungi in different forest types of Maharashtra and the garden areas of Pune city. A total of 1801 foliicolous samples were collected, from which a total of 589 fungal isolates belonging 360 fungal species under 197 genera were recorded. Various measures of diversity, such as species richness, indices of diversity and evenness and true diversity were calculated. Maximum and minimum fungal diversity was observed for Southern Indian Moist Deciduous Forests (3B) and West Coast Tropical Evergreen Forests (1A/C4), respectively, in terms of the number of isolates (294 vs 31), observed species richness (194 vs 26), diversity indices (Shannon’s = 5.0421 vs 3.2104; Gini-Simpson’s = 0.9911 vs 0.9573) and true diversity (Shannon’s effective number of species = 154 vs 24). Different forest types greatly differed in terms of species composition as well, as maximum similarity (Jaccard Similarity Index = 10.66%) was observed between Western Subtropical Hill (8A/C2) Forests and West Coast Semi-Evergreen (2A/C2) Forests, with only one species (<1% of total) viz., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides common in all forests.
Dubey R, Pandey AD 2023 – Distribution of foliicolous fungi in diverse forest types of Maharashtra State of India. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 13(1), 11–30, Doi 10.5943/ppq/13/1/2
https://plantpathologyquarantine.org/pdf/PPQ_13_1_2.pdf
The Maharashtra state of India represents some of the best non-equatorial, tropical forests in the world and supports many endemic species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, especially in the Western Ghats, India. Consequently, a research project entitled "Foliicolous fungi of Maharashtra" was allotted by the Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate change, India, to carry out the mycological studies. As part of this project, constant studies were carried out on black mildew fungi of the state. The present studies offer a taxonomic account, distribution, and ecological parameters of 72 black mildews taxa collected from different areas of Maharashtra state of India. The present study provides 03 new records of fungi to India, 31 new host records to India, 40 new records of fungi to the Maharashtra state of India, and one new variety viz., Asterina jasmini Hansf. var. koyani var.nov., depicted by checklist and Figures. In addition, a comprehensive table containing information on location, date of collection, name of the collector, and new records are given for ready reference. During this study, Meliola was the dominant genus with 35 species, whereas Meliolina mollis was the dominant taxon obtained from a maximum of 5 collections. More than 90% of black mildew species are collected from the Western Ghats Districts. In diversity indices, Gini- Simpson's was 0.9818, and Shannon's was 4.1668. Pielou's evenness index was 0.9743, causing true diversity, calculated as an effective number of species (64), to be less than observed species richness (72).
Land degradation neutrality (LDN) seems to be scale-sensitive depending on various requirements. Although pedodiversity and biodiversity appear to be non-converging, however, appropriate scale used to collect both soil and biodiversity data may help to comment better on this mobius relation. Pedodiversity and biodiversity are both important while adopting LDN methodology. Since land use is dynamic therefore LDN, pedodiversity and biodiversity should be considered holistically to suggest sustainable land use planning for addressing various developmental goals. Present attempt addresses a few such issues with Konkan, Maharashtra, India, as mode.
The present paper aims at studying the diversity of phyllospheric, rhizospheric soil and aquatic microfungal flora of Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) and its 10% peripheral area with statistical analysis of the diversity data to draw inferences about microfungal diversity. For analysis, the study area was divided into five zones, defined over a span of three ranges and a 10% peripheral area. Standard methods and keys were followed for the isolation and identification of fungi from different substrates, with routine microscopic work supplemented by scanning electron microscopy and molecular methods for some novel fungi. A total of 334 isolates obtained included 186 litter fungi (55.69%), 77 soil fungi (23.05%), 43 foliicolous fungi (12.87%), and 28 water fungi (8.38%). A total of 231 species in 121 genera were documented, of which 120 genera belong to Ascomycota and one to Basidiomycota. The study resulted in the publication of three new species, 13 new records for India, and two new records for Maharashtra. Aspergillus was dominant with 23 species, followed by Diatrype and Meliola (eight species each). In statistical analysis, we first examine differences in observed species richness across the zones using dummy variable regression and Kruskal-Wallis Test, with species count as the dependent variable. Both yielded similar statistically significant (p-value<0.01) differences in mean and median species counts, respectively. Dissimilarity in species composition, analysed by pairwise Jaccard Dissimilarity Index, was above 82% in all cases, with only one species common in all the zones. In diversity indices, Gini Simpson’s was above 0.9 for all the zones, and Shannon’s was maximum (=4.4118) for Yeoor [South] and minimum (=2.7185) for Peripheral areas. Pielou’s evenness index was maximum (=0.9954) for Krishnagiri range and minimum (=0.9539) for Yeoor [South]. True diversity (based on Shannon’s Index) was highest (=82) for Yeoor [South] and lowest (=15) for Peripheral. Thus, based on systematics and statistical analysis, it can be concluded that SGNP exhibits a very rich diversity of microfungi.
https://asianjournalofmycology.org/pdf/AJOM_5_1_10.pdf
This paper focuses on the systematics and statistical analyses of foliar fungi found in the protected forest areas of Western Ghats mounting in Desh region of Maharashtra, consisting of five districts viz., Ahmednagar, Pune, Satara, Sangli, and Kolhapur. During this study, 144 taxa of foliar fungi were taxonomically characterised from 192 fungal isolates obtained from 170 collections. With 12 species, Meliola was the dominant genus in terms of having the highest number of species. Among species, Corynespora cassicola was the dominant species in terms of having been isolated from the maximum number of collections (11). Besides taxonomic studies, the diversity of foliar fungi was also analyzed using statistical approaches aiming to analyze the difference in biodiversity across the districts, for which parametric and non-parametric approaches were adopted. Parametric ordinary least squares models were developed with species count as the regressand. There was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05 for F-test) difference in mean species count across the districts. Non-parametric Kruskal Wallis Test yielded similar results (p-value < 0.05) for the median species count. Jaccard Similarity Index was computed to analyze the similarity in species composition between any two districts, which was maximum (3.39%) between Satara and Kolhapur districts. No species was common in all districts; only one species (0.69% of total) was common in the maximum three districts, viz., Pune, Satara and Kolhapur. Desh region also showed high values of diversity indices viz., Gini-Simpson's (0.9918), Shannon's (4.7425), and normalized Shannon's (0.9543). The study thus provides the latest information on the foliar fungi occurring in the Desh region. Further, based on the statistical analyses, it can be concluded that Desh region exhibits rich diversity of foliar fungi.
The present paper deals with the systematics and analysis of data of the diversity of leaf inhabiting fungi of protected areas of Northern Maharashtra consisting of Khandesh region [Aner Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), Toranmal WLS and Yaval WLS] and Vidarbha region (Lonar WLS, Dnyanganga WLS, Narnala WLS, Bor WLS, Pench Tiger Reserve, Melghat Tiger Reserve). During studies, a total of 40 fungal taxa were obtained. Phyllactinia was top genus with three species. Survey also resulted in publication of one new species viz., Tripospermum melghatense. Besides taxonomic studies, the diversity of leaf inhabiting fungi was also analyzed by using the statistical approaches and therefore, to analyze the difference in diversity of foliicolous fungi between the two regions, an ordinary least square (OLS) regression model was developed having species count as a regressand. To analyze similarity in the species composition, Jaccard similarity Index (JSI) was computed. There was no statistically significant (p-value > 0.10 for F-test) difference in the mean Species Count between the regions. However, low value of JSI (2.50%) shows highly dissimilar species composition, which indicates, rich diversity of foliicolous fungi.
Mycological developments in India, like other colonial states, had great influence from British mycologists. A great deal of contribution has come from Edwin J. Butler before independence. In fact, it has been conveniently segregated as pre-Butler and post-Butler period to trace the development of mycology in India. Several active centres of mycology were then established. Early part of the nineteenth century was dominated by descriptive taxonomic research followed by fungal plant pathology. This was followed by physiological aspects and recently the biotechnological applications. Recent advances in molecular biology have complemented the biodiversity studies in addition to various other branches of mycology. These aspects are discussed in this chapter.
The systematic survey of the foliicolous fungi of Kodagu was initiated by one of the authors (VBH) in the year 2002, conducted four field tours to the area and subsequently taken over by the other authors (CJT & MCJ). Of these, only black mildews are presented here. More than 400 collections of black mildews are collected from Kodagu recorded on 265 host plants belonging to 65 families of flowering plants represented three fungal groups: Meliolales, Asterinales and Schiffnerulaceae belonging to 20 fungal genera: Amazonia - 4, Appendiculella - 1, Armatella - 4, Asterdiella - 21, Asterina - 61, Asterolibertia - 2, Asterostomella - 5, Cirsosia - 2, Echidnodella - 2, Eupelte - 1, Irenopsis - 11, Ishwaramyces - 1, Lembosia - 4, Mahanteshamyces - 1, Meliola - 82, Meliolaster - 1, Prillieuxina - 2, Questieriella - 3, Sarcinella - 6, Schiffnerula - 9. Of these, Asteridiella kodavae, Meliola coorgiana, Meliola kodaguensis, Meliola madhucae, Meliola cauveriana and Meliola goniothalami are new species. The area forms type locality for several taxa. This is the first of its kind for the area and forms a base for the subsequent work.
This work, is the continuation of my preceding two works on Meliolales of India, gives an account of 123 fungal species belonging to five genera, Amazonia (3), Appendiculella (1), Asteridiella (22), Ectendomeliola (1), Irenopsis (8) and Meliola (88), infecting 120 host plants belonging to 49 families. Generic key, digital formula, synoptic key to the species is provided. In the key, all the species are arranged under their alphabetically arranged host families. Description of the individual species is provided with the citation, detailed description, materials examined and their details including their herbarium details. Each species is supplemented with line drawings. Host and the species index is provided at the end. This work includes five new species: Meliola arippaensis, M. calycopteridis, M. cariappae, M. harpullicola and M. mutabilidis; a new variety: Irenopsis hiptages Yamam. Var. indica and two new names: Asteridiella micheliifolia (based on A. micheliae) and Meliola strombosiicola (based on Meliola strombosiae)
Agarwalomyces indicus gen. et sp.nov., collected on living fruits of an unidentified member of the Lythraceae from U.P., India is described, illustrated and compared with allied genera.
Pseudocercospora combretacearum sp.nov., Phaeoisariopsis clematidis sp.nov., Sarcinella quercina sp.nov. and Stenella rhododendri sp.nov., collected on living leaves of Terminalia chebula, Clematis gauriana, Quercus dilatata and Rhododendron campanulatum respectively from the Himalayan foothills of Northern Uttar Pradesh are described, illustrated and compared with allied species.
Two new species of hyphomycetes isolated from decaying plant litter collected from Goa, India, are described and illustrated. Dendryphiopsis goanensis, found on decaying bark of an unidentified tree, is characterized by mostly polytretic, integrated, discrete, terminal, and intercalary
conidiogenous cells. Stauriella indica, collected from decaying spathe of coconut tree, is characterized by sub-hyaline, spinulate, staurosporous conidia with 15–20 cells.