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e genus Castanediella 1
The genus Castanediella
Chuan-Gen Lin1,2, Darbhe J. Bhat3,4, Jian-Kui Liu5, Kevin D. Hyde2, YongWang1
1 Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025,
China 2 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, ailand
3 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, Goa Velha 403108, India 4 Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa
University, Goa, India 5 Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Elec-
tronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
Corresponding author: Yong Wang (yongwangbis@aliyun.com)
Academic editor: C. Gueidan|Received9 December 2018|Accepted 23 January 2019|Published 15 April2019
Citation: Lin C-G, Bhat DJ, Liu J-K, Hyde KD, Wang Y (2019) e genus Castanediella. MycoKeys 51: 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.51.32272
Abstract
Two new species, Castanediella brevis and C. monoseptata, are described, illustrated and compared with
other Castanediella taxa. Evidence for the new species is provided by morphological comparison and
sequence data analyses. Castanediella brevis can be distinguished from other Castanediella species by the
short hyaline conidiophores and fusiform, aseptate hyaline conidia, while C. monoseptata diers from
other Castanediella species by its unbranched conidiophores and fusiform, curved, 0–1-sepatate, hyaline
conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data was carried out to determine the
phylogenetic placement of the species. A synopsis of hitherto described Castanediella species is provided.
In addition, Castanediella is also compared with morphologically similar-looking genera such as Idriella,
Idriellopsis, Microdochium, Neoidriella, Paraidriella and Selenodriella.
Keywords
new taxa, Castanediellaceae, hyphomycetes, phylogeny, Sordariomycetes
Introduction
Hernández-Restrepo et al. (2017) introduced the family Castanediellaceae for the genus
Castanediella within Xylariales and it was consolidated in recent study by Wijayawardene
et al. (2018). e asexual morphs in Castanediellaceae are hyphomycetous and character-
ized by macronematous, mononematous or sporodochial, branched, brown to pale brown
conidiophores, with monoblastic or polyblastic, sympodial, discrete, cylindrical to lageni-
Copyright Chuan-Gen Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
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MycoKeys 51: 1–14 (2019)
doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.51.32272
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Chuan-Gen Lin et al. / MycoKeys 51: 1–14 (2019)
2
form, hyaline to subhyaline conidiogenous cells, that produce unicellular or transversely
septate, cylindrical, fusiform or lunate, hyaline conidia (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2017).
e genus Castanediella was established by Crous et al. (2015) to accommodate C.
acaciae, C. cagnizarii and C. ramosa within Xylariales genera incertae sedis. e genus
contains twelve species (Costa et al. 2018; Wanasinghe et al. 2018), each characterized
by branched, hyaline to pale brown conidiophores, holoblastic, sympodial conidiog-
enous cells and falcate, cylindrical or fusiform, 0–3-sepate, hyaline conidia (Crous et
al. 2015; Costa etal. 2018).
During a survey of hyphomycetes in ailand, two hyaline-spored hyphomycet-
es were collected. ey were shown to belong to the genus Castanediella based on
morphology and phylogeny analyses of ITS and LSU sequence data. e new species
C.brevis and C. monoseptata are introduced.
Materials and methods
Collection and isolation of fungi
Dead leaves from a variety of plants in two forests (Lampang province and Chiang Mai
province) were collected in 2016 in ailand. Samples were taken to the laboratory in
Zip-lock plastic bags for examination. e specimens were incubated in sterile moist
chambers and examined using a Motic SMZ 168 series microscope. Fungi were re-
moved with a needle and placed in a drop of distilled water on a slide for morphologi-
cal study. Photomicrographs of fungal structures were captured with a Canon 600D
digital camera attached to a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni compound microscope. All measure-
ments were made by the Tarosoft (R) Image FrameWork program. Photo-plates were
made with Adobe Photoshop CS3 (Adobe Systems, USA). Isolation of the fungi on
to potato dextrose agar (PDA) was performed by the single spore isolation method
(Chomnunti et al. 2014). Dried material was deposited in the Herbarium of Mae Fah
Luang University (MFLU), Chiang Rai, ailand and herbarium of Kunming Insti-
tute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HKAS), Kunming, China. Cultures
were deposited at Mae Fah Luang University Culture Collection (MFLUCC), Chiang
Rai, ailand and Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUM-
CC), Kunming, China. FacesofFungi and Index Fungorum numbers were registered
(Jayasiri et al. 2015; Index Fungorum 2018).
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing
Genomic DNA was extracted from fungal mycelium grown on PDA or malt extract
agar (MEA) at room temperature using the Fungal gDNA Kit (BioMIGA, USA) ac-
cording to the manufacturer’s instructions. e internal transcribed spacer region of
ribosomal DNA (ITS) and large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU) genes were
amplied via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the following primers: ITS5 and
e genus Castanediella 3
ITS4 (White et al. 1990) for ITS, and LR0R and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990)
for LSU. e PCR products were sequenced with the same primers. e PCR ampli-
cation was performed in a 25 μL reaction volume containing 12.5 μL of 2 × Power
Taq PCR MasterMix (a premix and ready to use solution, including 0.1 Units/μl Taq
DNA Polymerase, 500 μM dNTP Mixture each [dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP], 20 mM
Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 100 Mm KCl, 3 mM MgCl2, stabilizer and enhancer), 1 μL of each
primer (10 μM), 1 μL genomic DNA extract and 9.5 μL deionised water. e PCR
thermal cycle program of ITS and LSU were followed as: initially 94 °C for 3 min.,
followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 50 s,
elongation at 72 °C for 1 min., and nal extension at 72 °C for 10 min.
Phylogenetic analyses
Original sequences were checked using BioEdit version 7.0.5.3 (Hall 1999), and most
reference sequences were originated from previous publications. e remaining ho-
mogenous sequences were obtained by BLAST searches (Altschul et al. 1990) from
GenBank. All sequences used in this study are listed in Table 1. Alignments for each
locus were done in MAFFT v7.307 online version (Katoh and Standley 2016) and
manually veried in MEGA 6.06 (Tamura et al. 2013). After alignment, the concat-
enation of dierent genes was done in SequenceMatrix 1.8 (Vaidya et al. 2011). e
interleaved NEXUS les for Bayesian inference analyses were formatted with AliView
v1.19-beta1k (Larsson 2014). Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML)
and Bayesian inference (BI) were used for phylogenetic analyses.
e best models of evolution for each gene region were determined using Akaike
information criterion (AIC) as implemented in MrModeltest v2 (Nylander 2004). e
analyses’ results showed that the models GTR+I and GTR+I+G were the best ones for
LSU and ITS sequence data, respectively.
MP analyses were performed in PAUP*4.0b10 (Swoord 2002) following Liu
etal. (2016).
ML analyses were carried out in raxmlGUI v 1.5b1 (Silvestro and Michalak 2012) with
RAxML v8.2.10 (Stamatakis 2014), using the ML + rapid bootstrap setting and the GTR-
GAMMAI (viz., GTR + GAMMA + I) substitution model with 1000 bootstrap replicates.
For BI analysis, Posterior probabilities (PP) (Rannala and Yang 1996; Zhaxybayeva
and Gogarten 2002) were determined by Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (BM-
CMC) in MrBayes v 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012). For the combined dataset, the mod-
els were set to nst = 6 and rates = propinv for LSU and nst = 6 and rates = invgamma
for ITS. Two independent analyses of two parallel runs and six simultaneous Markov
chains were run for 1,000,000 generations, trees were sampled every 100th generation
and the temperature value of the heated chains was set at 0.15. e rst 25% sampled
trees of each run were discarded as “burn-in”, and the remaining trees were used for
calculating posterior probabilities (PP) in the majority rule consensus tree with the
sumt command in MrBayes.
Phylogenetic trees were drawn with TreeView 1.6.6 (Page 1996).
Chuan-Gen Lin et al. / MycoKeys 51: 1–14 (2019)
4
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree generated from MP analysis based on combined LSU and ITS sequence data
for the genus Castanediella. Bootstrap support values for maximum parsimony (MP, rst set) and maxi-
mum likelihood (ML, second set) greater than 50% are indicated above or below the nodes. Ex-type strains
are in bold, the new isolates are in red. e tree is rooted with Subsessila turbinata (MFLUCC 15-0831).
Table 1. GenBank accession numbers of isolates included in this study.
Taxa IsolateaITS LSU
Castanediella acaciae CPC 24869, CBS 139896 NR_137985 KR476763
Castanediella brevis KUMCC 18-0132 MH806361 MH806358
Castanediella cagnizarii MUCL 41095 KC775732 KC775707
Castanediella cagnizarii CBS 101043 KP859051 KP858988
Castanediella cagnizarii CBS 542.96 KP859054 KP858991
Castanediella camelliae CNUFC-DLHBS5-1 MF926620 MF926614
Castanediella camelliae CNUFC-DLHBS5-2 MF926621 MF926615
Castanediella communis CPC 27631 KY173393 –
Castanediella couratarii CBS 579.71 NR_145250 KP858987
Castanediella eucalypti CPC 24746, CBS 139897 NR_137981 KR476758
Castanediella eucalypticola CPC 26539 NR_145254 KX228317
Castanediella eucalyptigena CBS 143178, CPC 32055 MG386036 MG386089
Castanediella hyalopenicillata CPC 25873 KX306751 KX306780
Castanediella malaysiana CPC 24918 NR_154810 KX306781
Castanediella monoseptata KUMCC 18-0133 MH806360 MH806357
Castanediella ramosa MUCL 39857 KC775736 KC775711
Subsessila turbinata MFLUCC 15-0831 KX762288 KX762289
a CBS, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands; CPC, Culture collection of Pedro Crous, housed
at CBS; KUMCC, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; MFLUCC, Mae
Fah Luang University Culture Collection, Chiang Rai, ailand; MUCL, Mycothèque de l’Université Catholique de
Louvian, Belgium.
e genus Castanediella 5
Results
Molecular phylogeny
e aligned sequence matrix comprises LSU and ITS sequence data for 16 taxa (in-
group) and one outgroup taxon with a total of 1438 characters after alignment includ-
ing the gaps, of which 120 were parsimony informative, 77 parsimony-uninformative,
and 1241 characters constant. e dataset consists of thirteen species within the genus.
e tree was rooted with Subsessila turbinata (MFLUCC 15-0831). Maximum par-
simony analysis resulted in two trees with TL = 391, CI = 0.657, RI = 0.642, RC =
0.422, HI = 0.343. For the Bayesian analysis, two parallel runs with six chains were run
for 1,000,000 generations and trees were sampled every 100th generation, resulting in
20002 trees from two runs of which 15002 trees were used to calculate the posterior
probabilities (each run resulted in 10001 trees of which 7501 trees were sampled).e
MP and ML (lnL = -4041.301739) analyses based on combined LSU and ITS sequence
data provided similar tree topologies, and the result of MP analysis is shown in Fig. 1.
e novelty of the species, Castanediella brevis and C. monoseptata, described in
this study are supported by sequence data analyses as belonging to the genus Castan-
ediella, but with low bootstrap support values. Isolates of Castanediella brevis and C.
monoseptata formed separate clades in the phylogenetic inference, respectively. Castan-
ediella brevis is sister to C. malaysiana and C. ramosa, while C. monoseptata shows close
phylogenetic relationship to C. couratarii and C. malaysiana. Both the new taxa can
be recognized as phylogenetically distinct species and are clearly novel based on the
recommendations for molecular data (Jeewon and Hyde 2016).
MP, ML and BI were used for phylogenetic analyses in this study. e tree topolo-
gies of MP and ML resulted from the combined LSU and ITS sequence data are simi-
lar, but most of the nodes are in low bootstrap support (Fig. 1). Polytomy structure was
formed in the BI tree generated from the combined LSU and ITS sequence data. More
sequence data, especially the protein-coding genes, e.g. TEF1-α, RPB2, β-tubulin, are
required in the future study of the genus Castanediella.
Taxonomy
Castanediella brevis C.G. Lin & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
MycoBank number: MB828879
Facesoungi number: FoF04929
Figure 2
Holotype. THAILAND. Lampang: Amphoe Mueang Pan, Tambon Chae Son, on
decaying leaves, 24 September 2016, Chuangen Lin, LCG 10-1 (MFLU 18-1695,
holotype; HKAS 102198, isotype), ex-type living cultures KUMCC 18-0132.
GenBank number. ITS: MH806361, LSU:MH806358
Etymology. In reference to the short conidiophores.
Chuan-Gen Lin et al. / MycoKeys 51: 1–14 (2019)
6
Figure 2. Castanediella brevis (MFLU 18-1695, holotype) a host material b conidiophores on the host
surface c–g conidiophores, conidiogenous cells with conidia h conidia. Scale bars: 10 μm (c–g), 5 μm(h).
Saprobic on plant host. Asexual morph: Colonies on substrate euse, white. Myce-
lium partly supercial, composed of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline to subhyaline
hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, unbranched,
e genus Castanediella 7
straight or exuous, short, 0–1-septate, hyaline, subcylindrical, ampulliform, smooth,
often reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, polyblastic, sym-
podial, integrated, terminal, subcylindrical, ampulliform, hyaline, denticulate, with
2–4 tiny protuberant denticles, 3–14 × 1.5–5.5 μm. Conidia solitary, dry, acropleurog-
enous, smooth, fusiform, curved, aseptate, hyaline, 12.5–21.7 × 1.2–3 μm (av. 16.95
× 2.2 μm, n = 60). Sexual morph: Undetermined.
Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h. Colonies on
PDA euse, greyish white to dark from above and below, reaching a diam. of 5–7 cm
in 30 days at 25 °C.
Notes. Based on a megablast search of the NCBI nucleotide database using the
ITS sequence of the ex-type culture, the highest similarities found were with Cas-
tanediella malaysiana (GenBank NR_154810; identities = 526/537(98%), gaps =
1/537(0%)) and C. couratarii (GenBank KX960789; identities = 521/538(97%), gaps
= 3/538(0%)). Castanediella brevis diers from these two species by its conidiophore
morphology. Castanediella couratarii has pale brown conidiophores and longer conid-
iogenous cells (10.5–37 × 2–3.5 μm) whereas C. malysiana has pale brown and longer
conidiophores (76–157 × 2.5–3 μm).
Among the species that produce more or less falcate and aseptate conidia, Castan-
ediella communis, C. eucalypti, C. eucalypticola and C. eucalyptigena are most similar
to C. brevis. However, Castanediella brevis diers from these species by its short, un-
branched and 0–1-septate conidiophores.
Castanediella monoseptata C.G. Lin & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
MycoBank number: MB828881
Facesoungi number: FoF04930
Figure 3
Holotype. THAILAND. Chiang Mai: on decaying leaves, 24 August 2016, Chuan-
gen Lin, MRC 3-1 (MFLU 18-1696, holotype; HKAS 102199, isotype), ex-type liv-
ing cultures KUMCC 18-0133.
GenBank number. ITS: MH806360, LSU: MH806357
Etymology. In reference to the 0–1-septate conidia
Saprobic on plant host. Asexual morph: Colonies on substrate euse, white.
Mycelium partly supercial, composed of septate, branched, hyaline to subhyaline,
smooth hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, solitary, erect, un-
branched, straight or exuous, septate, hyaline, subcylindrical, smooth, 8–29 × 2–4
μm. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, sympodial, subcylindrical, hyaline,
with several scars. Conidia solitary, dry, acropleurogenous, smooth, fusiform, curved,
0–1-sepatate, hyaline, 15.4–25.8 × 1.5–2.3 μm (av. 23.03 × 1.98 μm, n = 45). Sex-
ual morph: Undetermined.
Culture characteristics: Conidia germinating on PDA within 24 h. Colonies on
PDA euse, grayish white to dark from above and below, reaching a diam. of 5–7 cm
in 30 days at 25 °C.
Chuan-Gen Lin et al. / MycoKeys 51: 1–14 (2019)
8
Figure 3. Castanediella monoseptata (MFLU 18-1696, holotype) a host material b conidiophores on the
host surface c–f conidiophores, conidiogenous cells with conidia g–l conidia. Scale bars: 10μm(c, d),
5 μm (e–l).
Notes. A megablast search of the NCBI nucleotide database using the ITS se-
quence of the ex-type culture showed the highest similarities with uncultured Sord-
ariales fungi (GenBank GQ268569; identities = 518/539(96%), gaps = 3/539(0%))
and Castanediella couratarii (GenBank KX960789; identities = 516/540(96%), gaps
= 4/540(0%)).
Five Castanediella species, C. cagnizarii, C. diversispora, C. hyalopenicillata, C. ma-
laysiana and C. ramosa, were reported to produce 1-septate conidia. Castanediella mon-
oseptata can be distinguished from these species by its unbranched conidiophores and
falcate and 15.4–25.8 × 1.5–2.3 μm conidia. Castanediella monoseptata is phylogeneti-
e genus Castanediella 9
cally closely related to C. couratarii and C. ramosa, but diers from both species by its
conidial morphology. Castanediella couratarii has shorter conidia (9.5–19 × 2–3 μm)
are aseptate and C. ramosa has larger conidia (26–44 × 2–3 μm) that are 0–3-septate.
Discussion
In this study, two new Castanediella species, C. brevis and C. monoseptata, were identi-
ed from decaying leaves in ailand and a synopsis of hitherto described Castanediella
species is provided (Table 2).
Table 2. Synopsis of Castanediella species.
Taxa Conidiophores Conidiogenous cells Conidia
Shape Size (μm) Septa Colour
C. acaciae Subcylindrical,
medium brown,
40–80 × 2–3 μm.
Polyblastic,
ampulliform, pale
brown, 10–15 ×
2–3 μm.
Falcate with subobtuse
ends
(8–)10–11(–12) ×
1.5(–2)
0Hyaline
C. brevis Subcylindrical,
ampulliform,
hyaline, often
reduced to
conidiogenous cells
Polyblastic,
cylindrical, hyaline,
3–14 × 1.5–5.5 μm
Fusiform, curved 12.5–21.7 ×
1.2–3.0
0Hyaline
C. cagnizarii Cylindrical,
brown at the base,
subhyaline towards
the apex, up to 45
μm long.
Polyblastic,
sympodial,
subhyaline, 5–22 ×
3–4 μm.
Cylindrical to fusiform,
curved at the ends
Two sizes, 10–15 ×
2 or 20–26 × 2
Hyaline
C. camelliae Conidiophores
reduced to
conidiogenous cell.
Cylindrical,
ampulliform, globose
to subglobose, or
irregularly-shaped,
5.5–20.5 × 2–4.5
μm.
Straight to slightly curved,
sometimes swollen in the
middle part
18.5–51.5 ×
1.6–2.5
Septum
indistinct
Hyaline
C. communis Subcylindrical,
medium brown,
20–60 × 3–4 μm.
Polyblastic,
subcylindrical to
ampulliform, pale
brown, 10–35 ×
2–4 μm.
Falcate with subobtuse
ends
(13–)17–20(–22) ×
(2–)2.5(–3)
0Hyaline
C. couratarii Pale brown Lageniform to
cylindrical, hyaline to
pale brown, 10.5–37
× 2–3.5 μm
Lunate 9.5–19 × 2–3 0Hyaline
C. diversispora Pale brown to
brown
Polyblastic,
sympodial, pale
brown to brown, 4–9
× 2–3.5 μm.
Type i) cylindrical, slightly
uncinate at the ends,
straight
Type i) 11.5–16 × 2 Type i)
1-septate
Hyaline
Type ii) cylindrical to
slightly subacerose, slightly
uncinate at the apex,
abruptly attenuated at the
base, straight
Type ii) 19.5–25 ×
1.5–2
Type ii)
1-septate
Type iii) long liform,
obtuse or rounded at the
apex attenuated at the
base, straight or curved
Type iii) 28.5–
47×1
Type iii)
1–3-septate
Chuan-Gen Lin et al. / MycoKeys 51: 1–14 (2019)
10
Taxa Conidiophores Conidiogenous cells Conidia
Shape Size (μm) Septa Colour
C. eucalypti Subcylindrical,
medium brown,
10–30 × 3–4 μm.
Polyblastic,
subcylindrical to
ampulliform, pale
brown, 8–25 × 2.5–4
μm.
Falcate, slightly curved,
widest in middle with
subobtuse ends
(15–)18–21(–23)
× 2–3
0Hyaline
C. eucalypticola Subcylindrical,
medium brown,
5–30 × 3–5 μm.
Polyblastic,
subcylindrical to
ampulliform or
lanceolate, pale
brown, 5–20 ×
3–3.5μm.
Falcate, straight to curved,
widest in the middle, apex
subobtusely rounded, base
truncate, 0.5 μm diam
(15–)20–26(–30) ×
(2.5–)3
0Hyaline
C. eucalyptigena Subcylindrical,
hyaline, frequently
reduced to
conidiogenous loci
on hyphae, up to
15 μm tall, 3–5 μm
diam.
Polyblastic, hyaline,
ampulliform or
subcylindrical, 2–10
× 2–5 μm
Falcate, tapering to acute
ends that are subobtusely
rounded
(13–)18–24(–30) ×
2(–2.5)
0Hyaline
C. hyalopenicillata Cylindrical,
penicillate,
mono-, bi-, and
terverticillate,
hyaline, 24–69 ×
1.5–3 μm.
Mono- and
polyblastic,
short cylindrical,
ampulliform,
hyaline, 6.5–14 ×
2–4 μm
Fusiform, base pointed,
apex obtuse
14–24 × 2–3 0–1 Hyaline
C. malaysiana Cylindrical,
biverticillate, pale
brown, 76–157 ×
2.5–3 μm.
Polyblastic,
cylindrical,
subcylindrical,
hyaline, 19–28 ×
2.5–3.5 μm.
Fusiform, curved, apex
acuminate, and base
acuminate or slightly
attened
18–30 × 2–3 0–1 Hyaline
C. monoseptata Subcylindrical,
unbranched,
hyaline, 8–29 ×
2–4 μm
Polyblastic,
cylindrical, hyaline
Fusiform, curved 15.4–25.8 ×
1.5–2.3
0–1 Hyaline
C. ramosa Cylindrical,
penicillate, brown at
the base, subhyaline
at the apex, up to
70 μm long
Polyblastic,
subhyaline, 10–20 x
2.5–3.5 μm
Falcate 26–44 × 2.2–3 (0–) 1 (–3) Hyaline
Presently, the genus Castanediella contains 14 species, and is shown to be diverse
in its habitats. Most of Castanediella species have been collected from plant leaves. Cas-
tanediella acaciae, C. camelliae, C. communis, C. eucalypti, and C. eucalypticola were iso-
lated from disease symptoms on dierent host plant leaves (Crous et al. 2015, 2016a,
b; Wanasinghe et al. 2018) whereas C. cagnizarii is the only species found on decaying
leaves submerged in a stream (Castañeda Ruiz et al. 2005). Some Castanediella species
were reported from decaying leaves, such as C. brevis, C. cagnizarii, C. diversispora, C.
hyalopenicillata and C. monoseptata (Castañeda Ruiz et al. 2005; Hernández-Restrepo
et al. 2016b; Costa et al. 2018). Castanediella couratarii was reported from dead wood
(Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016a).
e genus Castanediella is morphologically similar to Idriella, Idriellopsis, Mi-
crodochium, Neoidriella, Paraidriella, Selenodriella (Seifert et al. 2011; Crous et al.
e genus Castanediella 11
Table 3. Synopsis of Castanediella-like genera.
Genera Conidiophores Conidiogenous cells Conidia Chlamydospores
Castanediella
Branched, pale brown to brown
at the base and subhyaline
attheapex.
Sympodial, small
denticles or scars,
subhyaline.
0–1-sepate, falcate,
lunate, cylindrical or
fusiform, hyaline
Not observed.
Idriella Brown, mostly reduced to
conidiogenous cells Denticulate, sympodial Aseptate, lunate, curved,
hyaline
Brown, uni- or
pluricellular.
Idriellopsis
Unbranched, brown at the base,
almost hyaline at the apex, mostly
reduced to conidiogenous cells
Terminal, denticulate 0–1-septate, falcate,
curved, hyaline Not observed
Microdochium More or less verticillate, reduced to
conidiogenous cells, hyaline
Hyaline, sympodial or
percurrent, sometimes
denticulate
Aseptate or multiseptate,
lunate, falcate, fusiform,
liform, obovoid or
subpyriform, straight or
curved, hyaline
Terminal or
intercalary, solitary,
in chains or grouped
in clusters, brown.
Neoidriella
Mostly unbranched, pale
brown, mostly reduced to
conidiogenouscells
Sympodial,
denticulate, terminal.
Aseptate, cylindrical to
obovoid, hyaline
Intercalary or
terminal, pale
brown.
Paraidriella Unbranched, pale brown, mostly
reduced to conidiogenous cells.
Sympodial,
denticulate, terminal.
Aseptate, cylindrical to
oblong, hyaline Not observed.
Selenodriella Unbranched or verticillate, brown.
Sympodial,
denticulate, terminal
and intercalary.
Aseptate, falcate, hyaline Not observed
2015; Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016a). However, these genera can be distinguished
by the branching pattern of their conidiophores and conidial shape and septation
(Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2016a). Castanediella diers from these genera by its
branched conidiophores, ampulliform conidiogenous cells with scars instead of den-
ticles, and liform, 0–1-septate, straight to curved conidia (Crous et al. 2015). ese
similar-looking genera are phylogenetically distinct (Crous et al. 2015; Hernández-
Restrepo etal. 2016a). A comparative synopsis of these genera is provided (Table 3).
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Shaun Pennycook (Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua,
New Zealand) for advising on the fungal names. e research is supported by the
ailand Research grants entitled e future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:
baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron
species and Dracaena species (grant no: DBG6080013), Impact of climate change
on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion (grant no:
RDG6130001). Y. Wang would like to thank the projects of the National Natural Sci-
ence Foundation of China (No. 31560489, 31500451), Talent project of Guizhou sci-
ence and technology cooperation platform ([2017]5788-5), Bijie Science and Technol-
ogy Project ([2016]19) and Guizhou science and technology department international
cooperation base project ([2018]5806). J.K. Liu would like to thank the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 31600032) and the Science and Tech-
nology Foundation of Guizhou Province (LH [2015]7061).
Chuan-Gen Lin et al. / MycoKeys 51: 1–14 (2019)
12
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