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e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 91
The Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)
of Austral South America:
description of new species from Chile
Mario I. Ramos-González1, Carlos Zamora-Manzur2,3,
Dania Saladrigas Menés1,3, Luis E. Parra1
1 Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográcas, Universidad de Concepción,
Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile 2 Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de
la Santísima Concepción, Alonso de Rivera 2850, Concepción, Chile 3 Programa de Doctorado en Sistemática y
Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográcas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Corresponding author: Mario I. Ramos-González (marioramos@udec.cl)
Academic editor: Axel Hausmann |Received 26 October 2018|Accepted 30 January 2019|Published 19 March 2019
http://zoobank.org/FA9C48CF-0C86-40E3-9EAA-45842E9316B3
Citation: Ramos-González MI, Zamora-Manzur C, Saladrigas Menés D, Parra LE (2019) e Trichopterygini
(Lepidoptera, Geometridae) of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile. ZooKeys 832: 91–111.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.832.30851
Abstract
Four new species belonging to the genera Hoplosauris Butler, Butleriana Parra, Warrenaria Parra, and Fue-
guina Parra from south-central Chile are described. e species are H. morenoi Ramos-González & Parra,
sp. n., B. phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., W. onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., and F. arau-
cana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. e genus Aloba Warren is reassigned to tribe Trichopterygini and A.
carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. is described. Comparative diagnosis for all new species are provid-
ed, and illustrations of genitalia and the wing venation of the males for all new described species are given.
Keywords
Andean region, Aloba, Butleriana, Fueguina, Hoplosauris, Larentiinae, taxonomy, Warrenaria
ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
doi: 10.3897/zookeys.832.30851
http://zookeys.pensoft.net
Copyright Mario I. Ramos-González et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use , distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
92
Introduction
Geometridae is the second largest family within Lepidoptera, with approximately
23000 species worldwide (Scoble 1999; Scoble and Hausmann 2007; Van Nieukerken
et al. 2011). More than 280 geometrid species are known from Chile, 252 of which
are endemic (sensu Parra and Villagrán-Mella 2008). However, Parra (1995) estimated
the diversity of Chilean geometrids to be at least 450 species.
Larentiinae is the second largest subfamily within Geometridae (Gaston et al.
1995; Scoble et al. 1995), its members occur in a wide variety of habitats, and is par-
ticularly abundant at great altitude in the tropics and in temperate forests (Holloway
1997), like those in south-central Chile (Hausmann and Parra 2009; Zamora-Manzur
et al. 2011). Despite their high species-richness in Chile (i.e., around half of known
Chilean geometrids are larentiines), there are relatively few studies related to these
moths as compared to the Ennominae. So far, most research eorts focused on the re-
vision of the genus Eupithecia Curtis (Vojnits 1985, 1992, 1994; Rindge 1987, 1991)
and the tribe Trichopterygini (Parra 1991, 1996; Parra and Santos-Salas 1991, 1992;
Parra et al. 2009, 2017).
Phylogenetically, Trichopterygini is a group at the base of Larentiinae, sister to all
other larentiines, along with Chesiadini and Dyspteridini (Viidalepp 2011; Sihvonen et
al. 2011; Õunap et al. 2016). e characteristics that distinguish Trichopterygini are the
reduced size of the anal area of male hindwing to a fold, crevice, vesicle, ap or lobe, and
the presence of a sternal pouch that does not occlude the tympanal opening (Dugdale
1980; Parra et al. 2017). In Chile, there are 14 genera and 39 species of trichopterygines.
A phylogenetic hypothesis at the genus level was formulated by Parra (1991) and Parra
et al. (2017). Despite this, no information regarding the natural history of most species is
available and there are several undescribed taxa. e aim of this article is to describe ve
new species for the Chilean fauna and reassign one genus to Trichopterygini.
Methods
Specimens from the Museum of Zoology of the Universidad de Concepción, Chile
(MZUC-UCCC) and Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Germany (ZSM) were
examined, as well specimens from eld surveys, which were collected using a UV light
trap and net sweeping. Activity period (i.e., ight times) and geographic distribution
were obtained from each specimen label. All species were assigned to biogeographic
provinces proposed by Morrone (2015).
e Barcode Index Number (BIN) of each species is reported which was obtained
from the BOLDSystems v4 database (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007). BINs repre-
sent a species-level taxonomic registry of the animal kingdom based on the analysis
of nucleotide variation patterns in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase
I (COI) gene (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2013). Genetic distances (when available)
were calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) distance model, using the ana-
lytical tools provided by BOLDSystems v4 platform. Intra-specic and inter-specic
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 93
genetic distances were reported as maximum and minimum distances, respectively.
is genetic information facilitates the species delimitation and form the basis of fu-
ture phylogenetic works (Brehm 2015, 2018).
e generic assignment of new taxa is based primarily on male genitalia and hindwing
venation, which are important characters for the delimitation of species and genera within
Trichopterygini (Parra et al. 2017). Species descriptions were made based on external
morphological characteristics and genital armature from males and in some cases females.
Wing and genitalia slides were prepared according to Parra (1991). Nomenclature for
genitalia and external characteristics follow Klots (1970) and Scoble (1995) respectively.
Taxonomy
Aloba Warren, 1895
Aloba Warren 1895: 105.
Type species. Hoplosauris cinereus Bartlett-Calvert, 1893, by original designation.
Diagnosis. Palpi short, slightly tilted up. Male: Hindwing subtriangular, valvae
with brush-like setal tuft with accessory undulated individual bristles. Female: ductus
bursae half the length of corpus bursae. Posterior third of corpus bursae with longitu-
dinal striation; the remaining two thirds with microspines.
Redescription. Antennae liform in both sexes, but subapically broadened in males.
orax and abdomen with brownish scales, varying in color from greyish to yellowish
shades. Forewings with wide and dark antemedial and postmedial bands; apical spot
subquadrate and discal spot always present. In males, hindwings are reduced, subtrian-
gular and whitish; its apex can be extended or not, and there is no visible modication
in anal margin. Wing venation in males: forewing with two accessory cells; hindwing
with Sc+R1 and Rs+M1 separated, M2 is free and M3 and Cu1 are pedunculated near the
angle of discal cell, which is polygonal and it extends for one third of wing surface. Tibial
formula 0-2-4 in both sexes. Abdomen is longer and narrower in males than in females.
Male genitalia: ensiform valvae with cucullus projected apically, setal tuft is brush-like
with accessory and undulated individual bristles, juxta with sclerotized S-shaped lateral
processes. Female genitalia: corpus bursae sub-pyriform with longitudinal striation on
the posterior third; the remaining two-thirds with microspines on its surface.
Aloba carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/7C4B292A-F1BE-4EA7-9572-688B20CE23A3
BIN: BOLD:AAD7992
Figures 1, 2, 9, 10, 17
Diagnosis. is species is distinguished from A. cinereus (Bartlett-Calvert) by the fol-
lowing characteristics: saccus-vinculum broader, accessorial bristles in setal tuft apically
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
94
undulated, and corpus bursae with the inner surface of its anterior half completely
covered with microspines. Externally, this species stands out for its reduced wingspan
and for the feather-like extended hindwing apex in males.
Description. Male (Fig. 1). Head: antennae liform, subapically broadened; palpi
short, subequal to eye diameter and slightly tilted upwards. orax: Patagia and tegu-
lae covered by piliform grayish scales. Forewings: background color ashy gray; termen
rounded, with piliform ashy scales; basal band blackish brown; antemedial band slen-
der, blackish brown, and surrounded by two stripes of ashy-white scales; medial band
blackish brown, with a small and subrounded ashy spot on the costal third, medial
band with proximal margin arcuate and distal margin with ve undulations. Some
specimens, in both sexes, with a blackish spot near half of the band and the subround-
ed ashy spot on the costal third is absent or located in the anal third; postmedial band
slender blackish brown and surrounded with two stripes of ashy-white scales; subter-
minal band zigzagging of whitish scales; apical spot on the wing apex subquadrate and
blackish. is spot connects with subterminal band; terminal band formed by a dashed
stripe of short blackish spots; distal spot present and blackish. Hindwings: ashy-white,
reduced, one-third the length of forewings, triangular with prolonged apex, anal mar-
gin with no visible modication; discal spot not visible. Wing venation in males (Fig.
17): same as the genus. Male genitalia (Fig. 9): valvae ensiform, cucullus apically pro-
jected, sclerotized costa, subapical setal tuft brush-like with thick, large and undulated
individual accessory bristles; saccus subrounded; juxta with quadrate base and pos-
terior apex indented, with two sclerotized and disjointed S-shaped lateral processes,
which extend to the height of the transtilla; socius triangular; transtilla projected in a
Y-shaped, with apices equal in length. Aedeagus tubular; cornuti arranged as a longitu-
dinal group in the vesica. Female (Fig. 2). Similar to male, but with liform antennae
slighter and hindwings not reduced, quadrangular and ashy-grey. Female genitalia (Fig.
10): ductus bursae half the length of corpus bursae; corpus bursae membranous, sub-
pyriform, with straight longitudinal striation that does not exceed one-third of corpus
bursae; anterior region of corpus bursae with microspines on its entire inner surface;
cestum present; posterior apophyses larger than anterior apophyses.
Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, C, Concepción, Fundo El Guindo
Point 1A, 36°50.18’S, 73°1.40’W, 20-X-2014, leg. M. Ramos & C. Rose, “Holo-
type Aloba carolinae” [red handwritten label] (MZUC-UCCC); allotype: 1 ♀, pinned,
with genitalia in microscope slide, Chile, Concepción, Fundo El Guindo Point 1B,
36°50.21’S, 73°1.39’W, 26-X-2014, leg. M. Ramos & C. Rose, “FGCR LP 109”
[genitalia slide] “Allotype Aloba carolinae” [red handwritten label] (UCCC-MZUC).
Paratypes: 46 males, 5 females. C: Curicó: Los Queñes, 34°59.65’S,
70°48.78’W, 721 m, 10-II-2016, leg. M. Ramos & M. Astrosa (1 ♂) (MZUC-UC-
CC); P.N. Radal Siete Tazas, 35°28’S, 71°W, 1100 m, 19-XII-2000, leg. Gielis [ID
BC ZSM Lep 07419, barcode sequence 658 bp; ID BC ZSM Lep 07433, barcode
sequence 658 bp] (2 ♂) (ZSM). Diguillín: Termas de Chillán, 05/11-II-2010, leg.
G. Moreno (3 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 01/08-II-2011, leg. G. Moreno (1
♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 03/10-I-2011, leg. G. Moreno (3 ♂) (MZUC-
UCCC); Las Trancas, 14/20-I-2012, leg. G. Moreno (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 95
Figures 1–8. Adults. 1–2 Aloba carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 1 male (holotype) 2 female
(paratype). 3 , 4 Hoplosauris morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 3 male (holotype) 4 female (allo-
type). 5 Butleriana phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., male (holotype). 6 Warrenaria onca Ramos-
González & Parra, sp. n., male (holotype). 7, 8 Fueguina araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 7 male
(holotype) 8 female (allotype). Scale bar: 1 cm.
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
96
Trancas, 16-I-1996, leg. unknown (3 ♂, 1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 11-I-
1996, leg. unknown (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 12-I-2017, leg. P. Bocaz (4
♂); Las Trancas, Cabañas Bordenieve (IX FH), 36°54.83’S, 71°29.69W, 1236 m, 13-
I-2017, “Hoplo-005” [wing slide], leg. L. Parra, M. Ramos & C. Zamora-Manzur (1
♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 36°54’S, 71°28’W, 1400 m, 14-I-2001, leg. Gielis
& Wolf [ID BC ZSM Lep 07435, barcode sequence 658 bp; ID BC ZSM Lep 07431,
barcode sequence 658 bp; ID BC ZSM Lep 07417, barcode sequence 658 bp] (2 ♂,
1 ♀) (ZSM). Concepción: Concepción, 15-XII-1961 (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); same
as holotype but “FGCR LP 011”, “FGCR LP 012” and “FGCR LP 013” [genitalia
slides] (4 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); same as holotype but 26-X-2014, female with “FGCR
LP 096” [genitalia slide] (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC); same as allotype but “FGCR
LP 101” [genitalia slide] (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); same as holotype but 03-XI-2014
(4 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); same as allotype but 03-XI-2014, “FGCR LP 133” [geni-
talia slide] and “AMLP 103” [wing slide] (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); same as holotype
but Point 1C 36°50.23’S, 73°1.39’W, 26-X-2014, “FGCR LP 103” [genitalia slide]
and “AMLP 0088” [wing slide] (3 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); same as holotype but Point
2A 36°50.23’S, 73°1.47’W, 21-X-2014, “FGCR LP 110”, “FGCR LP 132” [genitalia
slide] and “AMLP 0102” [wing slide] (3 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); same as holotype but
Point 2A 36°50.23’S, 73°1.47’W, 17-XI-2014 (2 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Chiguayante,
Figures 9, 10. Genitalia of Aloba carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 9 male genitalia (paratype,
MZUC-UCCC, slide No. FGCR LP 103) 10 female genitalia (allotype, MZUC-UCCC, slide no. FGCR
LP 109). Scale bar: 1 mm.
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 97
06-III-2002, leg. P. Bocaz (1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC). Cautín: 15 km NE from Colico
Lake, 39°3’S, 71°49.02’W, 400 m, 03-XII-2000, leg. Gielis [ID BC ZSM Lep 03051,
barcode sequence 613 bp] (1 ♂) (ZSM). Palena: Fiordo Comau, San Ignacio del Hui-
nay, 42°22.82’S, 72°24.8’W, 35 m, 20-II-2008, leg. T. Roy [ID BC ZSM Lep 16933,
barcode sequence 658 bp; ID BC ZSM Lep 16922, barcode sequence 658 bp; ID
BC ZSM Lep 16936, barcode sequence 658 bp; ID BC ZSM Lep 16923, barcode
sequence 658 bp] (3 ♂, 1 ♀) (ZSM).
Distribution. is species occurs between Curicó and Palena provinces. It is dis-
tributed in parts of Santiago, Maule and Valdivian Forest biogeographic provinces,
Central Chilean and Subantarctic subregions, Andean region.
Flight period. Specimens were captured from October to March.
Molecular data. BOLD:AAD7992. Ten available sequences of DNA barcode: BC
ZSM Lep 07419 (Molina), BC ZSM Lep 07433 (Molina), BC ZSM Lep 07431 (Pin-
to), BC ZSM Lep 07417 (Pinto), BC ZSM Lep 07435 (Pinto), BC ZSM Lep 03051
(Cunco), BC ZSM Lep 16933 (Huinay), BC ZSM Lep 16922 (Huinay), BC ZSM
Lep 16936 (Huinay), BC ZSM Lep 16923 (Huinay). Maximum intraspecic distance:
0.76%; Minimum genetic distance with A. cinereus: 9.35%.
Etymology. e species name is dedicated to the collector and biologist Carolina
Rose Garrido, Concepción, Chile.
Hoplosauris morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/BCE65057-D13A-4829-80BA-C9E73B9EB258
BIN: BOLD:AAH6701
Figures 3, 4, 11, 12, 18
Diagnosis. is species and H. heliconoides Butler share the following characters: val-
vae with sclerotized costa and apically rounded; in females, two-thirds (or more) of
corpus bursae with longitudinal striation. However, in the case of H. morenoi there are
microspines on the sclerotized longitudinal striation only in the mid-ventral region
(autapormorphy). e external morphology is highlighted by the grayish forewing,
which is crossed by coppery-brown bands.
Description. Male (Fig. 3). Head: antennae liform, subapically broadened;
palpi porrect and subequal to eye diameter. orax: Patagia and tegulae covered by
piliform ashy and brown scales. Tibial formula 0-2-4. Forewings: background color
dark gray; termen rounded, with piliform dark-gray scales; basal band straight cop-
pery-brown; antemedial band coppery-brown, slightly zigzagging; postmedial band
coppery-brown, straight, twice as wide as the basal and antemedial bands; subtermi-
nal band whitish, zigzagging; apical spot slender and blackish which connects with
subterminal band; terminal band formed by a dashed stripe of short coppery-brown
spots; discal spot present and blackish. Hindwings: reduced, half the length of fore-
wings, subrounded, pale ashy, with no visible modication at the base of anal margin;
without discal spot. Wing venation in males (Fig. 18): forewing with two accessory
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
98
cells; hindwing with Sc+R1 and Rs connected by a weak transverse vein, one third
before the end of the cell; Rs and M1 pedunculated; M2 free and M3 and Cu1 peduncu-
lated; discal cell triangular and extends for a quarter of wing surface; anal cell present,
formed by a weak transverse vein towards the middle of the discal cell that connects
cubital stem with anal margin. Male genitalia (Fig. 11): valvae ensiform, costa scle-
rotized and rounded, cucullus apically extended, subapical setal tuft brush-like; saccus
subrounded; juxta with subquadrangular base and indented posterior apex, with two
disjointed lateral processes that have subtriangular apex, these processes extend to the
height of the transtilla; uncus setose and curved; socius triangular; transtilla projected
in a Y-shaped, with apices unequal in length. Aedeagus tubular; cornuti arranged as
two longitudinal groups in the vesica. Female (Fig. 4). Similar to males but with li-
form antennae slighter and hindwings not reduced, subquadrangular and pale ashy.
Female genitalia (Fig. 12): ductus bursae one-sixth the length of corpus bursae; corpus
bursae subpyriform, sclerotized, with straight longitudinal striations that exceed two-
thirds of corpus bursae and mid-ventral region with rows of microspines; posterior
apophyses larger than anterior apophyses.
Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, C, Icalma, 02-II-2017, leg. H. Torres,
“Holotype Hoplosauris morenoi” [red handwritten label] (MZUC-UCCC); allotype: 1
♀, pinned, Chile, Malalcahuello, 20-I-2017, leg. C. Zamora-Manzur, “Allotype Hop-
losauris morenoi” [red handwritten label] (MZUC-UCCC).
Paratypes: 17 males, 7 females. C: Diguillín: Volcán Chillán, 03-III-1979,
coll. light traps (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 7-I-1987, leg. M. Beéche,
“AMLP 0030” [wing slide] (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 03/10-I-2011, leg.
G. Moreno, “AMLP 0122” [female genitalia slide] (1 ♂, 3 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC); Las
Trancas, 08-I-1996, leg. M. Beéche (1 ♂); Las Trancas, 16-I-1996, coll. Phototropic
trap (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Las Trancas, 14/20-I-2012, leg. G. Moreno, “UCCC_
MZUC_Lep_0388” [male ID code] (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC). Malleco: Cura-
cautín, 20-II-2008, leg. O. Vergara & J. Guzmán, “BC LP 0039” [Barcode voucher]
(1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC); same as holotype but 21-II-2017, “AMLP 0300” [genitalia
slide] (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Curacautín, Río Blanco, 38°12’S, 71°55.99’W, 28-II-
1995, leg. H. oeny [ID BC ZSM Lep 07781, barcode sequence 530 bp; ID BC
ZSM Lep 07779, barcode sequence 570 bp; ID BC ZSM Lep 07628, barcode se-
quence 577 bp] (1 ♂, 2 ♀) (ZSM); Pino Hachado, 38°12’S, 71°55.99’W, 18-II-1995,
leg. H. oeny [ID BC ZSM Lep 07634, barcode sequence 582 bp] (1 ♂) (ZSM);
Contulmo, Palo botado, 02-II-1953, leg. L.E. Peña (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC). Cautín:
Termas de Río Blanco, III-1951, leg. L.E. Peña (2 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC). Coyhaique:
Laguna Azul, 23-I-2008, leg. L.E. Parra, “Genitalia 0258” [genitalia in microvial] (1
♂) (MZUC-UCCC). Capitán Prat: Cochrane, Balsa Baker, 27-I-2008, “Genitalia
0245”, “Genitalia 0246”, “Genitalia 0257” [genitalia slides] leg. Muñoz-Escobar (4
♂) (MZUC-UCCC).
Distribution. is species occurs between Diguillín and Capitán Prat provinces.
It is distributed in parts of Santiago, Maule and Valdivian Forest biogeographic prov-
inces, Central Chilean and Subantarctic subregions, Andean region.
Flight period. Specimens were captured from January to March.
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 99
Molecular data. BOLD:AAH6701. Five available sequences of DNA barcode:
BC LP 0039 (Curacautín), BC ZSM Lep 07781 (Curacautín), BC ZSM Lep 07779
(Curacautín), BC ZSM Lep 07628 (Curacautín), BC ZSM Lep 07634 (Lonquimay).
Maximum intraspecic distance: 1.15%; Minimum genetic distance with H. pachro-
phylloides Parra: 7.74%.
Etymology. e species name is dedicated to the naturalist and great collector Sr
Guillermo Moreno Crisóstomo, Chillán, Chile.
Butleriana phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/AE5952C6-72B0-423A-B065-2F0DA3EBEB2C
BIN: BOLD:AAD7597
Figures 5, 13, 19
Diagnosis. is species has a characteristic maculation pattern that easily distinguishes
it from congeners: background color of forewings ashy-white, splashed with viola-
ceous-red scales and crossed by dark violaceous-red antemedial and postmedial bands,
which are more noticeable towards the costa. Butleriana phoenix diers from B. minor
(Butler, 1882), B. oculata (Mabille, 1885), B. fumosa (Butler, 1882), and B. fasciata
Figures 11, 12. Genitalia of Hoplosauris morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 11 male genitalia
(paratype, MZUC-UCCC, slide No. AMLP 0300) 12 female genitalia (paratype, MZUC-UCCC, slide
No. AMLP 0122). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
100
(Butler, 1882) by the presence of free Rs and M1 veins on the hindwings of males.
Additionally, B. phoenix shares with B. fasciata by having the A1 vein insinuated only at
the base, but both species dier in male genitalia, as B. phoenix presents a strongly scle-
rotized costa, which exceeds the apex of cucullus, thereby forming a L-shaped notch at
the apex of the valva.
Description. Male (Fig. 5). Head: antennae liform, subapically broadened; palpi
subequal to eye diameter, covered by erect piliform violaceous-red scales with third seg-
ment slightly curved down; frons covered with attened reddish scales. orax: patagia
covered by silvery-white and violaceous-red scales; tegulae covered by attened scales,
violaceous-red at proximal area and whitish towards its distal area. Tibial formula 0-2-
4. Forewings: background color ashy-white, splashed with violaceous-red scales, with
two irregular spots of golden-olive scales: one subapical the other in a post-basal po-
sition, on the anal margin; medial, cubital and anal veins framed by blackish scales,
which are interspersed with the background color; termen rounded with piliform red-
dish scales; antemedial band dark violaceous-red, slightly arcuate; postmedial band
dark violaceous-red, extended laterally towards the wing’s apex at the height of the
two accessory cells; subterminal band diuse, formed by two slender violaceous-red
stripes; presence of an oblique blackish apical spot, which connects with postmedial
band; discal spot blackish. Hindwings: reduced, three-quarters the length of forewings,
subrounded, ashy-white, with an extended, narrow and subtriangular lobe at the base
of the anal margin; discal spot blackish. Wing venation (Fig. 19): forewing with two
accessory cells; hindwing with Sc+R1 and Rs anastomosed as far as one-third before the
end of radial trunk; Rs, M1, M2, M3, Cu1 and Cu2 are free and located on the vertices
of discal cell; Rs closer to M1 than to Sc+R1; M2 closer to M3; Cu2 originating from the
middle of cubital trunk; in anal lobe only with A2 present, which is curved; A1 only in-
sinuated at base of lobe; discal cell polygonal and it is extended for half of wing surface.
Male genitalia (Fig. 13): valvae subrectangular, with a bulbous projection in the central
area of anterior edge, costa strongly sclerotized, exceeding the apex of cucullus, apical
notch L-shaped; saccus subrounded; juxta with subquadrangular base and forked pos-
terior apex also with two lateral processes having a setose subtriangular apex connected
each other in the midventral region, at the height of transtilla; uncus glabrous and
curved; transtilla simple. Aedeagus tubular; cornuti arranged as a longitudinal group
in the vesica. Female unknown.
Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, C, Chiloé, Quellón, 21-II-1951, leg.
J.C. Vargas, “Museo”, “AMLP 0141” [genitalia slide] “Holotype Butleriana phoenix”
[red handwritten label] (MZUC-UCCC).
Paratypes: 4 males. C: Chiloé: Mocopulli, Ruta 5 Sur km 1170, 42°22.08’S,
73°43.73’W, 182 m, 03-II-2017, leg. M. Ramos-G, M. Ramos-SM & C. Rose (1
♂) (MZUC-UCCC); Ancud, Pauldeo, 23-I-2005, “Colección Numhauser 2013”,
“AMLP 0100” [wing slide], leg. Numhauser (1 ♂) (MZUC-UCCC). Palena: Fiordo
Comau, San Ignacio del Huinay, pasture, 42°22.8’S, 72°24.78’W, 35 m, 04-I-2008,
leg. A. Hausmann (1 ♂) [ID BC ZSM Lep 11682, barcode sequence 658 bp] (ZSM);
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 101
Fiordo Comau, San Ignacio del Huinay, buildings, 42°22.86’S, 72°24.9’W, 20 m, 09-
I-2008, leg. A. Hausmann, T. Greifenstein & L. Parra [ID BC ZSM Lep 11236, bar-
code sequence 632 bp] (1 ♂) (ZSM).
Distribution. is species occurs in Chiloé and Palena provinces. It is distributed
in a part of the Valdivian Forest biogeographic province, Subantarctic subregion, An-
dean region.
Flight period. Specimens were captured from January to March.
Molecular data. BOLD:AAD7597. Two available sequences of DNA barcode: BC
ZSM Lep 11682 (Huinay), BC ZSM Lep 11236 (Huinay). Maximum intraspecic
distance: 0.79%; Minimum genetic distance with B. minor: 10.59%.
Etymology. e species name is a noun in the apposition, referring to the Phoenix
(a mythical rebird), for the red/purple that is present in the moth’s forewing colora-
tion pattern.
Figure 13. Male genitalia of Butleriana phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., male, holotype,
MZUC-UCCC, slide No. AMLP 0141. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
102
Warrenaria onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/D02F7D34-4754-437E-9BB5-7E49B2539D20
BIN not assigned
Figures 6, 14, 20
Diagnosis. is species can be easily distinguished from W. martha (Butler) by the
presence of ashy-brown forewings, with less evident antemedial and postmedial bands,
which have a ferruginous tone. Both species have an U-shaped posterior apex of the
juxta in male genitalia but diers in the shape of the juxta’s base: subquadrangular in
Warrenaria onca but subtriangular in W. martha.
Description. Male (Fig. 6). Head: antennae liform, subapically broadened; palpi
twice as long as eye diameter, covered by piliform straight light-brown scales; frons cov-
ered with imbricated attened ashy-brown scales. orax: patagia covered by juxtaposed
attened ashy-brown scales; tegulae covered by piliform whitish, blackish and ashy-
brown scales. Tibial formula 0-2-4. Forewings: background color ashy-brown splashed
with blackish scales, slightly darker and with olivaceous tinge towards the costa and
termen; M3 and Cu1 framed by blackish scales that cross the postmedial band; termen
rounded, with dark piliform olivaceous-brown scales; basal region crossed by three wavy
subcircular lines: proximal line light brown and diuse, distal lines blackish and better
dened than proximal one; costal margin of basal region only with a small subquadrate
blackish spot, splashed with ferruginous-orange scales; antemedial band ferruginous-or-
ange, slightly diuse, zigzagging; postmedial band wavy, diuse and composed of three
slender ferruginous-orange stripes; costa of medial region mottled with blackish scales;
subterminal band formed by two interrupted slender blackish stripes; adterminal band
formed by rectangular interveinal spots; terminal band formed by blackish semicir-
cles that are weakly connected with adterminal band; discal spot present and blackish.
Hindwings: reduced, three-quarters the length of forewings, subrounded, dark brown,
with an extended and subrounded lobe at the base of anal margin; discal spot blackish.
Wing venation (Fig. 20): forewing with two accessory cells; hindwing with Sc+R1 and
Rs linked by a transverse vein a quarter before of the end of the cell; Rs, M1, M2, M3 are
free and located on the vertices of discal cell; Cu1 slightly arched, near the angle of cell;
Cu2 inconspicuos, one-fth before the angle of the cell; lobe crossed by sub-straight A1
and curved A2; discal cell polygonal and extend for half of wing surface. Male genitalia
(Fig. 14): valvae subrectangular, costa strongly sclerotized, rounded apical notch with
a small indention, about 1/16 the length of valvae; saccus subquadrate; juxta with sub-
quadrangular base and U-shaped posterior apex, with two lateral processes that have a
setose triangular apex and are connected in the midventral region, at height of transtilla;
uncus simple and slightly setose; transtilla simple. Aedeagus tubular; cornuti arranged
as two longitudinal groups in the vesica. Female unknown.
Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, C, Nahuelbuta, Río Picoiquen, 22-
XII-1965, leg. Fetis, “AMLP 0137” [genitalia slide], “Holotype Warrenaria onca” [red
handwritten label] (MZUC-UCCC).
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 103
Distribution. is species is only known from the type locality: Chile, Araucanía,
Malleco, Angol, Nahuelbuta, Río Picoiquen. is locality belongs to Maule biogeo-
graphic province, Central Chilean subregion, Andean region.
Flight period. e single specimen was captured in December.
Etymology. e species name is a noun in apposition and is in reference to the jag-
uar (Panthera onca), a feline that inhabited the forests of southern South America until
the end of the 19th century and which gives its name to the type locality (Nahuelbuta)
in Mapudungun language (nawel: jaguar; füta: big).
Figure 14. Male genitalia of Warrenaria onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., male, holotype, MZUC-
UCCC, slide No. AMLP 0137. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
104
Fueguina araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/EA416114-32CA-4D92-BCEB-2F15171006F8
BIN not assigned
Figures 7, 8, 15, 16, 21
Diagnosis. is species can be easily distinguished from F. varians (Butler) and F. celo-
valva Parra by its ashy forewings, crossed by dark-brown stripes, and a less-developed
saccular process. Externally, it diers from F. magallanica Parra by its antemedial and
postmedial bands, which are less angular in F. araucana. Can be distinguished from
congeners by three other characters: the presence of disjointed subtriangular lateral
processes in the juxta, the large subrounded apical indention, which extends approxi-
mately through half of valva, and having a globular corpus bursae which is short and
subequal to the length of ductus bursae.
Description. Male (Fig. 7). Head: antennae liform, subapically broadened; palpi
porrect, slightly tilted up covered by straight piliform dark-brown scales and 1.5 times
larger than eye diameter; frons and vertex covered with imbricated attened whitish
and dark-brown scales. orax: patagia covered by juxtaposed attened whitish and
dark-brown scales; tegulae covered by dark-brown scales splashed with black scales,
piliform scales on the posterior region. Tibial formula 0-2-4. Forewings: background
color ashy; medial and Cu1 veins framed by three elongated blackish spots, between
postmedial and subterminal bands; termen rounded, with piliform light-brown scales;
basal band blackish, curved, slightly zigzagging towards the inner margin; antemedial
band dark brown, sinuous, which is thinner towards the costa and inner margin than
in its medial sector; postmedial band sinuous and wide, formed by two brown-orange
stripes mottled with dark brown and framed with blackish-brown scales; subterminal
band dark brown, diuse, cut o on its costal third by an ashy apical spot; discal
spot present and blackish. Hindwings: same size as in females, subrectangular, ashy-
brown, with a digitiform lobe extended over the base of anal margin; discal spot not
visible. Wing venation (Fig. 21): forewing with two accessory cells; hindwing with
Sc+R1 and Rs connected by a transverse vein towards one-third before the end of the
cell; Rs and M1 pedunculated; M2 absent and M3 near Cu1; Cu1 is near the angle of
the cell; Cu2 weak, one-fth before the angle of the cell; lobe crossed by straight A1
and slightly curved A2; discal cell polygonal and extend for half of wing surface. Male
genitalia (Fig. 15): valvae subrectangular, costa strongly sclerotized with rounded and
setose apex, deep subrectangular apical notch, approximately half the length of val-
vae; cucullus projected in the apex of anterior edge, sacculus present and spine-like;
saccus rounded; juxta with subquadrangular base and M-shaped posterior apex, with
two disjointed lateral processes that have setose subtriangular apex and extends at the
height of transtilla; uncus glabrous and straight. Aedeagus tubular; vesica armed with
three cornutus. Female (Fig. 8): similar to males, but with liform antennae slighter
and subrectangular hindwings without lobe on the anal margin. Female genitalia (Fig.
16): ductus bursae striated and subequal in length to corpus bursae; corpus bursae
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 105
globular, membranous; cestum present, subrectangular and strongly sclerotized; pos-
terior apophyses longer than anterior ones.
Type material. Holotype: 1 ♂, pinned, C, Araucanía, Malleco, R.N. Malalca-
huello-Nalcas, Corralco, 09-XII-2014, leg. L.E. Parra, “AMLP 0139” [genitalia slide],
“UCCC_MZUC_Lep_0031” [ID code], “Holotype Fueguina araucana” [red hand-
written label] (MZUC-UCCC); Allotype: 1 ♀, pinned, C, Malleco, Río Blanco
III-1951, leg. L.E. Peña, “Especie 23 H” [ID code, female], “AMLP 0138” [genitalia
slide], “Allotype Fueguina araucana” [red handwritten label] (MZUC-UCCC).
Paratypes: 1 male, 3 females. C: Malleco: Curacautín, Termas de Río Blan-
co, 1050-1300 m, 21/24-II-1954, leg. L.E. Peña (1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC). Cautín:
Pucón, Termas de Río Blanco, II-1951, leg. L.E. Peña, “Especie 23 M” [ID code,
male], “AMLP 0093” [wing slide] (1 ♂, 1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC); Pucón, Termas de Río
Blanco, III-1951, leg. L.E. Peña (1 ♀) (MZUC-UCCC).
Distribution. is species occurs between Malleco and Cautín provinces. It is dis-
tributed in parts of Maule and Valdivian Forest biogeographic provinces, Subantarctic
subregion, Andean region.
Flight period. Specimens were captured in December, February and March.
Etymology. e species name is dedicated to the Araucanía region, Chile, the
locality where all specimens were collected.
Figures 15, 16. Genitalia of Fueguina araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 15 male genitalia (ho-
lotype, MZUC-UCCC, slide No. AMLP 0139) 16 female genitalia (allotype, MZUC-UCCC, slide No.
AMLP 0138). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
106
Discussion
e genus Hoplosauris was proposed by Butler (1882) and currently is the most spe-
cies-rich Chilean trichopterygine genus with eight valid species (Parra et al. 2009,
2017). e species are: H. granitata (Fletcher, 1953), H. heliconoides Butler (1882),
H. indistincta (Butler, 1882), H. macarenae Parra (2009), H. mabillei Parra (2009), H.
pachrophylloides Parra (2009), H. schausi (Warren, 1908), and H. valeria Butler (1893).
e genus can be recognized by three synapomorphies: a small ap, vesicle and/or tuft
of piliform scales in the anal margin of the hindwing in males; a setal tuft in the subapi-
cal region of valvae; and microspines and striated areas in the internal surface if corpus
bursae (Parra et al. 2009, 2017).
It is possible to include H. morenoi in this genus, due to the low genetic distance
between this species and H. pachrophylloides (< 8%; Hausmann and Hebert 2009;
Hausmann et al. 2011) and also because of the large number of characters shared with
Figures 17–21. Wing venation of males 17 Aloba carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 18 Hoplo-
sauris morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 19 Butleriana phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 20
Warrenaria onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. 21 Fueguina araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n.
Scale bar: 1 cm
e Trichopterygini of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile 107
H. heliconoides, the type species. Some of these characters are the presence of short and
porrect palpi; the connection of the Sc+R1 and Rs veins by a weak transverse vein; and
the pedunculated M3 and Cu1 veins; the absence of Cu2 and anal veins; the presence
of an anal cell; the short and triangular discal cell in the forewings of males; the valvae
with brush-like subapical setal tuft and apically projected cucullus; the ductus bursae
which is one-sixth the length of corpus bursae; and the subpyriform completely scle-
rotized corpus bursae with longitudinal striation and rows of microspines. us, the
number of species belonging to Hoplosauris increases to nine.
Several Chilean Trichopterygini (e.g., Butleriana, Warrenaria, Fueguina, Tomop-
teryx Philippi, Triptila Warren, Triptiloides Parra & Santos-Salas, Pachrophylla Blan-
chard, and Parapachrophylla Parra) share ancestral characters in the male genitalia, e.g.
valvae with indented posterior apex and juxta with a pair of lateral processes joined
each other at transtilla height (Viidalepp 2011). is means that the venation pattern
of the hindwings is particularly important for the determination of Chilean genera,
especially in males (Parra 1991, 1996; Parra and Santos-Salas 1991, 1992).
Males of the genera Butleriana and Llampidken Parra have in common the shape of
the lobes on the hindwing. However, venation of lobes is dierent in these genera, as
well as some structures in the male genitalia (e.g., hooked socius, presence of saccular
processes and costal arm in Llampidken). Butleriana is characterized by the presence of
a single anal vein (A2) crossing the lobe (a synapomorphy that denes Butleriana). A1,
when present, is only a remnant vein, slightly visible at the base of the hindwing. is
is dierent in Llampidken in which no anal veins go across the lobe (an autapomorphy)
(Parra and Santos-Salas 1992; Parra et al. 2017). Although the genetic divergence be-
tween B. phoenix and the type species (B. minor) is high (approximately 11%), it is pos-
sible to assign B. phoenix to the genus Butleriana because of the consistency in males of
the hindwing and genital morphology, i.e., both species have similar valvae and a single
anal vein through the subtriangular lobe, with the A1 vein slightly visible at its base.
It is possible to distinguish Warrenaria by its reddish-brown coloration, rectangular
valvae, and the shape of the uncus (Parra et al. 2017). Warrenaria onca is included in
this genus because it shares with W. martha (type species) the maculation and wing ve-
nation general patterns. Other similarities are: the length of apical indention in the val-
vae, the shape of valva and socius, and the U-shaped juxta. All these characters, com-
bined, are unique of Warrenaria and do not occur in other Chilean Trichopterygini.
Fueguina comprises three species: F. varians, F. celovalva, and F. magallanica. is
genus can be distinguished by the presence of three features in males: a lobe at the
hindwing base with two anal veins, a spiniform saccular process, and a deep indention
on the cucullus region (Parra 1991; Parra et al. 2017). It is possible to include F. arau-
cana in this taxon because of the shape and venation of hindwing lobe, the presence
of a costal process, and the presence of a spiniform saccular process with a deep apical
indention. Fueguina araucana and F. magallanica share the following characters: gen-
eral wing venation pattern, general shape of valvae and juxta, and the similar macula-
tion pattern. However, there are distinctive characters in F. araucana: distinctive lateral
processes of juxta; a deeper apical indention of valvae (in this sense, similar to F. varians
Mario I. Ramos-González et al. / ZooKeys 832: 91–111 (2019)
108
and F. celovalva but more rounded, as in F. magallanica); and the shape of bursa copu-
latrix. e large number of common characters between F. magallanica and F. araucana
suggests that both species are closely related, placing them as the sister-species.
Regarding Aloba, Warren (1895) was the rst to placed this genus in the tribe
Trichopterygini and included only one species. Nevertheless, this species was not con-
sidered to belong to the Trichopterygini in later works (e.g., Parra et al. 2017). After
analyzing the anatomical features of this species, it is possible to recognize it as a member
of the Trichopterygini and re-assign it to the tribe. is species shares with the Trichop-
terygini the diagnostic characters that denes the tribe, such as the reduction in the anal
margin of male hindwings with subsequent simplication of venation and the presence
of a sternal pouch in the tympanic opening (Dugdale 1980; Parra et al. 2017). Aloba can
be considered as the taxon morphologically closest to Hoplosauris, based on the absence
of lobe and anal veins in the hindwings of males, the presence of a cucullus projected
apically, and a setal tuft. is taxonomic relationship is supported by molecular phy-
logenetic analyses (Ramos-González et al. unpublished data; Brehm et al. submitted).
Finally, considering all these new ndings, the number of Chilean Trichopterygini
increases to 15 genera and 45 species.
Acknowledgements
We thank James Austrums for improving the manuscript linguistically and Elier Fon-
seca for his constructive criticism of the manuscript. We also thank Axel Hausmann for
sharing his barcoding data of Chilean geometrid moths deposited in ZSM. M.R.-G.
thanks to Manuel Astrosa, Alcides Williams, Carolina Rose, and Mario Ramos San
Martín who collaborated in the eld collection of specimens in Los Queñes, Con-
cepción and Chiloé. C.Z.-M. and D.S. appreciate the nancial support from pro-
ject EDPG LPR-161 of Dirección de Postgrado, Universidad de Concepción and
from “Beca Doctorado Nacional” CONICYT No. 21161423 and CONICYT No.
21180592 respectively. is research was supported by Vicerrectoría de Investigación
y Desarrollo of the Universidad de Concepción (VRID 214.113.087-1.0).
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