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The Effect of 12 Weeks of Wrestling+ Warm-Up Program on Functional Movement Screen Scores in Cadet Wrestlers
Abstract and Figures
Background. Wrestling is one of the most popular sports in the world. United World Wrestling have developed “Wrestling+” injury prevention program similar to the FIFA 11+.
Objectives. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks “Wrestling+” warm-up program on Functional Movement Screen scores in cadet wrestlers.
Methods. The study population included all cadet wrestlers of Rasht city and 24 freestyle wrestlers were selected by the convenience sampling and divided into intervention (n=12) and control (n=12)groups. Intervention group performed “Wrestling+” warm-up program for 12 weeks and three times a week and control group performed routine warm-up during the period of research. Functional Movement Screen tests including Deep Squat (DS), Hurdle Step (HS), In-Line Lunge (ILL), Shoulder Mobility (SM), Active Straight Leg Raise (ASLR), Trunk Stability Push Up (PU) and Rotary Stability (RS) were used in pre and post of the program.
Results. There was a significant increase in total Functional Movement Screen, DS, HS, ILL, PU scores, and there were no significant differences in SM, ASLR and RS scores in intervention group. Also, There was a %66.7 decrease in the number of wrestlers at high risk in Functional Movement Screen tests in intervention group. There was no significant difference in any of the variables in the control group (p≥0.05).
Conclusion. Results of this study showed that the “Wrestling+” warm-up program can improve the fundamental movement patterns, and finally it may avert following injuries.
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... Pilates exercises are considered a subset of core stabil-262 ity exercises, which by increasing the proximal stability in the lumbar-pelvic-thigh complex im-263 prove motor control, and neuromuscular coordination and reduce the risk of injury [36]. [35]. Also, in examining the differences between groups in the deep squat 277 test, a significant difference was observed in the face-to-face group compared to the virtual group. ...
... Also, Bayati et al. (2019) did 283 not observe significant improvement in shoulder mobility and active direct leg raising tests after 284 doing injury prevention exercises in wrestlers. They attributed this to the absence of static stretch-285 ing exercises in the training protocol used [35]. ...
Background: One of the important factors in injury prevention and performance improvement is the rapid detection of asymmetries, defects in movement, and instability, as these lead to changes in movement patterns in the closed-kinetic chain and eventual injury. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests are designed to identify individuals with compensatory movement patterns in a closed-kinetic chain. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of virtual and face-to-face corrective exercises on male students' functional movement screening scores. Methods: Sixty male students of Qom Technical and Vocational University (mean ±SD; age: 20.31 ± 4.2 years, height: 1.78 ± 06 cm, weight: 76.63 ± 16.06 kg) were voluntarily divided into two groups: virtual class (n = 32) and face-to-face class (n = 28). First, seven FMS tests were evaluated, and then both groups performed corrective exercises for 6 weeks in virtual or face-to-face methods. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, U-Man-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests in SPSS 27 software were used to analyze the data. Results: In both groups, there was a significant difference between the total score of the FMS, before and after the test (P < 0.01). While there was no significant difference between the post-test scores of the two groups (P > 0.05), In examining the differences between groups, there was a difference between the two groups only in the post-test of the deep squat (P < 0.01) (indicating further improvement of the deep squat in the presence group). Also, despite the improvement in all tests in the face-to-face group, the virtual group did not achieve significant improvement in shoulder mobility or active straight leg raising (P> 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it seems that corrective exercises and FMS tests can be used in a virtual way to prevent injuries to students.
... Wrestling, a sport demanding optimal physical prowess, encompasses a mix of pulling, pushing, lifting, and spinning maneuvers. The primary emphasis lies on slamming, rolling, and lockin techniques aimed at destabilizing the opponent and intensifying offensive movements [7,8]. Muscular endurance, muscle strength, and balance are the dominant physical components in wrestling [9]. ...
This study aims to find out: (1) the effect of the circuit bodyweight training method on increasing muscle strength, muscle endurance, and balance of wrestling athletes, (2) the difference in the effect of the circuit bodyweight training method between the treatment group and the control group on increasing strength, muscle endurance, and balance of wrestling athletes. This type of research is quasi-experimental with a pre-test design and post-test control group design. The sample in this study amounted to 77 people taken using random sampling techniques. The subjects were divided into 2 groups, namely the group given the treatment of as many as 36 people and the control group with as many as 31 people. Instruments used to measure hand muscle strength are using a hand grip dynamometer, arm muscle endurance using a push-ap, abdominal muscle endurance using a sit-ap, Leg muscle strength using a wall sit test, and balance test using a standing stork test. The data analysis technique used is an independent sample t-test followed by a paired sample t-test. The results showed that: 1) There was a significant effect of the circuit bodyweight training method on increasing muscle strength, muscle endurance, and balance in wrestling athletes, in the treatment group evidenced by data on hand muscle strength, hand muscle endurance, abdominal muscle endurance, leg muscle strength, and balance obtained a significance value smaller than 0.05 (p < 0.05). 2) There is a significant difference in influence between the treatment group and the control group on increasing muscle strength, muscle endurance, and balance in wrestling athletes, as evidenced by the average value of hand muscle strength, hand muscle endurance, abdominal muscle endurance, Leg muscle strength, and balance in the treatment group was 60.46 while the average value of hand muscle strength, hand muscle endurance, abdominal muscle endurance, leg muscle strength, and balance in the control group was 48.54 with an average post-test difference of 11.92. So this study concluded that there was a significant increase in hand muscle strength, hand muscle endurance, abdominal muscle endurance, leg muscle strength, and balance before and after treatment, and there was no significant improvement in the control group. The treated group had better hand muscle strength, hand muscle endurance, abdominal muscle endurance, leg muscle strength, and balance compared to the untreated control group.
... Earlier studies have shown FIFA 11+ Kids program is beneficent and effective to prevent injuries in adolescent soccer players [4,26]. Moreover, previous literature have suggested that poor fundamental movement might increase risk of injury and researchers have evaluated the effect of different intervention programs on musculoskeletal screening tests [19,27,28,29], but to our knowledge, no studies have measured the effect of 11+Kids on quality of movement patterns among adolescent soccer players. Therefore, the purpose of current study was to examine whether performing the FIFA 11+Kids for 8 weeks as a warm-up can improve scores of musculoskeletal screening test in adolescent soccer players. ...
Abstract
Background: Children and adolescents are more vulnerable to injuries than other groups. Therefore, it is necessary to use screening tests to identify players who are more susceptible to be injured and in parallel, using intervention programs to reduce the risk of injury.
Methods: Forty-eight players were randomly assigned into the FIFA 11+Kids (mean±SD; age= 12.70±1.30 y; weight= 44.34±6.16 kg; height= 1.52±0.09 m) and control groups (mean±SD; age= 12.91±1.31 y; weight= 45.51±8.13 kg; height= 1.55±0.11 m). The FIFA 11+ Kids performed instead of the usual warm-up for 8 weeks, while the control group performed their usual warm-up program. Functional movement screen (FMS) and special football jump-landing task (SFJLT) tests were examined in pre-test and post-test.
Result: The independent t-test showed no significant differences between the FIFA 11+ Kids and the control group in the FMS test (p= 0.055). Furthermore, Results showed significant differences between groups in the SFJLT test (p= 0.001).
Conclusion: performing 8 weeks of FIFA 11+Kids can improve the musculoskeletal screening test score of SFJLT as a field-assessment soccer-specific jumping-landing test. It is suggestive that a field-based assessment tool to identify prone athletes is more beneficial than the FMS test of adolescent male soccer players.
... Sling training exercises were observed to significantly improve the overall FMS score in male adolescent volleyball players, demonstrating that these exercises could be effective in preventing injury among volleyball players [12]. Eight-week specific wrestling training was, however, stated that not only can improve basic movement patterns but also will be effective in preventing injury among wrestlers [15]. Finally, these studies provide common sense for using pre-seasonal screening tests, to assess the effectiveness of the injury prevention treatments among different athletes. ...
Background
The Verhagen volleyball-specific neuromuscular exercise training (NEMEX) program has already been recommended for preventing ankle sprain recurrences in volleyball players; however, the effect of this proprioceptive balance board training program as a training intervention on improving the functional movement characteristics of these players has received less attention.
Aim
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the NEMEX training on functional movement, balance, and hopping performance of high risk volleyball players.
Methods
Thirty out of 121 youth volleyball players (age: 16.60 ± 2.20) participating in the provincial league, with an FMS score of less than 14, were selected to participate in this quasi-experimental study. Players were randomly assigned into either experimental or control group. Functional tests, including FMS, lower quarter Y-balance test (YBT-LQ), upper quarter Y-balance test (YBT-UQ), Davies, and hopping tests, were recorded at the baseline and at end of this study. While the control group performed their exercises routinely, the experimental group performed the NEMEX training three sessions per week for 8 weeks as warm-up plus their routine exercise.
Results
The results of the current study showed that players in the experimental group scored more than control group in YBT-LQ of right and left legs (p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.54 and p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.29, respectively), Davies (p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.34), and right and left leg hopping tests (p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.60 and p < 0.05, ηp² = 0.70, respectively) after 8 week NEMEX training. However, there was no significant difference between participants of the two groups as for FMS and YBT-UQ scores.
Conclusion
Eight weeks of Verhagen NEMEX training can significantly improve the young volleyball players’ performance on hopping, YBT-LQ, and Davies tests. It is therefore recommended that volleyball players exposing to high risk of sustaining injury can prevent injury occurrence via adding NEMEX training along with their routine training.
Çalışmanın amacı grekoromen ve Serbest stil güreşçilerin postür ölçümlerinin karşılaştırılmasını incelemektir. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 20.2±4.6 yıl olan 30’u grekoromen ve 38’i serbest stil olmak üzere 68 gönüllü erkek güreşçi dâhil edildi. Sporcuların spinal postürü ve kor kuvveti Idiag M360® marka Spinal Mouse (SM) cihazı ile ayakta durma pozisyonunda ölçülürken genel vücut postür ölçümü
New York Postür Analiz Yöntemi (NYPAY) ile anteriordan ve lateralden yapıldı. Çalışma sonucunda grekoromen ve Serbest stil güreşçilerin NYPAY total skor ölçümlerinin arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır (t=0.289 , p>0.05). Aynı şekilde Grekoromen ve Serbest stil güreşçilerin SM alt parametrelerinden dik duruş poziyonunda sagital ölçüm analizi sonucu Torakal eğrilik, lumbal eğrilik değerleri
arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Ek olarak SM alt parametrelerinden dik duruş poziyonunda spine-check skor analizi sonucu Spinal Postür, Spinal Mobilite ve Postüral Yeterlilik arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (t=-1,392 - t=1,730, p>0,05). Güreşçilerde grekoromen ve serbest stil postür skorlarında bir farklılık görülmezken her iki grubunda postür skorları düşük bulunmuştur. Güreşçilerde özellikle kolumna vertebraliste görülen postüral sapmalar üst ve alt ekstremitelerde biyomekaniksel dizilimi bozup eklemlerin doğru açılarda artrokinematik ve osteokinematik hareketleri gerçekleştirememesine neden olarak güreşçilerin yaralanma riskini arttırabilir ve müsabaka performanslarını düşürebilir.
Background: Wrestling is mainly an anaerobic sport which involves periods of high intensity activity. The main objective of every wrestler is to physically dominate the opponent and to establish clear physical control on him/her. Wrestling competes in challenging environment involving repetitive bouts of high-intensity actions for example-attacks and counterattacks, alternated by sub-maximal work of low-intensity activity. This article will serve us to know about how different training protocols affects the physiology of a wrestler and which is the best training regimen to improve their performance. Materials and Methods: In this study 30 wrestlers between the ages of 15 and 25 were recruited for the study. Divided into 3 groups of 10 each. The group 1 was followed resistance training protocol, group 2 conditioning and group 3 followed the traditional training program. Following the pre-test, a 4-week training protocol is created and administered after 15 days. After that, the post test is completed. Results: The results show that there is significant effect of conditioning program in 2 weeks of protocol and helps in increasing endurance while the resistance training protocol shows increase in flexibility, strength and muscular circumference in all 4 weeks. Conclusion: It is concluded that the resistance training plays significant role in increasing the power and strength in wrestlers. Conditioning programs is effective for 2 weeks and helps in increasing the endurance. And the resistance training should/can be followed by conditioning programme 1 week prior to the competition. And it can be the best protocol for the wrestlers for their performance.
Objectives
Although there are reports in the recent literature demonstrating the epidemiology of injuries in the wrestler population, no study could be found which has investigated the effect of posture on the functional movement patterns in wrestlers. This study was planned to investigate the effect of posture on the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores in wrestlers.
Equipment and methods
The study included 68 male (30 greco-roman and 38 freestyle) wrestlers. Spine posture and flexibility were measured via Spinal Mouse (SM). The New York Posture Rating (NYPR) and FMS Test Kits were used to evaluate overall body posture and functional movement patterns, respectively.
Results
Significant weak correlations were found between the FMS sub-parameters, SM sub-parameters and NYPR total score (ρ = −0.265–0.297; P < 0.05). There was a significant weak to moderate relationship between FMS and SM spine-check sub-parameters (ρ = −0.262–0.372; P < 0.05). A significant weak to moderate correlation was found between NYPR sub-parameters for abdominal, chest, foot, shoulder and head postures and all FMS sub-parameters excluding rotation stability (ρ = 0.329–0.504; P < 0.05). There was no relationship between FMS, SM and NYPR total scores.
Conclusions
Postural deviations in wrestlers especially in the columna vertebralis may disrupt the biomechanical alignment of the upper and lower extremities, causing the joints to fail to perform arthrokinematic and osteokinematic movements at the appropriate angles, increasing the risk of injury to the wrestlers. The results of this study, in which the general body postures of wrestlers were evaluated and monitored, showed that the effects of posture on functional movements patterns help to predict the risk of injury and can play a protective role in wrestlers.
İnsanlar, sağlık sorunlarının giderilebilmesi, sağlıklı yaşam, yaşam kalitesinin artırılması, vücut kütlesinin ve yağ dokusunun azaltılması, fiziksel görünüm ve estetik kaygısı gibi birçok sebep ve hedefle özel diyet uygulamalarına yönelmektedir. Günümüzde, daha olumlu yanıtlar alınabileceği düşünülerek modern diyetlere yönelim giderek artmıştır. Bu diyet uygulamaları zamanla sporda ve sporcularda da ilgi görmeye başlamış ve yerini almıştır. Sporcuların, bireysel amaç ve hedefleri, inançları, beslenme kültürleri ve yaşam koşulları da dikkate alınarak bu tip diyetlere yönelimleri değişiklik arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, aralıklı açlık, İslami oruç ve ketojenik diyet uygulamalarının sporcu performansına etkisi, tercih nedenleri, diğer klasik ve modern diyet uygulamalarına göre değerlendirilmesi, yağ kütlesi üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenebilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma, mikro-analiz biçiminde bir derleme örneği olarak sunulmuştur. Konu ile ilgili literatür taraması yapılarak, sonuçlar ışığında tartışılmış ve genelleme önerilere yer verilmiştir. İnanç temelli olarak sürdürülen İslami oruç, sporcular tarafından kısa süreli olarak yaşama dahil edilmekte ve ötelenmemektedir. Müslüman sporcular, oruç tutarak antrenman yaşamlarına devam edebilmektedirler. Fakat araştırma sonuçları, orucun performansa etkisi konusunda kararlılık göstermemektedir. Aralıklı açlık diyetinin daha çok yağ kütlesinde azalma istemi ile tercih edildiği, fakat dikkatli uygulanmadığında performansı olumsuz etkilediği, ek takviyelere ve gerekli hidrasyonun sağlanmasına ihtiyaç olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ketojenik diyet uygulamasının ise, glikojen depolarının korunması, yağ oksidasyonunun artması, yağ kütlesinde azalma, daha uzun süreli dayanıklılık gerektiren durumlarda performansa olumlu etkilerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yine de bu tip özel diyetlerde genel sağlık ve performansa dayalı olarak, organizmada kısa ve uzun süreli etkilerinin takip edilerek, dikkatli bir şekilde uygulama yapılması gerekliliği düşünülmektedir.
İskelet kasları; istemli kasılmayı, duruşun korunmasını, kas aktivitesinden ısı üretilmesini ve hareket oluşumunu sağlar. Kaslar, aynı zamanda vücudun ana protein deposu ve metabolizmanın önemli bir oyuncusu olarak hizmet eder. Protein homeostazını (iç denge) koruyarak bireyin sağlığına önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunur. Bu fonksiyonun değişmesi, kas atrofisi ya da sarkopeni olarak da adlandırılan kas kütlesi kaybına yol açar. Bu çalışma, kas distrofisi ve Miyostatin arasındaki ilişkinin, yapılan araştırma sonuçlarına dayalı olarak ifade edilmesi ve yorumlanabilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma, derleme örneği olarak sunulmuştur. Konu ile ilgili literatür taraması yapılarak, sonuçlar ışığında tartışılmış ve genelleme önerilere yer verilmiştir. Kas distrofisinde, kas kütlesi ve fonksiyonunun yeniden kazandırılması, insan sağlığı için önemlidir. İskelet kaslarının gelişimi ve büyümesi Miyostatin tarafından düzenlenir. Embriyogenez sırasında somitlerden iskelet kasları oluşur. Miyostatin başlangıçta iskelet kasını oluşturan somitlerin (embriyoda doku kümesi) myotom tabakasında eksprese edilir ve bu ekspresyon kas büyümesini kısıtlar. Miyostatin, yetişkinlerde esas olarak iskelet kası tarafından üretilir. Endokrin hormonlar gibi, Miyostatin de serumda yüksek miktarlarda dolaşır ve kas lifi büyümesini sınırlar. Sonuç olarak, Miyostatin iskelet kasının aşırı büyümesini kontrol eden negatif yönlü bir düzenleyici olması nedeniyle, kas distrofi yaşayan bireylerde Miyostatin ekspresyonunun yüksek düzeyde olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu tip kas hastalıklarının varlığı ve düzeyi arttıkça, Miyostatin düzeyinin de artacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda, Miyostatin ve kas atrofisi arasındaki ilişki açıklanmış olmasına karşın, kas distrofisi ile Miyostatin ilişkisi açıklanmamıştır. Bu nedenle, yeni ve farklı bir araştırma konusu olmakla birlikte, laboratuvar sonuçları ile desteklenerek, özgünlüğünün ifade edilmesi gereken bir konu olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Background. Insufficient movement patterns may expose athletes to injury, so it is vital to recognize and rectify these movement patterns.
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the fundamental movement patterns and determine the effect of a four-week FIFA+11 program on functional movement screen (FMS) scores of junior soccer players.
Methods. A pre-test post-test quasi-experimental design with an intervention and control group was chosen for the present study. The sample consisted of 28 players at the Rasht education system soccer academy. The players first completed the FMS tasks and then were randomly divided into intervention (n=14) and control (n=14) groups. The intervention group then participated in FIFA+11 for four weeks (three times a week) while control group followed their ordinary warm-up program during this period. After four weeks, both groups completed the FMS tasks and the pre-test and post-test results were compared.
Results. The results indicated a significant difference in FMS scores in the intervention group between baseline and post-intervention scores (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found in these scores for the control group (p = 0.082). It is showed a significant difference in FMS scores between the intervention and control groups after intervention (p = 0.001). A 57% increase was observed in the number of intervention group players who achieved a score above the injury threshold (14) after four weeks of intervention. A 36% decrease in asymmetry was also observed in the intervention group.
Conclusion. It appears that the FIFA+11 program improved the fundamental movement patterns of the junior soccer players. It is suggested that coaches use FIFA+11 to improve the quality of movement of players and encourage them to exercise using correct movement patterns to avert injury.
Background
Better understanding of the incidence, characteristics, predisposing factors and mechanisms of injuries in each sport helps to implement more effective preventive measures to better care for the athletes.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to assess the injury profile of elite senior wrestlers in men's Greco-Roman, men's freestyle, and women's freestyle wrestling during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games.
Design
Descriptive epidemiologic study.
Setting
Clinical.
Participants
352 senior qualified wrestlers participated in 2016 Rio Olympic Games.
Interventions
A web-based injury database system developed by UWW was used to collect the injury data during all wrestling competitions of the Games.
Main Outcome Measurements
Included athlete's demographic, weight category, injury type, severity, location, timing, and mechanism.
Results
A total of 352 athletes sustained 22 injuries during 410 matches, which is equivalent to an overall incidence of 6.2 injuries per 100 athletes (7.1% in men; 4.4% in women; P=0.31) and 5.4 injuries per 100 matches. Among the three styles, women's freestyle had the lowest injury rate (22.7%); men's freestyle and men's Greco-Roman sustained an injury rate of 36.4% and 40.9% respectively. More injuries were observed in the middleweight categories. The most common injury type was skin laceration and contusion (54.5%) due to direct contact, and the most common site of injury was forehead (36.4%). In sum, 54.5% of all injuries were categorized as light, 27.3% as mild and 18.2% as severe. Four bouts were terminated due to an injury.
Conclusions
No serious and catastrophic injury was recorded during wrestling competitions of 2016 Olympic Games, and most injuries were minor. The rate of wrestling injuries during 2016 Rio Games (6.2% per athlete) were lower than 2012 London (12%) and 2008 Beijing (9.3%) Olympic Games. Higher education, improvements in wrestling regulations and more attention to wrestler's health care during recent years might explain this difference.
Wrestling is one of the most physically demanding sports among high school and college athletics. As expected in a physical contact sport, the athletes are prone to occasional injury. The common injuries sustained in wrestling relate to musculoskeletal strength, flexibility, and skill level. It is really important to find ways to prevent many of those injuries. To properly design an injury prevention program, one should take into account parameters such as injury characteristics, the mechanism of injury, and information about the sport's physical demands. Taking these parameters into account, an injury prevention program called Wrestling + was designed. The key elements of Wrestling + are core strength, shoulder and leg strength, and balance. Wrestling + has 3 parts and 14 exercises. A key point in the program is to use proper technique during all of the exercises. Part 1 includes running exercises at a slow speed combined with active shoulder stretching, grips, and bridge positions; Part 2 includes 5 sets of exercises focusing on core, shoulder and leg strength, and balance, each with three levels of increasing difficulty; and Part 3 includes wrestling simulation exercises.
In 2009, FIFA promoted and disseminated the FIFA 11+ injury prevention programme worldwide. Developed and studied by the FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), the programme was based on a randomised controlled study and one countrywide campaign in amateur football that significantly reduced injuries and healthcare costs. Since the FIFA 11+ launch, key publications have confirmed the preventive effects of the programme and have evaluated its performance effects in female as well as male amateur football players. Furthermore, implementation strategies of this prevention programme have also been studied. The goal of this narrative review was to summarise the available scientific evidence about the FIFA 11+ programme. While FIFA continues to disseminate and implement FIFA 11+ among its Member Associations, adaptations of the injury prevention programme for children and referees have been developed and are currently being evaluated.
Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
The FIFA 11+ is a simple, and easy to implement, sports injury prevention program comprising a warm up of 10 conditioning exercises. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of the FIFA 11+ on injury incidence, compliance and cost effectiveness when implemented among football players. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched using the search terms "FIFA 11+", "football", "soccer", "injury prevention", and "The 11". The titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers and the data were filtered by one reviewer using a standardized extraction form and thereafter checked by another one. The risk of bias and the methodological quality of the studies were evaluated through the PEDro score and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). A total of 911 studies were identified, of which 12 met the inclusion criteria of the review. The FIFA 11+ has demonstrated how a simple exercise program completed as part of warm-up can decrease the incidence of injuries in amateur football players. In general, considerable reductions in the number of injured players, ranging between 30% and 70%, have been observed among the teams that implemented the FIFA 11+. In addition, players with high compliance to the FIFA 11+ program had an estimated risk reduction of all injuries by 35% and show significant improvements in components of neuromuscular and motor performance when participating in structured warm-up sessions at least 1.5 times/week. Most studies had high methodological quality and a low risk of bias. Given the large number of people who play football at amateur level and the detrimental impact of sports injuries on a personal and societal level, the FIFA 11+ can be considered as a fundamental tool to minimize the risks of participation in a sport with substantial health benefits.
Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a way to pretest functional movement. This study examined the effects of the FMS training program on the strength and flexibility of 62 elite male high school baseball players (31 in the training group, 31 in the control group). All players who received less than two points on each FMS test item had to join the 16-week, three times weekly FMS training program. To analyze results among the FMS participants, measures including intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and repeated measure ANOVA were utilized. The Kappa coefficient was 0.805 when the intraclass correlation coefficient of the three participants was inspected. Strength showed a significant interaction depending on time and group (hand grip strength: P=0.011, bench press and squat both for one-repetition maximum (1RM): P=0.001 and P=0.008, respectively). Back muscle strength did not show a significant difference (P=0.660). Trunk forward flexion showed no interaction depending on time and groups (P=0.983) but trunk extension backward showed significant differences depending on groups (P=0.004) and time (P=0.001). Splits showed a significant difference depending on time and groups (P=0.004). The FMS training program improved the strength and flexibility of elite high school baseball players.
Trauma is an inescapable part of sports competitions. It occurs more frequently in contact sports such as wrestling.
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of injury in Greco-Roman style wrestling competitions at national level.
This descriptive epidemiological research included 50 Greco-Roman style wrestlers who participated in national level competitions between the years 2003 and 2008. A questionnaire was completed by each participant, itincluded; the number of injuries to skin, muscle tissue, bones and joints. The reliability of the instrument was evaluated by a test - retest method (r = 0.83, P = 0.0001).
The most frequent injuries encountered by the wrestlers were; skin lesions (62%), followed by muscle (22%), bone (9%) and joint (7%) injuries, respectively.
Greco-Roman style wrestlers are at high risk of skin injuries.Therefore, they need appropriate instructions on how to avoid injuries and adequate care after their competitions.
The problem of level general fitness in wrestlers was investigated by many scientists, but in few papers factors influencing it were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to capture the kinetics of changes in general fitness as well as their age-dependent diversity, training experience, weight and the type body type as well as the sports level of the wrestlers. 61 elite Greco-Roman wrestling contestants (15 to 33 years of age and 2 to 20 years of training experience) were examined. The average body height equaled 173.14 cm, whereas body mass-73.47 kg. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in results of physical fitness (Starosta, 1985). The following factors were taken into account: A. age, B. training experience, C. body mass, D. body type, and E. sports level. The age influenced the results of speed, strength and endurance tests. Training experience significantly affected the achievements in strength tests and strength endurance trials. Body mass affected local endurance of arm and trunk muscles. The pyknic body type was inversely related to aerobic endurance. The sports level clearly differentiated the results of strength endurance of arm and trunk muscles, whose function is extremely important in wrestling. The monitoring of general fitness and the analysis of individual physical fitness profiles in comparison with those of the group revealed stronger and weaker aspects of the state of preparation of the wrestlers.