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The Journal of Eurasia Sport Sciences
&
Medicine
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med
http://dergipark.gov.tr/jessm
Volume 1, Issue 1
April 2019, 10-23
Husnija KAJMOVİĆ 1
Adis KAPUR 2
Džemal HUREMOVİĆ 3
Safet KAPO 1
Ekrem COLAKHODZİC 4
1 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
2 LVR Klinik-Düren, Germany.
3 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport
University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
4 Teaching faculty, Dzemal Bijedic
University of Mostar, Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
,
Corresponding author: H. Kajmovic
e-mail: hkajmovic@gmail.com
Received: 28.02.2019
Accepted: 30.04.2019
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Differences in Performance Indicators
Between Winners and Defeated Female
Cadet Wrestlers
Abstract
Freestyle wrestling for women is characterised as complex
polystructural acyclic movement activity of high intensity.
The aim of this research is to determine the differences in
performance between winners and defeated female cadet
freestyle wrestlers at European championship for Cadets,
held in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in 2010. The
research is based on the analysis of 415 wrestling
techniques performed successfully, out of which the
female cadet winners have achieved n= 330 (Standing
position n= 203, Parterre position n= 127), while the
defeated ones achieved n=85 techniques (Standing
position n= 64, Parterre position n= 21). The comparison
between the winners and the defeated female cadets has
been based on several performance indicators by the use
of notational analysis of video recordings. Wilcoxon test
confirms the differences in performances between
winners and defeated female cadet wrestlers in regards to
the Standing position (p<.001), Parterre position (p<.001),
scored points in the Standing position (p<.001), in the
Parterre position (p<.001), and for the most of individual
wrestling techniques from Standing and Parterre position,
in which case the Take Down (p<.001 )in Standing
position technique is the most dominant among the
winners, and a turn-over by twisting the opponent with
an arm and head (p<.001) is the most dominant in
Parterre position. The results indicate the differences in
the performances between the winners and defeated
cadets, which can assist in planning and programming
training processes, but as well help in further analysis of
different wrestling styles.
Keyword: women, freestyle, notational analysis, victory,
loses, competition.
To cite this article; Kajmović, H., Kapur, A., Huremović, D., Kapo, S., & Colakhodzic, E. (2019). Differences in performance
indicators between winners and defeated female cadet wrestlers. J Eurasia Sports Sci Med, 1(1), 10-23.
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 11
INTRODUCTION
Freestyle wrestling for women is characterised as a complex polystructural acyclic
movement activity of high intensity during which a specific „confrontation“ between the two
individuals takes place, within a limited space and defined time period, in presences of
referees, and governed by a specific set of rules which dictate the successfulness of a
wrestling competition. The activities during the freestyle wrestling match come as a result of
complex and demanding processes, for which reason the performance analysis is to provide
with the proper understanding of these complex results. Freestyle wrestling is one of the
wrestling styles practiced by women. Since the World Championship in Wrestling for
women held in 1987 until the moment when wrestling was officially included as a part of
Olympic Games Programme for women in 2014 in Athens (Greece), the freestyle wrestling
for women has fought vigorously for gender equality and its repositioning in the Olympic
Games programme (Curby & Jomand, 2015). According to the wrestling rules, women
wrestlers can compete in all age categories, cadets, juniors and seniors for very objective
reasons, such as: protection against injuries, providing with the equal conditions for the
female contestants to show their best performances, and to increase the intensity of the
match. Freestyle wrestling for women has been described as intermittent physical combat
sport requiring technical, tactical and psychological skill, high intensity activity, which
produces great strength and muscle power demands on both the upper and lower body,
with high anaerobic energy metabolism requirements (Cipriano, 1993; Garcı´a-Pallare´s,
2011; Horswill, 1992; Horswill, et al., 1992; Horswill, et al., 1989; Kraemer, 2001: Sharratt,
1986; Utter, 2002; Yoon, 2002). In wrestling during the match both energy systems, aerobic
and anaerobic are present, thus the wrestlers are capable to withstand the strains which
occur during the match, but also possess the ability to quickly react during wrestling holds
(Callan, et al., 2000; Cinar & Tamer, 1994; Karninčić, et al., 2009). The anaerobic system
provides explosive power during the match, while the aerobic system contributes to
sustained effort for the duration of the match and to recovery between periods (Callan, et al.,
2000). Freestyle wrestling can cause lactate to reach 18 mmol/L and HR to reach 180 bpm
(Kraemer, et al., 2001). Arakawa (2015) indicates that the participants are characterized as
having great FFMI (fat-free mass divided by height squared, 18.8 ± 0.8 in light and 20.5 ± 0.8
in heavyweight groups) with intensely enlarged circumference especially within the arms
(30.0 ± 2.7 cm for upper arms and 24.2 ± 1.5 cm for forearms). These findings suggest that
elite female wrestlers have site-specific hypertrophied musculature only in the upper body,
despite a general awareness of difficulty in developing upper limb muscles in women.
Likewise, Arakawa (2015) concluded that extreme development of fat-free tissue, specifically
around the upper body, is an important requirement for female wrestlers to win the
worldwide prestigious tournaments. During the wrestling match under such conditions, a
connection between the skill technique of wrestlers and selected coordination motor abilities
has been confirmed (Sadowski & Gierczuk, 2009).
Podlivaev (2015) affirmed a model for which elite female wrestlers in freestyle
wrestling for women should possess the following: a wide range of technical and tactical
skills, have a high level of physical fitness, possess tactical skill, and have psychological
strength. Model Characteristics Values of Competition Activity in Women’s Wrestling are: 1.
0,6–0,8 - Tactical fitness coefficient; 2. 5–6 Number of points gained; 3. 1–2 Number of points
lost 4. 0,8–1,2 Effectiveness of attack activity points/min; 5. 20–25 sec. Attack interval (AI); 7.
3–4 Number of hold groups and 8. 4–5 Number of techniques. Cadet wrestlers in a Long-
term athlete development process (LTAD) start training for competition when they develop
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 12
specific wrestling performance, and can perform technical and tactical holds under the
influence of competition requirements such as: introduce wrestling specific strategies, learn
to focus through a full practice, increase levels of competition, implement complex
coordination and movement training, solid technique in every position and self-motivated
(Balyi, et al., 2013; USA-Wrestling, 2019). The performance analysis in wrestling is an
interdisciplinary process, which requires an objective explanation of different female cadet
wrestlers’ behaviour during training and competitions, thus improving the scientific concept
of such processes and providing practical assistance in sport with good quality and quantity
information. There is a great variety in performance analysis application during training and
competition in freestyle wrestling for women, and it represents a very important role in
wrestling performance analysis process. There are different technology systems which
enable scientists, who study wrestling, to find answers for many questions, which have been
a mystery for coaches and athletes as well. For the successful wrestling match, contestants
need to develop a high mental, conditional, technical and tactical performance capacities.
The analysis of such performances is an objective data gathering method, in which case key
elements can be quantified in a valid and consistent manner (International Society of
Performance Analysis in Sport - ISPAS, 2013). In regards to the above stated, Miarka (2016)
reports that the analysis of technical, tactical and physiological demands in wrestling fights
are important because they reveal essential information for the development of contextual
training and specific physical preparation of wrestlers. After rule modifications in 2013,
wrestling matches showed quicker and more diversified actions, especially in the lighter
categories. For the same period, foot/leg techniques were the most effective in female and
freestyle wrestling, followed by takedown attacks in World competitions for the period
2009‐2011. McGarry, et al., (2013) indicates that the purpose of athlete analysis performance
is twofold, first it improves the scientific concept, and secondly it provides with practical
assistance in sport by offering quality data. Data collected in this manner and within realistic
wrestling match settings will be very beneficial for coaches and athletes in their perception of
their and their opponents' strengths and weaknesses. Isik, et al., (2017) have developed a
system of following the matches during wrestling competitions, which allows wrestlers to
analyse when, where and how they applied a technique; from which side they applied the
technique; and how many points they received. Moreover, it will help us obtain permanent
results. Thus, the characteristics of the wrestlers can be recorded according to the latest
wrestling competition rules. Modern and attractive wrestling considers a high level of
technical-tactical efficiency in standing and parterre.
Modern highly-qualified wrestler is characterised by aggressive attack tactics,
tendency to technical, physical and psychological superiority over a rival, and the ability to
make quick decisions in extreme conditions during the intensive fight (Grigoryan,
Lavrichinko & Gomboev, 2011). Determination of technical-tactical parameters is possible
with notational analysis. The application of Notational Analysis is to record critical events
(movements, situations, interactions, techniques and tactics, even intervention of referees) in
which performance can be quantified in a consistent and reliable manner (Lopez-Gonzalez,
2013). Many authors have analysed wrestler performances in different wrestling styles
(Greco-Roman, Free style for men and Free style for women) and for different age categories
clearly determining which technical-tactical factors are important for success in wrestling, as
well as the quality of applied wrestling techniques through scored points (López, 2018;
Tünnemann & Curby, 2016; López-Gonz{lez, 2015; Kajmović, et al., 2014; López-Gonz{lez &
Bianca, 2013; López-Gonz{lez, et al., 2012; Dokmanac, Karadzic, & Doder, 2012; López-
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 13
Gonz{lez, 2011; Tünnemann, 2011). Available research in wrestling have identified the
changes in technical-tactical indicators of freestyle wrestlers between the 1996 and 2008
Olympics only in regards to their winning points, also including a third round as a
determining round for 68% of wrestlers (Kruszewski, et al., 2011). It has likewise been
determined that light weight categories achieve a smaller number of technical points in
Standing position, while the greater number of technical points was achieved in Parterre
position. Dokmanac, et al., (2012) confirm that in final matches at the World Wrestling
Championship in Istanbul 2011, an average number of points achieved by winner is 0,81
points per minute, while the defeated wrestler achieved 0,41 points. The dominated
techniques at this competition in Parterre position were gut wrench and lifting the mat,
while for the Standing position the dominating ones were Out-of Bounds as opposed to Take
downs and Throws. Wrestlers’ successfulness in Parterre Position was 70% as opposed to the
technique efficiency from a Standing position which was 30%. Tunnemann (2011) analysed
the quality of achieved points from the World Championship for Cadets, Juniors and Seniors
in 2011, where cadets achieved 7,2 points, juniors 5,9 and seniors 5,0 points. It is obvious that
the senior wrestlers achieve smaller number of points due to the greater quality of the
wrestlers. The dominant Cadets were those achieving one or two points, while
percentagewise achieving 5 points is very low. The aim of this research is to determine the
differences between the winners and defeated female cadet wrestlers at the European
Championship for Cadets.
METHOD
Sample
The sample for this research was based on the analysis of 415 successfully performed
wrestling techniques out of which the winners performed n= 330 (Standing position n= 203
and Parterre position n= 127), and the defeated female wrestler cadets performed n=85
techniques (Standing position n= 64 and Parterre position n= 21). The analysis was conducted
in regards to the European Cadet Championship in freestyle wrestling, held in Sarajevo
(Bosnia and Herzegovina) in 2010.
Sample of variables
The analysis of performance indicators of winners and defeated cadets was based on
the analysis of the following variables according to Shahmuradov (1996):
Successfully performed technical actions in standing and parterre position
Scored points (1, 2, 3 and 5) as a result of successfully performed actions in a standing
position
Scored points (1, 2, 3 and 5) as a result of successfully performed actions in a parterre
position
Efficiently performed individual techniques from a standing position
Efficiently performed individual techniques from a parterre position
Procedures
Data was collected from 103 match video analysis in all 10 categories for 10 female
cadet wrestlers (-38 kg, -40 kg, -43 kg, -46 kg, -49 kg, -52 kg, -56 kg,- 60 kg, -65 kg, -70kg), for
three two-minute sessions, which were recorded with three cameras by Sony (DCR-SR 35).
Each out of the three cameras was positioned so that it was recording fighting areas one by
one. In this way, during the video analysis of fights, observers could clearly see fighters,
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 14
referees, scorer's table and scoreboard, which allowed them reliable verification of all events
on the mat during the fights, rewinding recordings more times in case of certain
inconsistencies. All the data were registered in the specially prepared templates for the
analysis of every fight in which all the analysed variables were coded.
Reliability testing
In order to ensure a quality level of reliability, O'Donoghue and Mayes (2013) suggest
a constant improvement of reliability of data collected using performance analysis systems.
Following this concept, the research conducted by (López-Gonz{lez, & Bianca, 2013) had an
aim to determine the reliability of a new Time-Motion Analysis (TMA) model based on
technical-tactical interactions in the three Olympic wrestling styles: freestyle (FS), female
wrestling (FW) and Greco-Roman (GR) from FILA´s World Senior Championships.
Inter-rater reliability tests Cohen´s Kappa and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient
(ICC) were used as Agreement Measures in order to assess the categorical and duration data.
Resulting values were classified as “substantial” for categorical agreement per style and and
“almost perfect” for agreement in duration and score-related actions.
Based on that, the fights in wrestling are evaluated by means of intra-observers and
inter-observers with the assistance of using mistake percentage. The research was conducted
by two wrestling experts with years of competition and coaching experience. Reliability of
intra-observers is based on the concept of reanalysis of 20 random fights. Reanalysis is
completed after four weeks, after finalizing the original data. Reliability of inter-observer is
secured by reanalysis of all the matches by other analyst. Based on the original data V1 and
V2 re-test, mistake percentage is calculated in equation (1) (Hughes, & Franks, 2004):
Total % error= (V1-V2) / (Vmean) x 100% (1)
Intra-observer percentage errors of reliability ranged from 0.00% to 0.25%, and the
inter-observers reliability ranged from 0.00% to 0.38%, which is acceptable to 5%, which is
the level of limiting error.
Data analysis
For all the techniques in the Standing position, Parterre position and scored points,
frequencies and percentage of values were calculated. In order to determine the difference in
the achieved performances between the winners and defeated female cadets wrestlers,
Wilcoxon rank test was used (O' Donoghue, 2012, pg. 272-274) at the level of statistical
significance of 95%. Wilcoxon test converts the results in ranks and that way performs the
comparisons using specific criteria (Field, 2005). An Effect size was likewise calculated
(Effect size–ES) using the following equation: r= Z - score / sqrt (N) (2)
where N represents the number of observations. Interpretation of the Effect size (ES) in range
≥0.1<0.3 is presented as a small effect, ≥0.3<0.5 medium effect and ≥0.5 large effect (Cohen,
1988, 1992). All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corporation, New
York, USA) Pallant (2007).
FINDINGS
Table 1 presents the performance results of winners and defeated cadets in freestyle
wrestling, where a number of performed technical actions in standing position and parterre
favours the winners, indicated as well by the results of Wilcoxon test which confirms the
existence of differences between the two segments of wrestling fight (Standing position
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 15
p<.001 and Parterre position p<.001), in which case the winners are dominating in the per
romance of parterre techniques as opposed to the defeated contestants. The effect size (SI) is
large.
Table 1. Technical Actions Performed from a Standing Position and Parterre Position of
Winners and Defeated Female Wrestler Cadets
Winners
Defeated
N
Z
SI
p
Standing position
203
76,0%
64
24,0%
267
64,3%
-8.50
0,52
.000*
Parterre position
127
85,8%
21
14,2%
148
35,7%
-8.71
0.72
.000*
Total
330
79,5%
85
20,5%
415
100%
*Significant difference at a level of < 0.05
Table 2 and Table 3 indicate the differences between the awarded points from the
referees for the efficient performance of the technique from standing position and parterre.
Therefore, the most dominant technique in standing position are the ones where one point
was scored, while in parterre the most dominant techniques were the ones where two points
were scored. In the standing position the differences in the number of scored three points
were confirmed, while in parterre position that was not the case. The Effect size (SI) of the
scored points in the standing and parterre position is large.
Table 2. Technical Points of Winners and Defeated Female Cadet Wrestlers in a Standing
Positions
Standing position points
Points
Winners
Defeated
N
Z
SI
p
1
158
72,5%
60
27,5%
218
81,7%
-6.637
0.45
.000*
2
6
100%
0
0,0%
6
2,2%
-2.449
0.99
.014*
3
41
95,3%
2
4,7%
43
16,1%
-5.947
0.91
.000*
Total
205
76,8%
62
23,2%
267
100%
*Significant difference at a level of < 0.05
Table 3. Technical Points of Winners and Defeated Female Cadet Wrestlers in a Parterre
Positions
Parterre position points
Points
Winners
Defeated
N
Z
SI
p
1
52
91,2%
5
8,8%
57
38,5%
-6.22
0.82
.000*
2
69
81,2%
16
18,8%
85
57,4%
-5.74
0.62
.000*
3
5
83,3%
1
16,7%
6
4,1%
-1.63
0.67
.102
Total
126
85,1%
22
14,9%
148
100%
*Significant difference at a level of < 0.05
The results of Wilcoxon test (Table 4) clearly indicates in which wrestling techniques
from a standing position the winners differ and dominate over the defeated cadets. Amongst
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 16
them one can highlight: Take down, Side throws, Double leg, Push out techniques. The Effect
size (SI) is large.
Table 4. Performed Actions of Winners and Defeated Female Cadet Wrestlers in a Standing
Position
Techniques
Winners
Defeated
N
Z
SI
p
Take down
144
70,9%
59
29,1%
203
76,0%
-5.96
0.42
.000*
Push out techniques
11
84,6%
2
15,4%
13
4,9%
-2.49
0.69
.013*
Throw with both legs locked
12
92,3%
1
7,7%
13
4,9%
-3.05
0.84
.002*
A Fireman s carry Melnica
9
90,0%
1
10,0%
10
3,7%
-2.53
0.80
.011*
Counterattack in standing position
2
100,0%
0
0,0%
2
0,7%
-1.41
1.00
.157
Pull downs
6
100,0%
0
0,0%
6
2,2%
-2.44
0.99
.014*
Side throws
17
94,4%
1
5,6%
18
6,7%
-3.77
0.89
.000*
Shoulder throw
2
100,0%
0
0,0%
2
0,7%
-1.41
1.00
.157
Total
203
76,0%
64
24,0%
267
100,0%
*Significant difference at a level of < 0.05
Table 5 indicates the difference between the winners and defatted cadets in case of
successfully applied parterre techniques during the fight, and those are: A turn-over by
twisting the opponent with an arm and head, Holding the opponent on the ground, A turn-
over by twisting the opponent with an arm and ancle lock, Turning the opponent with the
stretcher ride, a head lock and an inside leg vine. The Effect size (SI) is large.
Table 5. Performed Technical Actions of Winners and Defeated Female Cadet Wrestlers in
the Parterre Position
Techniques
Winners
Defeated
N
Z
SI
p
A turn-over by twisting the opponent with an
arm and head
45
80,4%
11
19,6%
56
37,8%
-4.54
0.61
.000*
A turn-over by twisting the opponent with an
arm and ancle lock
13
92,9%
1
7,1%
14
9,5%
-3.20
0.86
.001*
A turn-over with a cross hold of the knees
2
100,0%
0
0,0%
2
1,3%
-1.41
1.00
.157
Holding the opponent on the ground
49
92,5%
4
7,5%
53
35,8%
-6.18
0.85
.000*
Counter dragging through sitting position
with the grip under upper arm
2
40,0%
3
60,0%
5
3,4%
-.447
0.19
.655
Turning the opponent with the stretcher ride,
a head lock and an inside leg vine
14
87,5%
2
12,5%
16
10,8%
-3.00
0.75
.003*
Gut wrench
2
100,0%
0
0,0%
2
1,3%
1.41
1.00
.157
Total
127
85,8%
21
14,2%
148
100%
*Significant difference at a level of < 0.05
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 17
DISCUSSION
This research had an aim to study the differences in the performance success between
the winners and defeated female cadets in freestyle wrestling, and as such the aim has been
fully achieved. Performance effectiveness is defined as obtaining certain technical points for
making a technical-tactical combination (Lopez-Gonzalez, 2013). The selected performances
indicate the variables which differentiate the winners from the defeated cadets within three
two-minute sessions. It is important to note that during the research, the authors were
unable to come across a great number of research conducted in case of freestyle female
cadets, therefore had to rely on the research conducted on older age groups at different
competition levels. Tünnemann, and Curby (2016) point out that it is very important for the
coaches to analyse the technical–tactical structure of the winners, when they can compare the
technical capacity of their athletes with the top athletes of the weight class, and it is also very
important for the planning of the technical-training process as well as for the training
concepts of the promising young talents.
General feature of the European Championship for Cadets is a winners' significant
domination in scoring difference in all segments of the fight in standing position and
parterre position. Similar data were presented in the research conducted by López-Gonz{lez
(2011) with an aim to classify the performance of world-class women wrestlers in the
frequency and characteristics of their effective Technical-Tactical Combinations (TTC) from
the standing position at the highest level of international competition in 2009. They
confirmed that the most important factor related to winning a medal was the execution of leg
attacks, with several possible endings, with almost non-contact set-up, followed by low-risk
attacks launched from a close distance.
In the analysis of European Female Cadet Championship in wrestling, the domination
was detected in case of lower fighting stance and redirecting the fight to a parterre position
by approaching the opponent from the back while constantly avoiding an attractive grand
amplitude throws. By comparing the overall results from Table 2 and Table 3, it is noticeable
that a number of technically scored points favours those scored in the standing position,
which indicates that the dominating fight was the one performed in the standing position.
Therefore, the attempt of defeated contestants was oriented towards the fight in the standing
position, since it was clear that the winners have the upper hand in parterre fight. The
analysis of achieved technical actions in standing position between the winners and defeated
contestants indicates a certain and clear 1,2,3 points advantage of the winners as opposed to
the defeated contestants.
In standing position the dominated techniques were those that scored 1 point, while in
parterre position those that scored 2 points. The high fighting stance and attractive throwing
techniques which bring the highest points were avoided. The fight in medium and low
fighting stance had a tendency to be redirected to parterre position.
Tünnemann (2011) designed a scoring analysis of the Cadet World Championships
2011 in Szombathely, in which case shoulder victories were very high (Cadet WC 62 that
means 33% of all bouts, Junior WC 60 that means 33% and Senior WC 54 that means 22%).
Another proof of the technical-tactical attractiveness at the Cadet World Championship 2011
is the achieved number of technical points per minute. Results indicate that the attention is
awarded to the surprisingly good defence actions of World Champion Cadets. Qualitative
analysis results of combat behaviour between Senior, Junior and Cadet World
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 18
Championships, indicate that cadets reached 8.1 points per bout, juniors 7.5 and seniors 6.8.
The seniors scored fewer 3 - and 2-points, and scored more 1-points than the young
generation. Participants in the World Championship for Cadets with attack actions achieve
average 1.04 points per minute, the junior 1.01 and seniors only 0.86 points per minute.
Technical actions scoring 1 point such as technique Take down, Push out techniques,
have proven to be the most efficient techniques. The technique, Take down is one of the
safest and useful techniques during the fight. Female contestants opt for these techniques
because during its performance they will for sure score the advantage of 1 point, and most
importantly by grabbing their opponents from the back they have brought them in a position
in which they have the control and ability to perform other much more complex technical
actions (turn overs, turn downs, push outs, throws) which can score 1, 2, 3, or 5 points.
Technical actions which bring 2 points and which have been scored by the techniques
(turn overs, counter attacks) in this Championship have a low performance frequency. This
data indicates that the winners were confident during their fights and did not allow their
opponents to use counterattacks against them and thus loose points, neither were they under
great pressure from their opponents to use counterattacks and turn overs in order to gain
point advantage. This Championship depicted 6 such actions or scored points. This is
because cadets possessed mental stability and great caution and focus in performing only
safe actions. They were resolved in securing safe points, along with being able to perform
under the influence of anger if the things do not go as the have planned, rarely allowing
themselves any reckless moves (defying referee decisions, reacting to the opponents
provocations such as pinching or small punches during the match which the referee cannot
see) which would throw them out of focus of the fight and allow their opponents to gain
advantage.
The analysis of results of technical actions in which one scores 3 points (side throws,
throws by grabbing both legs, shoulder throws) indicate that the aforementioned techniques
are the most efficient for winners as opposed to the defeated contestants. Techniques of side
throws are the first choice for winner contestants and those usually include techniques of
head and arm grab. As to why do contestants opt for these techniques, the answer lies in that
with a proper grab these technique neutralise the ability of the opponents to move thus
affecting their coordination and providing with the opportunity to safely conduct the
throwing actions.
After a properly conducted throwing technique, the opponent is on the mat lying on
her back in a subordinate position which gives additional advantage to ending the fight by
declaring „touché“ or to continue the fight by applying parterre techniques.
Technical actions by which one scores 5 points were not performed by either winners
nor defeated contestants, because the style of fighting in freestyle wrestling demands great
movement dynamic which entails great physical efforts. It is also due to the lack of strength
and great risk for their actions to be used against them. Therefore, they do not even try to
perform actions of grand amplitude and throwing techniques which require high lifts. It has
likewise been determined that cadets often fight in a medium and low stance, trying to grab
the leg and around the waist, therefore tackling the opponent to her backs and pushing her
out of the wrestling area which would allow them to score 1 point.
López-Gonz{lez (2011) indicated that women wrestlers who participated in the World
Championship of 2009 demonstrate organized attack combinations, which can emerge from
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 19
the complex interactions regulated through their perceptual processes. Incidentally, the
results demonstrated that leg attacks is the main type of offensive skill used by winners.
Analysis of competitive activity in women’s freestyle wrestling throughout the last two
Olympic cycles has shown that simple attacks to the legs and turning-down constitute 74%
of the Technical Tactical Actions TTA (Tünnemann, 2012). Performance of grand amplitude
throws, which require a certain amount of time of training and entail certain risks, is
minimal.
Tünnemann (2011) reports that scoring analysis of the World Freestyle Championship
2011, presented similar results to López, et al., (2012), with leg attacks as the most effective
attack of all technical structures, with 0.49 pts/min. The same author demonstrated that these
results are not new in freestyle wrestling combats: the World Championships of 2009 and
2010 also presented leg attacks as the main technical structure to achieve attack efficacy, with
0.27 and 0.34 pts/min, respectively.
Tünnemann and Curby (2016) by analysing Scoring Analysis of the Wrestling matches
from the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio, have come to the results that freestyle wrestling for
women is dominated by leg attacks. It is interesting, but understandable because of the high
value of the counterattacks. Likewise, a decrease in the effective application of take downs,
throws, turn overs, ankle laces, and “push outs” techniques is noticed when looking at the
Olympic cycle. The gut wrench has completely disappeared. The coaches should pay special
attention to the decline of throws as a result of rule changes.
Tünnemann (2017) conducted the analysis of the technical-tactical combat behaviour in
the wrestling finals of the 2016 Olympic Games Rio in comparison to the 2012 OG London.
Women's wrestling bouts are dominated by leg attacks. The high value of the counter-attacks
is interesting but quite understandable. The technical and tactical diversity is reflected in the
application of take downs, turn overs and ankle lace. In addition to the already mentioned
dominance of the leg attacks, the decline of take down, throws, turn over, ankle lace and
“push out”- techniques are noticed when looking at the Olympic cycle. Gut wrench have
completely disappeared. López (2018) conducted the Scoring Analysis of the Senior World
Wrestling Championships-2017, and determined that the quality of wrestling for women is
1.92 pts/m, and a number of 4 points scored equal to 15%. 5 points were not scored. 75% of
pointes scored by female wrestlers are 2 points. The standing position is mostly dominant
equalling to 71%, followed by parterre position of 22%. Leg attack scored 1.41.pts/m, while in
parterre position gut wrenches, ankles laces scored 0.29 pts/min. The parterre position
exhibited techniques such as turnovers, reversals and counter-offensive blocks. Counter-
offensive take downs in women wrestlers is applicable to a great extent. The decrease in the
application of turn-overs in women wrestlers is noticeable.
The analysis of reformed technical actions in parterre position between winners and
defeated contestants indicates a certain and clear point advantage where the winners have an
advantage of 1, 2, 3 points in regards to the defeated contestants. A domination of technical
elements is highly noticeable, which include the turn-overs of the opponents by applying
different grabs and attacks from the back of the opponents and domination of the winners
while holding the opponents in the position of declaring a „touché“
Technical actions scoring 1 point such as actions of holding someone in a position for
declaring „touché“ have proven to be efficient parterre techniques which have given an
advantage to winners over defeated opponents. The contestants were able to perform these
techniques by successfully performing either throws, turn overs or counter turnovers in
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 20
parterre position and have brought their opponents into a subordinate position, holding
them in a position declaring „touché“ and thus scoring an advantage of 1 point.
Technical actions scoring two points such as: A turn-over by twisting the opponent
with an arm and head, turn-over by twisting the opponent with an arm and ancle lock, A
turn-over with a cross hold of the knees, gut wrench are dominant technical actions in which
winners dominated over defeated contestants at this championship. Techniques of turn over
arm head, arm leg, head leg are the most efficient techniques in parterre position used by the
contestants. This is because a firm and proper grab in these techniques provides with a great
possibility for successful technique performance. Also, because these techniques are very
difficult to counterattack and because these techniques provide with an opportunity to
develop and use other techniques. Cadets have avoided using technical elements such as lifts
form parterre position and other technical elements which would allow them to score more
than two points.
Technical actions scoring three points are the techniques of lift and throws from
parterre position. The scored results indicate that these techniques have a low efficiency rate,
i.e. contestants do not use these techniques because they require a lot of strength for their
performance and allow for the possibility of counter attacks. For scoring 3 points in parterre
position this is not the case, because the referee cannot give 3 points unless it is connected to
some other action (approach from the back + turn over), therefore connected technical actions
were not statistically significant.
Similar data was presented Dokmanac, Karadzic, and Doder (2012) stating that the
most dominant technique in freestyle wrestling for women was take down during Wrestling
World Championship in Istanbul in 2001. As to the parterre, the highest number of
techniques are classified as other techniques because of the large number of procedures that
cannot be classified in any of the predicted group techniques. Comparison between standing
and parterre ethnics by style (FW) are observed in women, techniques in the standing
position are even more dominant than the presented techniques in parterre position.
Analysis of grouped weight category techniques in freestyle wrestling indicated that in the
light category take downs are the most common technique. The parterre is represented with
3 techniques, and standing position with 5 techniques. In medium category the most
commonly used technique is take down and followed by other techniques in the standing
position. Parterre were represented with 3 techniques, and standing position with 5
techniques. In case of heavy category, the parterre was represented by only one technique,
while standing position was represented by 5 techniques.
López-Gonz{lez (2015) has confirmed significant correlations between Technical
Profile of Top Four Women's Wrestling Teams in the 2014 Senior World Championship and
Selected Performance Variables. Regarding the technical groups, three of seven in standing
(takedowns, shifts, and defensive blocks) and two of four in parterre (turnover and spins)
had at least one significant correlation with some performance variable. Since 2013
significant changes in the wrestling rules were introduced (FILA, 2013), and these changes
have effected several wrestling fight segments. These changes have promoted more
aggressive wrestling because more aggressive wrestling is required under the modified
regulations. Greater anaerobic and aerobic capacities will be required to win (Tunnemann,
2013), and as a result of the application of the new rules it can be stated that the introduction
of the new rules were crowned principle of success: The new rules in all three disciplines
resulted in a significant increase in victories with technical superiority (ST, SP) at the expense
Differences in Performance Indicators between Winners and Defeated Female... Kajmović et al., 2019
J Eurasia Sports Sci Med; 1(1) 21
of point victories. It resulted in an improvement of the performance index and the
effectiveness of attacks, which is reflected in the increase of the activity and an enormous
improvement in the attack oriented combat behaviour. The number of achieved technical
points per bout increased in all three disciplines as the rules changed. The formal
appreciation of 2-point ratings lead to a reduction of the 1-point ratings but not to the
increase of the 3 - and 5 - point rating values or to an increase of the pins which cannot be
seen as an increase of attractiveness (Tunnemann, 2013). Recent analyses developed after
2013 rule modifications (Miarka, 2016), showed that the decisive offensive actions were
applied on foot and in parterre situations – especially gut wrenches techniques and
derivatives of suplex movements. And finally, one can conclude that female cadets have
shown a great level of tactical risk-free fighting, and tactical maturity as a proof of long term
training. The differences between winners and defeated wrestlers from the European
Championship for Cadets can be explained as insufficient training of the defeated
contestants, weak technical-tactical preparation, but as well a lack of experience in young
contestants in regards to big competitions.
CONCLUSIONS
The performance analysis of female cadet wrestlers demonstrates a possibility of
understanding the technical-tactical effectiveness in wrestling, which is represented as an
ability to efficient technique application in standing and parterre position and which is
measured by how many times the aim was achieved, the number and quality of scored
points, and the circumstances under which all of the above was accomplished during the
fight. This research has clearly indicated in which performances the winners differ from the
defeated cadets in freestyle wrestling. In the light of wrestling rule modifications which have
now occurred several times after this competition, the researchers are given an opportunity
to study in detail the performances in regards to both genders, different age categories and
different wrestling style, which will provide quality information for the development of
wrestling sport, both from practical and scientific aspect. In this way, the expert teams will
have an opportunity to plan and programme quality training processes, with an adequate
evaluation and analysis of information gathered at competitions so as to make important
decision for further preparations and competitions.
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