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Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses

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Ekrem Mutlu at Kastamonu Üniversitesi
Ekrem Mutlu
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Abstract and Figures

This study of Zerveli stream, Kastamonu, aims to present an assessment of its water quality and to determine the basic factors having a significant effect on the water to identify how these factors account for variations in water quality. Samples of surface water were obtained on a monthly basis between December 2016 and November 2017 at 11 stations along the watercourse. According to these samples, 28 different water quality parameters determining the water quality were evaluated. The results were assessed with respect to the environmental water quality and irrigation water quality. For this purpose, the water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) parameters were calculated. WQI values within the year ranged between 17.26 (excellent) and 223.05 (very poor). Based on the monthly mean values, the water quality was found to be good in December, February, July, and August and poor in the remaining months. Water quality tended to deteriorate the greater the distance from the water source. According to factor analysis (FA), salinity, pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), SO4²⁻, SO3²⁻, NO2⁻-N, NO⁻3-N, NH⁺4-N, and Cl are the main variables responsible for changes in the ecosystem. According to analysis of the irrigation water quality, the stream was found to be suitable for irrigation in terms of SAR (1.07–3.25) and %Na (37.58–61.89) but problematic in terms of RSC (3.80–5.58) values.
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Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality
of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality
index and multivariate statistical analyses
Ekrem Mutlu
Received: 30 January 2019 /Accepted: 15 April 2019
#Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract This study of Zerveli stream, Kastamonu,
aims to present an assessment of its water quality and
to determine the basic factors having a significant effect
on the water to identify how these factors account for
variations in water quality. Samples of surface water
were obtained on a monthly basis between December
2016 and November 2017 at 11 stations along the wa-
tercourse. According to these samples, 28 different wa-
ter quality parameters determining the water quality
were evaluated. The results were assessed with respect
to the environmental water quality and irrigation water
quality. For this purpose, the water quality index (WQI),
sodium absorption rate (SAR), sodium percentage
(%Na), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) parame-
ters were calculated. WQI values within the year ranged
between 17.26 (excellent) and 223.05 (very poor).
Based on the monthly mean values, the water quality
was found to be good in December, February, July, and
August and poor in the remaining months. Water quality
tended to deteriorate the greater the distance from the
water source. According to factor analysis (FA), salinity,
pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC),
suspended solid matter (SSM), chemical oxygen de-
mand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
SO
42−
,SO
32−
,NO
2−
-N, NO
−3
-N, NH
+4
-N, and Cl are
the main variables responsible for changes in the
ecosystem. According to analysis of the irrigation water
quality, the stream was found to be suitable for irrigation
in terms of SAR (1.07–3.25) and %Na (37.58–61.89)
but problematic in terms of RSC (3.80–5.58) values.
Keywords Zerveli stream .Water quality index .
Environmental quality .Water quality
Introduction
The increasing human population creates a greater
need for water, and the gradual decrease in clean
fresh water sources will become a serious problem
in the future. A growing population increases the
need for clean water resources, while at the same
time it is one of the most important reasons for
water pollution. For example, irrigation is a prereq-
uisite for increasing, protecting, and diversifying
agricultural production. However, it also has adverse
effects on water quality because of salinity and
agrochemicals polluting the running water sources
(Isidoro and Aragüés 2007). Excessive fertilization
of agricultural land causes nutrient enrichment and
algal growth in the water sources, which may cause
mortality in fish as well as oxygen depletion (Woli
et al. 2008). In addition to the need for drinking
water, sectors such as heavy industry, agriculture,
aquaculture, livestock husbandry, forestry, hydro-
power production, transportation, and recreation also
use water; therefore, water of a certain quality as
well as healthy river ecosystems are necessary in
Environ Monit Assess (2019) 191:335
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7473-5
E. Mutlu (*)
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kastamonu
University, Kuzeykent Campus, 37000 Kastamonu, Turkey
e-mail: ekrem-mutlu@hotmail.com
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.
... Nowadays, water and environmental pollutions are the most critical problems threatening the ecosystem. Increasing water pollution due to industrial and agricultural activities and increasing population is becoming a very important problem (Pavlidou et al. 2015;Mutlu and Aydın Uncumusaoglu 2017;Pignotti et al. 2017;Al-Afify et al. 2018;Mutlu 2019;Şener et al. 2020). In addition to the deterioration of the balance in the ecosystem, the quality of drinking and utility water decreases, causing negative effects on public health (Kükrer andMutlu 2019 2019;Mukherjee and Singh 2022a). ...
... Increasing water pollution due to industrial and agricultural activities and increasing population is becoming a very important problem (Pavlidou et al. 2015;Mutlu and Aydın Uncumusaoglu 2017;Pignotti et al. 2017;Al-Afify et al. 2018;Mutlu 2019;Şener et al. 2020). In addition to the deterioration of the balance in the ecosystem, the quality of drinking and utility water decreases, causing negative effects on public health (Kükrer andMutlu 2019 2019;Mukherjee and Singh 2022a). ...
... and 0.50-0.30, respectively (Uncumusaoğlu andMutlu 2019 2019;Taş et al. 2021). Given the PCA results presented in Table 3, (Table S3), can be explained by the water-rock relationship arising from the chemical decompositions (Şener et al. 2021). ...
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  • ENVIRON SCI POLLUT R
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... Bu testlerin, yerine göre hepsi ya da bir kısmı su analizlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, suyun canlılar tarafından doğrudan ve/veya dolaylı, sürekli kullanımına bağlı olarak gelişebilecek akut ve/veya kronik hastalıkları belirleyecek çalışmalar yapılmamaktadır (Mutlu, 2019). Bu eksiklik değerlendirilerek, su kalitesi analizlerine ilave olarak, suyun canlılar tarafından kullanımına bağlı olarak memeli organizmadaki değişimlerin tespitine yönelik yeni bir yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. ...
Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology Determination the Effectiveness of the Cytotoxic Analysis on the Water Quality Assessments # This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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Evaluation of Water and Sediment Quality of İnaltı Cave (Northern Turkey) by Using Multivariate Statistical Methods
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Heavy metals, which are among the important pollutants that threaten ecosystems, have been a particularly intriguing subject of accumulation studies. The present study aimed to reveal the water and sediment quality, pollution status, and their usability for living organisms in 10 stations for the first time in İnaltı cave, which has two underground ponds. Concentrations of 9 heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cd, Cr, Al) and 1 metalloid (As) were determined in samples taken. These results were compared to the limit values in Sediment Quality Guides (SQGs) and analyzed further using different sediment evaluation methods. SQGs values revealed that the amounts of Cd and Ni are of concern. Examining the concentrations of metals in the water, the ranking by concentration was found to be Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Mn and the elements were considered not to pose any environmental risk. The enrichment of detected Cd metal in the sediment is remarkable. In addition, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering analysis were carried out in order to make the obtained data easier to understand and interpret. While designing the most appropriate action plans for water management, more clear and understandable information can be obtained by using these methods and interpreting the raw data. In the cave, individuals belonging to the Niphargus genus, a member of the Malacostraca class, Niphargidae Family, were identified in the sediment.
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Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
Nainital district is naturally gifted with numbers of natural water bodies. Among these water bodies, the four lakes (Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal and Sattal) are the major source of freshwater for the local inhabitants and industries situated in surrounding area. However, the lakes receive enormous amount of untreated wastewater which imbalances the nutrients concentration in lake water. Therefore, the present study is focused to assess the water quality using water quality indices (NSFWQI, CPI and HPI), based on concentration of parameters (like DO, BOD, heavy metals etc.) in the lakes. The envirometric applications (HCA and PCA) were also used to identify the similarity in pollution load at sampling locations and the source of factor responsible for pollution in the lakes. The water samples were collected in pre- and post-monsoon months in year 2014–15, from twelve sampling locations. The results indicate that the water quality of lakes is unsuitable for drinking, as the average CPI was 0.90 and 0.88 in Bhimtal Lake, 1.42 and 1.43 in Nainital Lake, 1.19 and 1.27 in Naukuchiatal Lake, 1.46 and 1.42 in Sattal Lake in pre- and post-monsoon months, respectively. The HPI was found more in Nainital Lake than in rest other three lakes, while RAI was found in range RAI>1 in the four lakes. HCA gained two clusters and PCA gained two PCs, which indicate the impact of both anthropogenic and natural sources for deterioration of water quality. Therefore, it has been suggested that the lake water must be treated before used for drinking.
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Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2017
Saline lakes are known to be amongst the most productive ecosystems in the world. Tsimanampesotse, a ‘conservation hotspot’ soda lake in southwestern Madagascar, was integrated into the Ramsar wetland network in 1998. Despite its importance for aquatic birds, knowledge of its water characteristics and aquatic biota is scarce. Water quality and aquatic invertebrates were investigated in April and August 2013 to provide baseline data in order to measure possible changes of the area in the future. Changes in water temperature (19.5–25.9 °C) and in dissolved oxygen (9.3–11.3 mg l⁻¹) were detected. The water was highly mineralised (EC > 41 000 µS cm⁻¹) and moderately alkaline (pH ∼ 8.0). The maximum concentrations of ammonia and phosphate were relatively high (39.1 and 57.6 mg l⁻¹, respectively). Freshwater runoff from the plateau makes the water quality in the eastern part of the lake better than that in the west. Of the 15 taxa of macroinvertebrate assessed, the crustaceans Grandidierella mahafalensis and Apseudes thaumastocheles were dominant. Decreased water salinity in April increased the abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates. Despite its incorporation to the protected area, Lake Tsimanampesotse is still impacted by human activities and needs supplementary preservation.
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Anthropogenic Activity Induced Water Quality Degradation in Loktak Lake, A Ramsar Site in Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2017
Wetland contribute to human well-being and poverty alleviation. The increase in human population lead to more demand for water and degradation of the water bodies around the globe, resulting in scarcity of water. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of anthropogenic activity on water quality of Loktak Lake. Water samples were collected seasonally viz monsoon, post monsoon, winter and pre-monsoon during 2013-2014 from 10 sites. For each water sample, 20 physicochemical parameters were analyzed using the American Public Health Association method. Further, 11 significant parameter values were used to developed water quality index. The result shows high concentration of nitrite (5.45mg/l-11.83mg/l) and nitrate (93.67 mg/l- 177.75 mg/l) in rivers which is beyond the permissible limit and higher compared to the Loktak. Highest turbidity was observed at Langthabal with 21 NTU which is above the permissible limit. The Water Quality Indices (WQI) of Loktak ranges from 64 to 77 while for rivers ranges from 53 to 95, which indicates that the water is very poor to poor state. The WQI value of rivers are higher compared to lake, which identified that rivers water are the major source for increase in pollution in the lake water. The study suggest the need for long term monitoring of the lake aquatic ecosystem and identification of pollution sites for proper management of the lake water. The use of WQI plays an important tool to enables the public and decision makers to evaluate the water quality of the Loktak lake.
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Development of a water quality index (WQI) for the Loktak Lake in India
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2017
The present work was carried out to assess a water quality index (WQI) of the Loktak Lake, an important wetland which has been under pressure due to the increasing anthropogenic activities. Physicochemical parameters like temperature (Tem), potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity (T), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl), fluoride (F), sulphate (SO2 4�), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (PO3 4�), sodium (Na), potassium (K), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), total dissolved solids (TDS), total carbon (TC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed using standard procedures. The values obtained were compared with the guidelines for drinking purpose suggested by the World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standard. The result shows the higher concentration of nitrite in all the location which is beyond the permissible limit. Eleven parameters were selected to derive the WQI for the estimation of water potential for five sampling sites. A relative weight was assigned to each parameter range from 1.46 to 4.09 based on its importance. The WQI values range from 64 to 77 indicating that the Loktak Lake water is not fit for drinking, including both human and animals, even though the people living inside the Lake are using it for drinking purposes. The implementation of WQI is necessary for proper management of the Loktak Lake and it will be a very helpful tool for the public and decision makers to evaluate the water quality of the Loktak Lake for sustainable management.
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Assessment of river water quality and ecological diversity through multivariate statistical techniques, and earth observation dataset of rivers Ghaghara and Gandak, India
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Full-text available
  • Apr 2017
Water quality and ecological diversity of aquatic flora with respect to distribution in active channels and on banks of the rivers Ghaghara and Gandak have been investigated in years 2011–2012. The land use/land cover map of year 2010 showed agricultural land as the dominant class in both river basins. The appraisal of aquatic flora has indicated that the dominant plant species in numbers are as follows: macrophytic algae, aquatic angiosperms, aquatic pteridophytes, sedges, grasses, herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees collected from the banks and active channels of rivers Ghaghara and Gandak. In total, 207 plants species were reported as common in both river environments, and the remaining species have showed variability for both rivers. It was observed that the algal group showed higher species diversity in comparison to other plant groups. High numbers of macrophytic species were observed due to the alkaline pH and good level of dissolved oxygen at different sampling sites of the two rivers. Further, multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis and principal component/factor analysis were applied to fulfil the knowledge gap and to identify the potential sources and types of pollutants.
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The effect of water quality on the distribution of macro-benthic fauna in Western Lagoon and Timsah Lake, Egypt.I
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2017
Macro-benthic fauna are considered the good bio-indicators for the environmental changes of any aquatic ecosystems. Samples of macro-benthos, sediments and surface water were collected from 13 stations representing different conditions in the Western Lagoon (10 stations) and Timsah Lake (3 stations) from autumn 2014 to summer 2015. Macro-benthic density and diversity in Timsah Lake were higher than those in the Western Lagoon; the density at Timsah Lake encompassed 167,649 individual/m2 representing 42 species from the total of 46 species recorded in the investigated area. While species density in the Western Lagoon constituted 12,008 individual/m2 presenting only 16 species. Winter recorded the highest density (74,854 individual/m2); the highest dominance (CDI = 0.858) and the lowest Equitability (0.293) due to the dominance of the opportunistic species. Spring harvested both the highest diversity (28 species) and species richness (SR = 2.917). While autumn and summer procured both the lowest density and diversity (34,021 and 29,544 individual/m2 and 23 and 25 species respectively). The equitability index (E′) showed its highest values within the Western Lagoon (>0.90) owing to the species poorness relative to Timsah Lake. The water quality data showed that the Western Lagoon and Timsah Lake had significant high oxygen influx in spring (11.00 and 9.35 mg/l, respectively) and oxygen depletion in summer (1.00 and 3.00 mg/l, respectively). Reactive phosphorus and ammonia in the Western Lagoon exceeded the world averages. Timsah Lake sediments were highly affected by the sediment drifts from the Western Lagoon. The highest influx of the fine sediment group (FSG) was estimated during spring with an average of 62.77% and 61.18% in Timsah Lake and Western Lagoon, respectively. Total organic matter (TOM) in Western Lagoon recorded the highest average of 17.05% in spring accompanied with the high biological productivities.
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Evaluation of Mariut Lake water quality using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing and laboratory works
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2016
It would be an advantage if there were a measurement method, which would provide more detailed spatial information on water contaminations at low cost. Hyperspectral Remote Sensing has a possibility for gathering detailed: contamination information rapidly and inexpensively. This study includes the possibility of assessing heavy metal contamination of water in Mariut Lake and predicting models describe their concentration using spectrum data taken by portable FieldSpec_3 ASD Spectroradiometer. The main objectives of this research are assessing water contamination by heavy metal in Mariut Lake using laboratory analysis and developing a predictive model for water pollution based on the spectral characteristics and lab data obtained. It is resulted that Pb, Ni and Cr concentrations exceed permissible limit of USEPA. Also, the spectral reflectance of (6?13, 16, 19 and 20) at wavelength 582?653?nm is related to the spectral behavior of the high chlorophyll concentration. Also there are 7 samples (1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 19 and 21) showed high and low values of turbidity. As the suspended sediment concentration increased, reflectance also increased at all wavelengths between 400 and 850?nm. It is concluded that most of models predicting heavy metals concentration using reflectance spectroscopy have high significant correlation ranged from 0.27 to 0.97.
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Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey)
Article
  • Apr 2017
  • SCI TOTAL ENVIRON
The aim of this study is evaluate water quality of the Aksu River, the main river recharging the Karacaören-1 Dam Lake and flowing approximately 145 km from Isparta province to Mediterranean. Due to plan for obtaining drinking water from the Karacaören-1 Dam Lake for Antalya Province, this study has great importance. In this study, physical and chemical analyses of water samples taken from 21 locations (in October 2011 and May 2012, two periods) through flow path of the river were investigated. The analysis results were compared with maximum permissible limit values recommended by World Health Organization and Turkish drinking water standards. The water quality for drinking purpose was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI) method. The computed WQI values are between 35.6133 and 337.5198 in the study. The prepared WQI map shows that Karacaören-1 Dam Lake generally has good water quality. However, water quality is poor and very poor in the north and south of the river basin. The effects of punctual and diffuse pollutants dominate the water quality in these regions. Furthermore, the most effective water quality parameters are COD and Mg on the determination of WQI for the present study.
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