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History, Taxonomy and Propagation of Moringa oleifera-A Review

May 2019

May 2019
5(3):2322-2327

DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.3.7

Authors:

Mahadevappa Gouri

Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University

Prasanna Somerahally Basavaraju

Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University

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SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci. ISSN (O): 2581-8740 | ISSN (P): 2581-8732Mallenakuppe et al., 2019DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.3.7Copyright © 2015 - 2019| SSR-IIJLS by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Volume 05 | Issue 03 | Page 2322History, Taxonomy and Propagation of Moringa oleifera-A ReviewRamachandraiah Mallenakuppe1*, Harini Homabalegowda2, Mahadevappa Demappa Gouri3, Prasanna S.Basavaraju4, Umashankar B. Chandrashekharaiah51Veterinary Officer, Department of AH & VS, Govt. of Karnataka, Ramanagar, Karnataka, India2PhD Scholar, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India3Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru,Karnataka, India4Assoicate Professor (I/C), Department of LFC, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India5Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India*Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ramachandraiah Mallenakuppe, Veterinary Officer, Department of AH & VS, Govt.Of Karnataka, Ramanagar, Karnataka, IndiaE-mail: drramachandragowda@gmail.comReceived: 15 Oct 2018/ Revised: 22 Feb 2019/ Accepted: 25 Apr 2019ABSTRACTIndia is one of the fastest developing countries in the world. Presently India has the largest livestock population in the world. Withthe increase in the human population, to meet the present and future demands of this population, certain new strategies are tobe adapted to meet the input requirements and also to enhance the production potential of Indigenous as well as crossbred cattleand other class of livestock for production, reproduction and they are by-products. Current work about the compilation of reviewworks presented by various research works depicts the status and factors responsible for under utilization of Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera). Especially with respect to the knowledge on taxonomy, distribution, diverse utilizations, nutritional value, socioeconomicimportance, morphological and genetic diversity, domestication, propagation and management of M. oleifera is concerned. Forfulfilling the Knowledge gaps, research and development avenues, we were suggested and discussed for improved valorisation.Since M. oleifera contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of livestock including poultry and fish, and evenin human moringa leaves are used as tea powder, as a leafy vegetable etc. M. oleifera is also a good source of minerals andessential amino acids. The use of moringa can be extended in the pig as well as rabbit reproduction also. Therefore, thecharacteristics of Moringa make it be considered as one of the world’s most useful trees. Better nutritional quality and highbiomass production, especially in dry period support its significance as livestock fodder.Key-words: Livestock fodder, Moringa oleifera, Nutritional value, Propagation, TaxonomyINTRODUCTIONEach part of the Moringa tree (fruits, seeds, leaves,flowers, bark and roots) is associated with the presenceof at least one, or in most number of benefits. M.oleifera is one of the world’s mostly used plants. All partsof the species are traditionally used for differentpurposes, but leaves are generally the most used all overHow to cite this articleMallenakuppe R, Homabalegowda H, Gouri MD, Basavaraju PS,Chandrashekharaiah UB. History, Taxonomy and Propagation ofMoringa oleifera-A Review. SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci., 2019; 5(3):2322-2327.Access this article onlinehttps://iijls.com/the world. Fodder scarcity and Low quality of availablefodder are considered to be the major constraintshampering the productivity of farm animals. Theavailable feed particularly in a dry season when naturalpastures are mature is highly fibrous and inadequatewith low nutritive value due to low crude proteincontent [1].Moringa species are all native to Asia, from where theyhave been propagated across many parts of the worldespecially more seen in warm countries, such asMalaysia and other tropical countries. This tree cantolerate temperatures from 19oC to 28oC, and has heightfrom 5 to 10 m and can be cultured throughout theplains. Moringa leaves are being used as a medicinebecause it is said to contain many phyto-chemicals,hence it is used as preventive and curative purposes [ (3) (PDF) History, Taxonomy and Propagation of Moringa oleifera-A Review. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333020506_History_Taxonomy_and_Propagation_of_Moringa_oleifera-A_Review#fullTextFileContent [accessed Jun 27 2022]. ACTIndia is one of the fastest developing countries in the world. Presently India has the largest livestock population in the world. Withthe increase in the human population, to meet the present and future demands of this population, certain new strategies are tobe adapted to meet the input requirements and also to enhance the production potential of Indigenous as well as crossbred cattleand other class of livestock for production, reproduction and they are by-products. Current work about the compilation of reviewworks presented by various research works depicts the status and factors responsible for under utilization of Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera). Especially with respect to the knowledge on taxonomy, distribution, diverse utilizations, nutritional value, socioeconomicimportance, morphological and genetic diversity, domestication, propagation and management of M. oleifera is concerned. Forfulfilling the Knowledge gaps, research and development avenues, we were suggested and discussed for improved valorisation.Since M. oleifera contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of livestock including poultry and fish, and evenin human moringa leaves are used as tea powder, as a leafy vegetable etc. M. oleifera is also a good source of minerals andessential amino acids. The use of moringa can be extended in the pig as well as rabbit reproduction also. Therefore, thecharacteristics of Moringa make it be considered as one of the world’s most useful trees. Better nutritional quality and highbiomass production, especially in dry period support its significance as livestock fodder.Key-words: Livestock fodder, Moringa oleifera, Nutritional value, Propagation, Taxonomy (3) (PDF) History, Taxonomy and Propagation of Moringa oleifera-A Review. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333020506_History_Taxonomy_and_Propagation_of_Moringa_oleifera-A_Review#fullTextFileContent [accessed Jun 27 2022].

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SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci. ISSN (O): 2581-8740 | ISSN (P): 2581-8732

Mallenakuppe et al., 2019

DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.3.7

History, Taxonomy and Propagation of Moringa oleifera-A Review

Ramachandraiah Mallenakuppe1*, Harini Homabalegowda2, Mahadevappa Demappa Gouri3, Prasanna S.

Basavaraju4, Umashankar B. Chandrashekharaiah5

1Veterinary Officer, Department of AH & VS, Govt. of Karnataka, Ramanagar, Karnataka, India

2PhD Scholar, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

3Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru,

Karnataka, India

4Assoicate Professor (I/C), Department of LFC, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

5Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

*Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ramachandraiah Mallenakuppe, Veterinary Officer, Department of AH & VS, Govt.

Of Karnataka, Ramanagar, Karnataka, India

E-mail: drramachandragowda@gmail.com

Received: 15 Oct 2018/ Revised: 22 Feb 2019/ Accepted: 25 Apr 2019

ABSTRACT

India is one of the fastest developing countries in the world. Presently India has the largest livestock population in the world. With

the increase in the human population, to meet the present and future demands of this population, certain new strategies are to

be adapted to meet the input requirements and also to enhance the production potential of Indigenous as well as crossbred cattle

and other class of livestock for production, reproduction and they are by-products. Current work about the compilation of review

works presented by various research works depicts the status and factors responsible for under utilization of Moringa oleifera (M.

oleifera). Especially with respect to the knowledge on taxonomy, distribution, diverse utilizations, nutritional value, socioeconomic

importance, morphological and genetic diversity, domestication, propagation and management of M. oleifera is concerned. For

fulfilling the Knowledge gaps, research and development avenues, we were suggested and discussed for improved valorisation.

Since M. oleifera contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of livestock including poultry and fish, and even

in human moringa leaves are used as tea powder, as a leafy vegetable etc. M. oleifera is also a good source of minerals and

essential amino acids. The use of moringa can be extended in the pig as well as rabbit reproduction also. Therefore, the

characteristics of Moringa make it be considered as one of the world’s most useful trees. Better nutritional quality and high

biomass production, especially in dry period support its significance as livestock fodder.

Key-words: Livestock fodder, Moringa oleifera, Nutritional value, Propagation, Taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

Each part of the Moringa tree (fruits, seeds, leaves,

flowers, bark and roots) is associated with the presence

of at least one, or in most number of benefits. M.

oleifera is one of the world’s mostly used plants. All parts

of the species are traditionally used for different

purposes, but leaves are generally the most used all over

How to cite this article

Mallenakuppe R, Homabalegowda H, Gouri MD, Basavaraju PS,

Chandrashekharaiah UB. History, Taxonomy and Propagation of

Moringa oleifera-A Review. SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci., 2019; 5(3):

2322-2327.

Access this article online

https://iijls.com/

the world. Fodder scarcity and Low quality of available

fodder are considered to be the major constraints

hampering the productivity of farm animals. The

available feed particularly in a dry season when natural

pastures are mature is highly fibrous and inadequate

with low nutritive value due to low crude protein

content [1].

Moringa species are all native to Asia, from where they

have been propagated across many parts of the world

especially more seen in warm countries, such as

Malaysia and other tropical countries. This tree can

tolerate temperatures from 19oC to 28oC, and has height

from 5 to 10 m and can be cultured throughout the

plains. Moringa leaves are being used as a medicine

because it is said to contain many phyto-chemicals,

hence it is used as preventive and curative purposes [2].

Review Article

SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci. ISSN (O): 2581-8740 | ISSN (P): 2581-8732

Mallenakuppe et al., 2019

DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.3.7

Many underutilized crops and trees are the main target

for the studies by plant scientists, nutritionists, and

growers. Of the many plant and tree verities, Moringa

oleifera is one of these, which has been neglected since

several years, but of late the moringa is being

investigated for its fast growth, higher nutritional

attributes, and utilization as a livestock fodder crop.

Moringa can be grown in areas where growing of other

crops is difficult. It can also be grown as a crop on

marginal lands with high temperatures and low water

availability [3-6].

M. oleifera are originated in sub-Himalayan tracts of the

Indian sub-continent. This is one of the fast growing,

evergreen, deciduous medium sized perennial tree of

about 10 m to 12 m height. The bark has whitish-grey

colour and is surrounded by thick cork. Young shoots

have purplish or greenish-white bark. Flowers are

yellowish creamy white and sweet smelling. The matured

fruit is a hanging capsule of 20-45 cm size having 15 to

20 dark brown globular seeds of 1 to 1.2 cm diameter [7].

At present country facing the deficit of green, dry and

concentrate at the level of 63.5%, 23.5%, and 64%

respectively as a result the CP and TDN availability are

not meeting the requirement causing deficit of about

26.5% and 23.70% respectively [8]. Further due to ever-

increasing population pressure of human beings, arable

land is mainly used for food and cash crops, thus there is

little chance of having good quality arable land available

for fodder production unless milk production becomes

remunerative to the farmer as compared to other crops.

The unconventional fodder resources such as Azola,

moringa, sesbania, cactuses, etc are emergency fodders

with high nutritive values [9].

Table 1: Area under fodder crop [8]

Area (mh) 1990 2010 2020

Gross cropped

area (excluding

fodder crop)

174.1 188.1 196.8

Area under fodder

crop 8.26 7.88 7.09

Permanent

pastures and

grazing land

11.3 10.2 9.49

Land under

miscellaneous tree

crops

3.8 3.28 3.15

To meet the current level of livestock production and

its annual growth in population, the deficit in all

components of fodder, dry crop residues, and feed has

to be met through increasing productivity, utilizing

untapped feed resources, increasing cultivable land

area or through imports.

Trees and browse species like Subabul, Morus,

Glyricidia and Sesbania have been used as livestock

fodder for centuries in India and many other countries.

Most trees and shrubs are easily propagated and not

require high management inputs (fertilizers and

pesticides) or advanced technology.

Mendieta-Araica et al. [10]; Richter et al. [11]; and

Sanchez et al. [12] have explored M. oleifera cultivation

and propagation practices and its utilization as

livestock fodder and also in fish diet. The results of

their studies showed that moringa species has great

potential as livestock fodder.

Natural history, range and growing condition of M.

oleifera- M. oleifera is a widespread multipurpose tree

reported to have nutritional, therapeutic and

prophylactic properties with several industrial

applications. It is well known to the ancient world, but

only recently it has been rediscovered due to the

tremendous variety of its potential uses. It is a fast

growing, a perennial tree which can reach a maximum

height of 7 to 12 m up to the crown [13] and found

growing naturally at elevations of up to 1000 m above

sea level. It can grow well on hillsides, but is more

frequently found growing on pasture land or in river

basins as a non-cultivated plant.

M. oleifera belongs to the monogeneric family of

shrubs and tree Moringaceae, considered to have its

origin in Agra and Oudh, in the northwest region of

India and south of the Himalayan Mountains. It is now

cultivated throughout the Middle East, almost the whole

tropical belt and it was introduced in Eastern Africa

from India at the beginning of 20th century.

About 33 species have been reported in the family

Moringaceae [14]. Among those, thirteen species namely,

M. arborea, M. borziana, M. concanensis, M. drouhardi,

M. hildebrandtii, M. longituba, M. oleifera, M. ovalifolia,

M. peregrina, M. pygmaea, M. rivae, M. ruspoliana, M.

stenopetala are well known and found worldwide.

SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci. ISSN (O): 2581-8740 | ISSN (P): 2581-8732

Mallenakuppe et al., 2019

DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.3.7

Table 2: Taxonomic position of M. oleifera

Kingdom Plantae

Superkingdom Tracheobionta

Superdivision Spermatophyta

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Subclass Dilleniidae

Order Capparales

Family Moringaceae

Table 3: Geographic distribution of documented thirteen

Moringa species

Species Geographical location

Slender trees

M. concanensis India

M. oleifera India

M. peregrine Fiori Red Sea, Arabia, Horn

of Africa

Bottle trees

M. drouhardii Madagascar

M. hildebrandtii Madagascar

M. ovalifolia Namibia and S.W. Angola

M. stenopetala Kenya and Ethiopia

Tuberous shrubs and herbs of North Eastern Africa

M. arborea North Eastern Kenya

M. borziana Kenya and Somalia

M. longituba Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia

M. pygmaea North Somalia

M. rivae Kenya and Ethiopia

M. ruspoliana Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia

Table 4: Some common names of M. oleifera [15]

Language Common

Name Language Common

Name

Kannada

Nugge Sanskrit Shobhanjana

Tamil Murungai Telegu Munaga,

Tellamunaga

Urdu Sahajna Konkani Maissang,

Moxing

Punjabi Sainjna Marathi Achajhada,

Shevgi

Hindi saijna, shajna English Drumstick

tree

Malayalam murinna, sigru Assamese Saijna,

Sohjna

Gujarati Midhosaragavo

Chinese La ken

Production and management of M. oleifera is easy due to

its fast growth, low demand for soil nutrients and water

after being planted especially in later stages, high capacity

to resprout after harvesting make it to perform better

under marginal conditions with ample nutritional quality [16].

Table 5: Ecological Requirements of M. oleifera [3]

Parameter Requirement/range

Climate

Tropical or sub

tropical

Altitude/Height

2000 meters

Temperature

18.7

28.5°C

Rainfall

250 mm

2000 mm.

Irrigation needed for leaf

production if rainfall <800 mm

Soil t

ype

Loamy, sandy or sandy

loam

Soil pH

Slightly acidic to slightly alkaline

(pH 5 - 9)

Its roots penetrate deep into the soil to search for water and

nutrients, which enables Moringa trees to tolerate severe

conditions. Relatively low requirements of irrigation make

Moringa superior to some other livestock meals like

soybean, cotton seed cake, and range grasses which require

intensive irrigation makes it too difficult to cultivate for small

livestock farmers [17]. M. oleifera can be grown in diverse

soils, including hot, humid, dry tropical and subtropical

regions except for waterlogged conditions. Slightly

SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci. ISSN (O): 2581-8740 | ISSN (P): 2581-8732

Mallenakuppe et al., 2019

DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.3.7

alkaline clay and sandy loam soils are considered the

best media for this species due to their good drainage

[18].

Table 6: Undesirable sites for Moringa cultivation [19]

Site

Reason(s)

Industrial waste

dumps

Absorption of undesirable or

toxic heavy metals e.g.

mercury, arsenic, lead, etc.

Refuse dumps

Absorption of undesirable or

toxic heavy metals e.g.

mercury, arsenic, lead, etc.

Waterlogged sites

Poor drainage causes roots to

rot. e.g. rice fields, clay, river

beds, etc.

Termite infested

soils

Destruction of young and

mature trees

Animal grazing

fields

Destruction of young and

mature trees

Daba’s research reported by Japanese has displayed

that the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by the

Moringa tree is twenty times higher than that of

general vegetation. The capacity of the Moringa tree is

inspiring in mitigating the adverse effects of climate

change [20].

The morphological parts of M. oleifera include stem,

branch, leaves, flowers, fruits with the seeds. Fruits

are tri-lobed pods contain 12-35 seeds, each tree can

produce 15000-25000 seeds/year, the average weight

per seed is 0.3g and the kernel to hull ratio is 75:25 [21].

Propagation of Moringa- Moringa can be propagated

by direct seed planting, seedling transplanting and

mature stem cuttings. Direct seeding is preferable

when the germination rate is high. Seeds must be

sown at a maximum depth of 2 cm as deeper seeding

might reduce the germination rate. There are around

4000 Moringa seeds (with their shell) in a kilo with the

germination percentage of 78-94%. Moringa seeds

germinate 5 to 12 days after seeding [22].

Seedlings are grown in polythene bags or sacks prefilled

with topsoil by sowing seeds at 2 cm depth and watering

once in every 2-3 days. After showing they have to be

placed in a slightly shaded area and also protect from

heavy rains. The young Moringa plants must be nursed

for 4 weeks before transplanting for better survival rate

when they are about 30 cm high. Remove the polythene

bag when transplanting ensuring that the roots of the

plant are not damaged. Hardwood cuttings of 40 cm long

and 4 to 5 cm in diameter [23], can also be used for

propagation by burying one-third of the stem in the soil.

Plants produced with cuttings will not have a deep root

system will be more sensitive to wind drought and

termite attacks.

Seed production- Spacing must be much wider for fruit

or seed production. Trees must be at least 2.5 m apart

line and peg using a 3 x 3 m triangular pattern for seed

producing farms.

Limitations- Apart from its advantage as high biomass

yielding and highly nutritious fodder for both human and

livestock there are many limitations for intended

cultivation and utilization. Not suitable for cultivation in

the highly irrigated area. Lack of exact package, practices

to cultivated moringa for fodder production, whereas

lack of preservation and processing technology under

local conditions. Insufficient researches to validate the

level of inclusion under local condition. It can never be

used as a sole source feed and fodder for livestock

because of its high level of Crude Protein, which has to

be balanced with energy. Since the moringa leaves are

also used as a vegetable for human beings creates

demand and eventual cost hike.

CONCLUSIONS

M. oleifera is a multipurpose plant with the potential to

reduce the dependence on expensive conventional

protein supplements, the relative ease with which

Moringa can be propagated through both sexual and

asexual means, low demand of soil nutrients and water.

Moringa has almost all essential nutrients in adequate

amounts for maintenance and production; provide

macro and micronutrient to boost the nutritive value of

the feed. Due to high nutritive value, Moringa has been

used as a feed supplement in most livestock species and

poultry. Its supplementation not only increases meat and

milk production but also the quality, healthfulness and

shelf life of the product.

The future prospects of M. oleifera to be explored in

terms of the proper sowing densities and harvesting

frequencies, information on agronomical practices,

planting densities and cutting frequencies for getting

maximum biomass with good nutritional quality need to

be explored, studies directed towards the detection and

commercialization of bioactive compounds to the

SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci. ISSN (O): 2581-8740 | ISSN (P): 2581-8732

Mallenakuppe et al., 2019

DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.3.7

development of remedies for several ailments. Besides

this, its fertilizer and irrigation requirements as a fodder

crop have not yet been studied, which needs attention

for more biomass production. Finally, the policymakers,

researchers and extension institutions should formulate

programs focusing on generating awareness among local

communities and farmers, especially among those, who

are engaged in livestock production, to emphasize the

planting of Moringa as a “FOOD-FEED” crop for their

family and their livestock.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Since the article is of Review nature no financial support

was required only the efforts put to compile the article

was immense from all the co-authors more specifically

my mentor Dr. Mahadevappa D. Gouri, I thank him for his

motivation and guidance for this to happened.

CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS

Research concept- Mahadevappa D. Gouri

Research design- Mahadevappa D. Gouri,

Ramachandraiah

Supervision- Umashankar, Mahadevappa D. Gouri

Materials- Ramachandraiah, Mahadevappa D. Gouri

Data collection- Ramachandraiah, Mahadevappa D.

Gouri

Data analysis and Interpretation- Ramachandraiah,

Mahadevappa D. Gouri, Harini

Literature search- Ramachandraiah, Harini

Writing article- Ramachandraiah, Mahadevappa D. Gouri

Critical review-Mahadevappa D Gouri, Prasanna

Article editing- Ramachandraiah, Mahadevappa D. Gouri

Final approval- Ramachandraiah, Mahadevappa D. Gouri,

Umashankar, Prasanna

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Evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaves in Sheep.

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O, et al. Effect of different methods of establishment

on growth and biomass yield of Moringa (Moringa

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Concentration Dependences of Photocatalytic Activity in Green-Synthesis Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 Nanocomposite Utilizing Moringa Oleifera for Methylene Blue Dye Degradation

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2024

Moringa Oleifera (MO) extract is used for green-synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation. Fe 3 O 4 was characterized using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) showing a cubic inverse spinel structure with an average crystallite size of 5.49 nm and an average crystallite size of Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 nanocomposites of 5.37 nm. In the UV-Vis results, the Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 nanocomposite has band gap of 3.48 eV. MB degradation increased by increasing mass of the Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 nanocomposite. The irradiation time of 60 minutes with a mass of 0.06 grams had the highest degradation percentage reaching 98.4%. The Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 nanocomposites can be reused up to two times without a significant decrease in the percentage of MB due to their magnetic properties.

Antimalarial potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae): A review of the ethnomedicinal, pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical evidence

Article

Full-text available

May 2023
J VENOM ANIM TOXINS

Several regions of the world frequently use the species Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in traditional medicine. This situation is even more common in African countries. Many literature reports point to the antimalarial potential of this species, indicating the efficacy of its chemical compounds against malaria-causing parasites of the genus Plasmodium. From this perspective, the present study reviews the ethnobotanical, pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical (flavonoids) evidence of M. oleifera, focusing on the treatment of malaria. Scientific articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO databases. Only articles published between 2002 and 2022 were selected. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this review used a total of 72 articles. These documents mention a large use of M. oleifera for the treatment of malaria in African and Asian countries. The leaves (63%) of this plant are the main parts used in the preparation of herbal medicines. The in vivo antimalarial activity of M. oleifera was confirmed through several studies using polar and nonpolar extracts, fractions obtained from the extracts, infusion, pellets, and oils obtained from this plant and tested in rodents infected by the following parasites of the genus Plasmodium: P. berghei, P. falciparum, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi. Extracts obtained from M. oleifera showed no toxicity in preclinical tests. A total of 46 flavonoids were identified in the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera by different chromatography and mass spectrometry methods. Despite the scarcity of research on the antimalarial potential of compounds isolated from M. oleifera, the positive effects against malaria-causing parasites in previous studies are likely to correlate with the flavonoids that occur in this species.

New Design of a Commercial Chip-based GMR Sensor with Magnetite Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications

Article

Mar 2023

The availability of rapid and low-cost instruments to detect magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) concentrations is vital in giant magnetoresistance (GMR)-based biosensors. This paper reports a new setup for a simple GMR sensor using the commercial chip AAL024 as a transducer. It was combined with a basic differential amplifier and microcontroller to acquire digital output voltages for the detection of green-synthesized (GS)-Fe3O4 MNPs as a label and streptavidin-coated MNPs in biosensor applications. As a characteristic feature of Fe3O4, the GS-Fe3O4 MNPs displayed a cubic inverse spinel structure. The average GS-Fe3O4 particle size was 11 nm and they exhibited soft ferromagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization (MS) of 55.5 emu/g. Owing to the presence of phytochemical components in the Moringa oleifera (MO) extract, the MS of GS-Fe3O4 was lower than that of Fe3O4. To study sensor performance, the detection of the GS-Fe3O4 MNP labels and streptavidin-coated MNPs assay was investigated. Using the microcontroller as the supply voltage for the AAL024 and an analog-to-digital converter simplified data collection and made any additional measuring instruments unnecessary. The sensor showed promising performance with the GS-Fe3O4 MNP label and streptavidin assay owing to the linear correspondence between the signal and concentration of the MNP label. A small limit-of-detection of 4 mg/mL was achieved for GS-Fe3O4. The sensitivity of GS-Fe3O4 and streptavidin were 2.79 and 1.80 mV/(mg/mL), respectively. Moreover, the excellent stability and reproducibility of the sensor were confirmed by the stable signal for over 30 s with relative signal deviation (RSD) ranges of 2–20% and 2–10% for MNPs and streptavidin, respectively.

Moringa oleifera: An Updated Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Activities, Ethnomedicinal, Phytopharmaceutical Formulation, Clinical, Phytochemical, and Toxicological Aspects

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023
INT J MOL SCI

Moringa oleifera, also known as the “tree of life” or “miracle tree,” is classified as an important herbal plant due to its immense medicinal and non-medicinal benefits. Traditionally, the plant is used to cure wounds, pain, ulcers, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. This review aims to compile an analysis of worldwide research, pharmacological activities, phytochemical, toxicological, and ethnomedicinal updates of Moringa oleifera and also provide insight into its commercial and phytopharmaceutical applications with a motive to help further research. The scientific information on this plant was obtained from various sites and search engines such as Scopus, Pub Med, Science Direct, BMC, Google Scholar, and other scientific databases. Articles available in the English language have only been referred for review. The pharmacological studies confirm the hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts from the various plant parts. It was found that bioactive constituents are present in every part of the plant. So far, more than one hundred compounds from different parts of Moringa oleifera have been characterized, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenes. In addition, novel isolates such as muramoside A&B and niazimin A&B have been identified in the plant and have potent antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and nutritional effects. The traditional and nontraditional use of Moringa, its pharmacological effects and their phytopharmaceutical formulations, clinical studies, toxicity profile, and various other uses are recognized in the present review. However, several traditional uses have yet to be scientifically explored. Therefore, further studies are proposed to explore the mechanistic approach of the plant to identify and isolate active or synergistic compounds behind its therapeutic potential.

table 6Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Properties Dependence of Green-Synthesized Fe3O4/Ag Composite Nanoparticles on Ag Concentration and an Electric Field for Biosensor Application

Article

Oct 2023
PHOTONIC NANOSTRUCT

Magnetically Separable and Reusable Fe3O4/Chitosan Nanocomposites Green Synthesized utilizing Moringa Oleifera Extract for Rapid Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene blue

Article

Dec 2023

Network pharmacology-based assessment of anti-inflammatory action of phytocompounds derived from Nigella sativa and Moringa oleifera Peer-Review Model External peer-review was done through double-blind method. Drug Discovery

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Studies have shown that Nigella sativa and Moringa oleifera possess anti-inflammatory activity, however, the molecular targets involved in their mechanisms of action are not known. A network-based pharmacology analysis was done to predict molecular targets and phytocompounds involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of N. sativa and M. oleifera. Phytocompounds of N. sativa and M. oleifera were retrieved from Dr Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical databases and Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry and Therapeutics database. Target proteins were obtained from Binding DB. A compound-target-pathway network was constructed with the Cytoscape tool and a network of protein-protein interactions was established with the STRING database. Lead proteins identified from the compound-target-pathway network were further studied for their interactions with N. sativa and M. oleifera by molecular docking. Similarly, biological pathways involved in the anti-inflammatory activity of the phytocompounds were identified with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Forty-two and twenty-seven bioactive compounds from N. sativa and M. oleifera respectively were successfully identified corresponding to 98 targets that were screened out for anti-inflammation. Based on network pharmacology data and molecular docking, beta-sitosterone, astragalin, beta-amyrin and quercetin were predicted to inhibit key inflammatory proteins. Target proteins, including NR1H3, F2, AKT1, HSP90AA1, IL2, NFKB1, PTGS2, ALOX5, TNF-α, IL6 and IFN-ℽ, as well as signaling pathways such as TNF, MAPK, IL-17 and HIF-1 were linked to the anti-inflammatory activity of N. sativa and Moringa oleifera. Functional enrichment analysis predicted that 33 inflammatory pathways were modulated by N. sativa and M. oleifera which need further analyses for confirmation.

Effects of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extracts on the cultivability of 2 Bacillus strains isolated from rainwater

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

In most developing countries, rainwater is used by many people to meet their water needs. Many Bacillus species known to be harmful to humans have also been identified in rainwater samples. Improving the microbiological quality of the rainwater using modern techniques seems expensive in rural areas for poor people. Extracts from several medicinal plants are often used in rural areas to treat certain bacterial infections. Water and alcohol are often used in traditional therapy to extract the principles of medicinal plants. But little is known about their functional differences or similarities. This study aims to assess the effects of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam on the cultivability of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from rainwater. Leaf extracts of concentrations 2, 1.5, 1 and 0.5 g/L in contact with cells were incubated at 23°C and 37°C for 3 h, 6 h, 9 h and 24 h. The results showed a decrease in cultivable cells abundance. In most cases, cell abundances between the aqueous extract and hydro-ethanolic extract were not significantly different (P>0.05). A significant difference (P<0.05) was noted amongst cell abundances from each incubation period to another. The effectiveness of each extract for cell inhibition was evaluated and then expressed as a decrease percentage in the number of cultivable cells. A decrease in cultivable B. thuringiensis abundance varied from 75.09 to 99.68% in hydro-ethanolic extract and from 70.75 to 97.94% in aqueous extract. That of B. cereus varied from 0 to 98.86% in hydro-ethanolic extract and from 41.09 to 92.20% in the other. This difference could be linked to the differences in the cell species intrinsic properties. It could also be linked to the presence of some compounds identified. Some of these compounds would act as nutrients for cell growth, counterbalancing cell inhibition caused by others that have antimicrobial effects. Practical application M. oleifera leaves extract could nevertheless be exploited as an alternative to the microbiological treatment of rainwater, mainly against B. thuringiensis in particular, for household use in rural areas. However, further work is essential to clarify the effective constituents inactivating bacteria in the extracts, their potential impact on the water organoleptic properties as well as on human health.

Moringa - The Miracle Tree: An Overview of its Nutritional and Medicinal Properties

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023

Moringa, scientifically known as (Moringa oleifera Lam.), is a multipurpose tree that has gained considerable attention due to its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties. Native to the Indian subcontinent, Moringa is now cultivated in various tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This article provides an overview of the nutritional composition and potential health benefits of Moringa, highlighting its role as a valuable resource for combating malnutrition and addressing various health conditions. The information presented here is based on a review of relevant research articles available on Google Scholar.

Network pharmacology-based assessment of anti-inflammatory action of phytocompounds derived from Nigella sativa and Moringa oleifera

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

IMPORT IMPORT IMPORT IMPORT IMPORTANCE OF AZOLL ANCE OF AZOLL ANCE OF AZOLL ANCE OF AZOLL ANCE OF AZOLLA AS A SUST A AS A SUST A AS A SUST A AS A SUST A AS A SUSTAINABLE FEED FOR AINABLE FEED FOR AINABLE FEED FOR AINABLE FEED FOR AINABLE FEED FOR LIVESTOCK AND POUL LIVESTOCK AND POUL LIVESTOCK AND POUL LIVESTOCK AND POUL LIVESTOCK AND POULTR TR TR TR TRY -A REVIEW Y -A REVIEW Y -A REVIEW Y -A REVIEW Y -A REVIEW

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

India has the largest livestock population in the world. T India has the largest livestock population in the world. T India has the largest livestock population in the world. T India has the largest livestock population in the world. T India has the largest livestock population in the world. To meet the pr o meet the pr o meet the pr o meet the pr o meet the present and futur esent and futur esent and futur esent and futur esent and future demands e demands e demands e demands e demands of the growing human population certain new strategies are to be adapted to meet the input of the growing human population certain new strategies are to be adapted to meet the input of the growing human population certain new strategies are to be adapted to meet the input of the growing human population certain new strategies are to be adapted to meet the input of the growing human population certain new strategies are to be adapted to meet the input requirements for production of livestock and their by products. Though India stands first in the requirements for production of livestock and their by products. Though India stands first in the requirements for production of livestock and their by products. Though India stands first in the requirements for production of livestock and their by products. Though India stands first in the requirements for production of livestock and their by products. Though India stands first in the world in terms of milk production and bovine population, average production still needs to be world in terms of milk production and bovine population, average production still needs to be world in terms of milk production and bovine population, average production still needs to be world in terms of milk production and bovine population, average production still needs to be world in terms of milk production and bovine population, average production still needs to be improved; this may be due to low plane of nutrition due to insufficient availability of good quality improved; this may be due to low plane of nutrition due to insufficient availability of good quality improved; this may be due to low plane of nutrition due to insufficient availability of good quality improved; this may be due to low plane of nutrition due to insufficient availability of good quality improved; this may be due to low plane of nutrition due to insufficient availability of good quality fodder/feed. This has led to find alternate sources of good quality unconventional feed/fodder for fodder/feed. This has led to find alternate sources of good quality unconventional feed/fodder for fodder/feed. This has led to find alternate sources of good quality unconventional feed/fodder for fodder/feed. This has led to find alternate sources of good quality unconventional feed/fodder for fodder/feed. This has led to find alternate sources of good quality unconventional feed/fodder for efficient livestock production. The search for alternatives to concentrates/fodder/feed to different efficient livestock production. The search for alternatives to concentrates/fodder/feed to different efficient livestock production. The search for alternatives to concentrates/fodder/feed to different efficient livestock production. The search for alternatives to concentrates/fodder/feed to different efficient livestock production. The search for alternatives to concentrates/fodder/feed to different species of animals, a wonderful plant called azolla, which holds the promise of providing a sustainable species of animals, a wonderful plant called azolla, which holds the promise of providing a sustainable species of animals, a wonderful plant called azolla, which holds the promise of providing a sustainable species of animals, a wonderful plant called azolla, which holds the promise of providing a sustainable species of animals, a wonderful plant called azolla, which holds the promise of providing a sustainable feed for livestock. Since azolla contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of feed for livestock. Since azolla contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of feed for livestock. Since azolla contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of feed for livestock. Since azolla contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of feed for livestock. Since azolla contains most of the nutrients which are required for all classes of livestock including poultry and fish. The azolla can be fed to these animals without any adverse livestock including poultry and fish. The azolla can be fed to these animals without any adverse livestock including poultry and fish. The azolla can be fed to these animals without any adverse livestock including poultry and fish. The azolla can be fed to these animals without any adverse livestock including poultry and fish. The azolla can be fed to these animals without any adverse effects. V effects. V effects. V

Indian Fodder Management towards 2030: A Case of Vision or Myopia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Dhananjoy Datta

In India fodder sub-sector of Agriculture sector’s direction for future is vague in nature. Though Government of India through various cells like IGFRI, Fodder cell in animal husbandry department taking innumerable initiatives to change the fodder management status in India. But this organizing effort is not effective enough to change the conditions comparing to other developed countries. Hence, this case study is a special attempt to recognize the Indian Fodder Industry as Public and Private Sector Myopia or vision. This study is mainly based on the secondary data collected from the various sources like published report of Government of India, Government of Tripura, Web Articles, Journals, research report and Western Australian Animal Fodder Export Market Report, March 2010 etc. Proportional study for this research has been done through the assessment of existing research report, articles related to the fodder management in India and in other countries. Finally, a brief perspective were revealed about the fodder management in India from the literature available with the help of research jury which is essential for sustainability of livestock, fodder and milk sub-sector of agriculture sector. Keywords: Fodder, Hallucination, Shortsightedness, Livestock and Industry.

Miracle Tree: A Review on Multi-purposes of Moringa oleifera and Its Implication for Climate Change Mitigation

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Mekonnen H Daba

Moringa oleifera is known as “horseradish tree” or “drumstick tree”, native to India, is one of the best useful tree and an enormous amount of benefits in the world. Numerous Research reports have appeared in different national and international scientific journals by studying its nutritional and medicinal properties of Moringa over the past decades. Different reports show that due to its multipurpose uses Moringa tree has recently grown attention in Ethiopia. Moringa oleifera is a tree that is sometimes called a “Miracle Tree” because of all its parts are used for nutritional, pharmacological properties.Moringa is a very valuable food crop (it is highly nutritive, grows very fast and drought resistant) and even beyond food it serves many benefits in developing countries such as having an ability to be used for some crafts (due to being a tree) and cleaning water. The Moringa tree can also play an important role in soil and water conservation and mitigating climate change.This study provides a brief overview about multipurpose of Moringa oleifera tree and its implication for climate Change mitigation. The purpose of this brief reviews was to: (a) to assess the published scientific journalssuggestion on multipurpose Moringa oleifera, (b) to over view itsmedicinal and nutritional properties(c) suggest future directions for policies, research, market and development strategies and (d) finally to review its implication for climate change mitigation.

Moringa oleifera Lam.: Panacea to several maladies

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), a 'miracle tree' is grown in many countries of tropics and sub-tropics. It has proved to be an excellent source of phytonutrients and has therefore nutritional and medicinal applications for both human and animals. It is a cost-effective, easily procurable and a rich source of multi-vitamins (vitamin A, B and C), proteins, calcium, potassium and possess a unique combination of zeatin, quercetin, sitosterol, kaempferol and caffeoylquinic acid. The unopened floral buds, immature pods and leaves are used for various culinary preparations worldwide. Every part of this tree possesses some or the other nutritional and medinical property. It is a reservoir of dietary supplements and act as cardiac and circulatory stimulant with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiepileptic, antitumor, anticancer, diuretic, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, hypocholestemic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer and hepatoprotective properties. Apart from medicinal benefits it is deployed in re-forestration program, used as fodder for livestock, as a biosorbent for heavy metals and in water treatment. The seed-oil is frequently used in lubricants, skin lotions and is a promising biodiesel. This review focuses on the explicit economic importance of this versatile and super food tree which miraculously combats malnutrition and serves humanity.

Bioprospecting of Moringa (Moringaceae): Microbiological Perspective

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2013

Plants produce primary and secondary metabolites which encompass a wide array of functions. Some of these have been subsequently exploited by humans for their beneficial role in a diverse array of applications. However, out of 750,000 species available on earth, only 1 to 10 % is being potentially used. Moringa is one such genus belonging to the family of Moringaceae, a monotypic family of single genera with around 33 species. Most of these species have not been explored fully despite the enormous bioactivity reports concerning various potentials such as: cardiac and circulatory stimulants; anti-tumor; antipyretic; antiepileptic; anti-inflammatory; antiulcer; antispasmodic; diuretic antihypertensive; cholesterol lowering; antioxidant; antidiabetic; hepato protective; antibacterial and antifungal activities. They are claimed to treat different ailments in the indigenous system of medicine. Surprisingly, some of the species have been reported to be extinct from the face of earth before their exploration and exploitation for economic benefits. This review focuses on the bio-prospects of Moringa particularly on relatively little explored area of their microbiological applications Keyword: Applied microbiology, Antimicrobials, Moringa species.

Potential of Moringa oleifera L. as livestock fodder crop: A review

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2014

Dairy and meat production in dry regions is very complex due to low quality and shortage of fodder, especially in dry periods. Livestock scientists are eager to explore and investigate good-quality fodders that can boost milk and meat production in an organic and economical way. Some organic meals like soybean, cotton seed cake, and range grasses are being utilized to overcome the fodder shortage. These have some limitations, however, like unavailability in December through May as currently green fodder is least available after wheat, alfalfa, brassica, and maize harvesting. This leads towards reduced livestock production and low-quality milk and meat products. At the same time, the rapid increase in human population is increasing the food requirements, which is in turn threatening environmental conservation and enlarging the gap between the availability of resources and the meeting of human necessities. People are fulfilling their requirements for food and shelter by depleting natural resources. Plant scientists are exploring the types of plants that can fulfill the life necessities of both human beings and livestock but can also be used as growth enhancers for main crops without natural resources degradation. Over the last few years, underutilized crops and trees have captured the attention of plant scientists, nutritionists, and growers. Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that has been neglected for several years but now is being investigated for its fast growth, higher nutritional attributes, and utilization as a livestock fodder crop. It can be grown as a crop on marginal lands with high temperatures and low water availability, where it is difficult to cultivate other agricultural crops. The present review article gives a detailed discussion on the nutritional quality of moringa parts and their palatability for livestock, fish, and poultry, as well as suitable growing conditions and cultural practices.

Biomass production and nutritional quality of Moringa oleifera as field crop

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2013

Dairy and meat production are very complex in dry regions due to shortages and the low quality of fodder, especially in dry months. Livestock scientists are enthusiastic to explore and investigate good quality fodder that can boost milk and meat production in an economical way. Moringa oleifera is known as one of the best fodder crops for dry regions with scanty amounts of water. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the potential of Moringa oleifera as a field crop by harvesting at different cutting heights (30, 90, and 150 cm). The nutritional quality (minerals like P, K, Ca, and Mg, and crude protein) was determined along with antioxidant (SOD, CAT, POD, total phenolic contents) activities. The findings show that a Moringa crop gave maximum biomass (472 g plant–1) with higher mineral content in its leaves when harvested at 30-cm cutting height in August, while the minimum biomass (113.54 g plant–1) was recorded when plants were harvested at 150-cm cutting height. Higher antioxidants, total phenolics content, and photosynthetic pigments were recorded in the hot rainy season (July and August). The seasonal variability affects mineral content in moringa leaves. The highest mineral content was found in August, followed by July. It is concluded that the moringa tree, due to its higher mineral content and antioxidant activities, can be cultivated as a field crop as a good alternate for livestock fodder.

Moringa oleifera leaf extract: An innovative priming tool for rangeland grasses

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) is rich in amino acids, ascorbate, zeatin, minerals, and many other compounds known for their growth-promoting potential. Th is study was planned to explore the potential of MLE as a seed priming agent to increase the germination rate and plant vigor of 3 range grasses, i.e. Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum antidotale, and Echinochloa crusgalli. Th e priming strategies used were hydropriming, CaCl 2 , PEG-8000 (–1.1 M Pa), MLE (concentrate; 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, and 1:40 dilutions with distilled water), and matripriming using saturated jute mat for 24 h. Th e primed seeds were placed between 2 moist Whatman No. 1 fi lter papers in petri plates to evaluate germination and seedling vigor. Th ough all of the priming strategies excelled as compared to the control, matripriming and priming with 30× diluted MLE (1:30) were the most eff ective; thus, they were selected for further experimentation. In the second phase, these optimized priming strategies were used along with hydropriming and an unprimed control in pot studies. Both matripriming and MLE (1:30) priming signifi cantly increased the germination. Matripriming was more eff ective in increasing the number of leaves, number of tillers, and shoot vigor for Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum antidotale, but roots were more vigorous when primed with MLE (1:30). In the case of Echinochloa crusgalli, the results were reversed: the number of leaves, number of tillers, and shoot vigor were improved when primed by MLE (1:30), whereas matripriming maximally increased the root length and weight. It was concluded that both MLE (1:30) and matripriming with jute mat can be eff ectively used as priming agents for these rangeland grasses. Both strategies are low-cost, environmentally friendly, and can easily be adapted by farmers and range managers.

Enhancement of emergence potential and stand establishment of Moringa oleifera Lam. by seed priming

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Moringa oleifera is a miracle tree that can be used in multiple ways, including as foodstuff , livestock fodder, a plant growth enhancer, or a water purifi er. While the stem cutting method is easy and successful for tree propagation, the recent introduction of moringa as a fi eld crop for biomass production requires propagation through seeds. Th e germination of stored moringa seeds is a problem of great concern that may be overcome by employing seed priming techniques. A pot study was conducted to explore the potential of seed priming in moringa. Seeds were subjected to hydropriming, matripriming, and priming with moringa leaf extract (MLE) for 8, 16, and 24 h. Most of the priming strategies enhanced the emergence rate, synchronized the emergence, and improved seedling vigor. However, hydropriming (8 h) was more eff ective in improving emergence, shoot vigor, and chlorophyll b contents, while MLE priming (8 h) produced vigorous roots and increased the chlorophyll a and mineral contents of moringa leaves. Both of these priming sources are natural, cheap, environmentally friendly, and easily adaptable for farmers to grow Moringa oleifera from seed.

Phytonutrient and Pharmacological Significance of Moringa oleifera

Article

Sep 2017

History, Taxonomy and Propagation of Moringa oleifera-A Review

Abstract

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