ChapterPDF Available

Close Schools. Open Minds. Why We Need Educology for Improving Education Systems

Authors:

Figures

Content may be subject to copyright.
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
1$
Close&Schools.&&Open&Minds.&
Why&We&Need&!"#$%&%'(&for&Improving&!"#$)*+%,-.(/*01/&
Theodore$W.$Frick$
!"#$%&&#"'()%"*+,&'
-%./"+)%0+'#$'10&+",2+*#0/3'45&+%)&'6%270#3#85'
427##3'#$'(9,2/+*#0:'109*/0/';0*<%"&*+5'=3##)*08+#0'
$"*2>?*09*/0/@%9,'A3/&+'"%<*&%9'B/"27'CD:'EFCGH'
Abstract&
Educology$*&'Iknowledge'#$'education’@''4*02%'knowledge'*&'I"%2#"9%9$signs$#$$
knowingJ$/09'education'*&'Iintended'/09'guided'learning’,'educology'*&'+7%"%$#"%'I"%2#"9%9'
signs'#$'knowing'/K#,+'intended'/09'guided'learning’@''Knowledge'#$'education$systems'*&'
/3&#'./"+'#$'educology@''-*&+*02+*#0&'/"%')/9%'*0'educology$/)#08'+%")&'+7/+'*023,9%'
education:'education$system:'learning,$knowing,$signs,$/09$knowledge.''!"%2*&%35'9%$*0%9'
+%")&'/"%'"%L,*"%9'$#"'educology$+#'/9</02%:'),27'/&'7/&'K%%0'9#0%'*0'9*&2*.3*0%&'&,27'/&'
.75&*2&:'K*#3#85:'.75&*#3#85:'/09'/0/+#)5@''1$'M%'/"%'+#'*)."#<%'education$systems:'+7%0'M%'
),&+'2"%/+%'worthwhile$education@''Worthwhile$education'*&'9%$*0%9'*0'educology'/&'
Ieducation'+7/+'*&'K#+7'instrumentally$good'/09'intrinsically$good’@'''
N#+%'+7/+'*+/3*2&'$#0+'*&'&.%2*$*2/335',&%9'*0'+7*&'27/.+%"'+#'*9%0+*$5'+%")&'+7/+'/"%'
9%$*0%9'."%2*&%35'*0'educology@''O#")/3'9%$*0*+*#0&'#$'+%")&'*0'educology'/"%'%023#&%9'*0'
&*083%'L,#+/+*#0')/">&@''P..%09*Q'P'*023,9%&'/'3*&+'#$'K/&*2'+%")&'/09'+7%*"'9%$*0*+*#0&@'
Key&words&
Educology,$knowledge,$education,$education$system,$learning,$knowing,$signs,$theory,$
universals,$effective$education,$worthwhile$education@'
1. Introduction&
R3#&%'&27##3&@''S.%0')*09&@''P)'1'&%"*#,&T'''
U%&@''=,+'0#+'+7%'M/5'5#,')*87+'*0*+*/335'+7*0>@''''
-#%&'+7/+')%/0'M%'&7,+'+7%'9##"&'+#'#,"'&27##3&'/09'3#2>'+7%)T''-#%&'+7/+')%/0'M%'
+%/"'9#M0'#,"'&27##3'K,*39*08&T'
N#@''V7/+'*+')%/0&'*&'+7/+'&27##3&'/&'M%'+5.*2/335'+7*0>'#$'+7%)'/"%'0#+'&50#05)#,&'
M*+7'education@''10'$/2+:')/05'&27##3&'+#9/5'/"%'0#+'%9,2/+*08@''67/+'*&'M75'M%'0%%9'
educology'W0#+'#035'+#',09%"&+/09'+7%'9*$$%"%02%'K%+M%%0'&27##3*08'/09'%9,2/+*08:'K,+'
/3&#'+#'#.%0'#,"')*09&'/K#,+'/3+%"0/+*<%'/09'K%++%"'M/5&'#$'%9,2/+*08@'''
10'educology:'/0'education$system'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I/0'intentional$system'2#0&*&+*08'#$'/+'
3%/&+'#0%'teacher'/09'#0%'student'*0'/'contextJ@''6#'K%'/0'education$systemX'
*+'9#%&'0#+'7/<%'+#'K%'/'$#")/3'&27##3'#"'/',0*<%"&*+5'system:'M7*27'*&'Y,&+'#0%'M/5'
#$'#"8/0*Z*08'education:'M*+7'/'&,.%"*0+%09%0+'#"'."%&*9%0+'/&'3%/9%"&['
teachers'9#'0#+'0%%9'+#'K%'3*2%0&%9'/09'$#")/335'%9,2/+%9'/9,3+&['
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
2$
students'/"%'0#+'"%&+"*2+%9'+#'+7#&%'*0'&27##3'#"',0*<%"&*+*%&:'0#"'#035'+#'5#,08'
.%"&#0&['
+7%'context'9#%&'0#+'0%%9'+#'K%'/'&27##3'K,*39*08'#"'/'2/).,&['
+7%'content'9#%&'0#+'0%%9'+#'K%'&,KY%2+')/++%"'+5.*2/335'+/,87+'*0'&27##3&'/09'
,0*<%"&*+*%&\\%@8@:')/+7:'&2*%02%:'7*&+#"5:'K*#3#85:'),&*2:'%+2@'
67%'"%L,*"%)%0+&'$#"'/0'education$system'/"%'+7/+X'
*+'*&'/0'intentional$system'A+"5*08'+#'8,*9%'student$learningH['
#0%'#"')#"%'teachers'*&'9#*08'+7%'8,*9*08['
#0%'#"')#"%'students'*&'+"5*08'+#'learn['/09'
8,*9/02%'#$'learning'#22,"&'*0'/'context'A*@%@:'&%++*08'M7*27'/3&#'
*023,9%&'content'$#"'learningH@'
P0'%Q/).3%'#$'/0'%/"35'education$system'M/&'4#2"/+%&'teaching'7*&'$#33#M%"&'*0']"%%2%:'/&'
9%&2"*K%9'*0'The$Republic'K5'!3/+#@'
4#2"/+%&'9*9'+7%'#<%"/33'3%/9*08'A%@8@:'+#M/"9&'+7%'8#/3'#$'+7*0>*08'2"*+*2/335'/K#,+'
.7*3#&#.75:'/09'L,%&+*#0*08'4#.7*&+'</3,%&H['
4#2"/+%&'/3&#'9*9'+7%'8,*9*08'#$'student$learning'A%@8@:'+7"#,87'."#<#2/+*<%'
&+/+%)%0+&'/09'&2%0/"*#&:'K5'/&>*08'."#K*08'L,%&+*#0&W3/+%"'>0#M0'/&'4#2"/+*2'
B%+7#9'#$'TeachingH['
7*&'K/09'#$'/9,3+'$#33#M%"&'M%"%'+7%'students['
+7%'context'M/&'.3/2%&'*0'+7%'2*+5'#$'P+7%0&['/09'
+7%'content'M/&'+#.*2&'*0'.7*3#&#.75'A%@8@:'theory'#$'universals:'V7/+'*&'Y,&+*2%T:'
V7/+'*&'+7%'*9%/3'2*+5\&+/+%T'V75'&7#,39'.7*3#&#.7%"'>*08&'8#<%"0TH@'
A7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^%9,2/+*#045&+%)@7+)3H'
2. What&is&!"#$%&%'(?&&
Educology'*&'Iknowledge'#$'education’@''4#,09&'/3)#&+'&%3$\%<*9%0+'K,+'*&'."#$#,09W
*$'M%'/"%'."%2*&%'/K#,+'M7/+'*&'knowledge'/09'education@''67%'9*$$%"%02%'K%+M%%0'&27##3*08'
/09'education'*&'K,+'#0%'%Q/).3%'#$'7#M'educology'2/0' )/>%' 23%/"%"'M7/+' M%' /"%' +/3>*08'
/K#,+'M7%0'M%'3/)%0+'."#K3%)&'M%'&%%'*0'#,"'&27##3&:'/09'M7/+'+#'9#'/K#,+'+7%&%'."#K3%)&@'
1'/)',&*08'*+/3*2&'+#'*9%0+*$5'+%")&'*0'+7*&'27/.+%"'+7/+'/"%'9%$*0%9')#"%'."%2*&%35'
+7/0'2#))#0',&/8%'M#,39'+5.*2/335'*09*2/+%@''1'7/<%'2"%/+%9'/'8"#M*08'/09'%<#3<*08'
M%K&*+%'M7*27'."#<*9%&'/'83#&&/"5'#$'."#.%"'+%")&:'9%$*0*+*#0&:'/09'%Q/).3%&'#$'educology'
/+X''7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,@''67%'*0+%0+'#$'+7*&'Educology'V%K&*+%'*&'&*)*3/"'+#'
Stedman’s'Medical$Dictionary'A4+%9)/0:'EFF_H'/09'Terminologia$Anatomica'AORP6:'CGG`H'
M7*27'9%$*0%'+%")&',&%9'*0')%9*2/3'&2*%02%:'/0/+#)5:'/09'.75&*#3#85@'''
V*+7#,+'educology:'%9,2/+#"&'/09'#+7%"&'M*33'2#0+*0,%'+#'+/3>'./&+'%/27'#+7%":'),27'
/&'*0'+7%'K*K3*2/3'&+#"5'/K#,+'+7%'6#M%"'#$'=/K%3@''67%'3/08,/8%'M%'+5.*2/335',&%'*0'+/3>*08'
/K#,+'education'*&'*)."%2*&%:'/09'&#'M%'3*+%"/335'#$+%0'9#'0#+',09%"&+/09'M7/+'%/27'#$',&'*&'
+/3>*08'/K#,+WK%2/,&%'+7%'&/)%'M#"9&'"%$%"'+#'9*$$%"%0+'+7*08&@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'5#,'/"%'
+/3>*08'/K#,+'/'student:')%/0*08'&7%'#"'7%'*&'/'5#,08'.%"&#0'M7#'/++%09&'/'&27##3'#"'
,0*<%"&*+5:'/09'1'/)'+7*0>*08'/K#,+'/'student'/&'K%*08'/'.%"&#0'M7#'*0+%09&'+#'learn',09%"'
+7%'8,*9/02%'#$'/0#+7%"W&7%'#"'7%'9#%&'0#+'7/<%'+#'K%'*0'&27##3'#"'2#33%8%:'0#"'5#,08:'0#"'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
3$
*0&*9%'/'K,*39*08:'0#"'8,*9%9'K5'/'&+/+%\3*2%0&%9'teacher'#"'/'2#33%8%'."#$%&&#"@''V%')/5'
K#+7',&%'+7%'&/)%'M#"9&:'student:'teacher:'/09'learning:'K,+'M%')%/0'9*$$%"%0+'+7*08&@'''
;0$#"+,0/+%35:'M%')/5'+7*0>'M%'/"%'+/3>*08'/K#,+'+7%'&/)%'+7*08:'M7%0'*0'$/2+'M%'
/"%'0#+@''67*&'>*09'#$')*&2#)),0*2/+*#0'/09'*02#0&*&+%0+',&%'#$'+%")*0#3#85'7*09%"&'
/9</02%)%0+'#$'knowledge'*0'+7%'$*%39'#$'education@''U#,'9#'/'"%&%/"27'&+,95'#0'student'
learning'/09'$*09'#0%'"%&,3+@''1'9#'/'&+,95'#0'student'learning'/09'$*09'/'9*$$%"%0+'"%&,3+@''
V7#&%'"%&,3+&'&7#,39'M%'K%3*%<%T''=,+'M%')/5'0#+'%<%0'K%'+/3>*08'/K#,+'2#)./"/K3%'
students'#"'2#)./"/K3%'learning@''Learning'*&'5%+'/0#+7%"'+%")'+7/+'0%%9&'23/"*$*2/+*#0@'''
1+'*&'/&'*$'5#,'/"%'&+,95*08'2##>%9'#/+)%/3'M*+7'/99%9'&,8/"'AsucroseH'/09'1'/)'
&+,95*08'2#"0$3/>%&'M*+7'/99%9'7*87'fructose'&5",.@''=,+'M%'K#+7'2/33'+7%)'&M%%+%0%9'
2%"%/3&@''67*&'23/"*$*2/+*#0'*&'*).#"+/0+'K%2/,&%'fructose'*&'metabolized'9*$$%"%0+35'+7/0'
glucose'*0'+7%'7,)/0'K#95@''Fructose'*&'%$$%2+*<%35'/'27"#0*2'+#Q*0'+7/+'M7%0'metabolized'
"/.*935'*0'&*80*$*2/0+'/)#,0+&'"%.%/+%935'#<%"'+*)%'2/0'3%/9'+#'9*&%/&%&'+7/+'*023,9%'65.%'E'
9*/K%+%&:'/+7%"#&23%"#&*&:'/09'2/02%"&@''4%%'$#"'%Q/).3%X''a,&+*8'AEFFGH:'B2b*03%5:'
SJa#,873*0'/09'=*93%'AEFC_H:'/09'6/,K%&'AEFC_H@'
1+'*&'/&'*$'*0'.75&*2&'mass'/09'energy')%/0+'9*$$%"%0+'+7*08&'+#'9*$$%"%0+'.%#.3%W/'
M*9%'"/08%'#$')*&2#02%.+*#0&@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'&#)%'.%#.3%'+7*0>'#$')/&&'K%*08'/&&#2*/+%9'
M*+7'7#M'K*8'&#)%+7*08'*&'/09'7#M'),27'*+'M%*87&@''N#+'&#:'/&'*+'+,"0&'#,+:'*0'+7%'$*%39'#$'
.75&*2&@''Mass'*&'9*$$%"%0+'$"#)'weight@''P0'/&+"#0/,+'3*<*08'*0'+7%'&./2%'&+/+*#0'+7/+'#"K*+&'
+7%'%/"+7'7/&'Z%"#'weight'/09'/..%/"&'+#'Y,&+'$3#/+'*0'+7%'/*"@''U%+'+7%'&/)%'/&+"#0/,+'
&+/09*08'#0'/'&2/3%'*0'+7%'9#2+#"J&'#$$*2%'#0'%/"+7'M%*87&'CcF'pounds:'#"'/K#,+'dG'
kilograms@''e%"'mass'7/&'0#+'/.."%2*/K35'27/08%9@'''f,&+'#"K*+'+7%'%/"+7'/+'/K#,+'CD:_FF'
miles$per$hour:'/09'M%'M*33'weigh'0#+7*08@''P09'+7%"%'/"%'&#)%'0%M'+%")&X'pounds:'
kilograms:'miles:'hours'/09'+7%'*).3*%9'2#02%.+&'#$'velocity:'force:'acceleration:'/09'gravity@'''
3. Overview&of&Following&Sections&
4%2+*#0'g'9*&2,&&%&'+7%'0%%9'$#"'systems$theory'/09'education$theory'*0'educology@'''
4%2+*#0'd'9%$*0%&'/09'*33,&+"/+%&'$#,09/+*#0/3'+%")&X''universals:'signs:'/09'theory@'''10'
4%2+*#0'_:'education'*&'9%$*0%9'/09'9%&2"*K%9'*0'9%+/*3:'M7%"%'>*09&'#$'learning'/"%'
%Q.3*2/+%9'+7"#,87'3#8*2'/09'/'h%00'-*/8"/)@''Education'*&'K,+'#0%'>*09'#$'learning@''
h/"*#,&'>*09&'#$'education'/"%'$,"+7%"'%Q.3*2/+%9:'*0'./"+*2,3/":'worthwhile$education@''
4%2+*#0'D'"%<*%M&'"%3%</0+'3*+%"/+,"%'+7/+'*&'2#0&*&+%0+'M*+7'educology:'*023,9*08'%<*9%02%'
$"#)'0%,"#&2*%02%'/09'/0'%<#3,+*#0/"5:'2,3+,"/3'.%"&.%2+*<%@''4%2+*#0'`'9*&2,&&%&'
knowledge'/09'signs@''Education$system,'/&'/'$#")/3'+%")'*0'educology:'*&'$,"+7%"'%Q.3*2/+%9'
*0'4%2+*#0'G:'$#33#M%9'K5'/0'#<%"<*%M'#$'>*09&'#$'knowing$*0'4%2+*#0'CF@''67%'*).#"+/02%'#$'
worthwhile$education'*&'%).7/&*Z%9'*0'4%2+*#0'CC@''10'./"+*2,3/":'+7%'L,%&+*#0'#$'iV7/+'
>*09&'#$'student$knowing$/"%'M#"+7M7*3%Tj'*&'9*&2,&&%9'*0'9%+/*3:'*023,9*08'%Q/).3%&'+7/+'
*33,&+"/+%'M#"+7M7*3%'>*09&'#$'student$knowing@''4%2+*#0'CE'2#023,9%&'+7*&'27/.+%":'M7%"%'
+"*/3\/09\%""#"'/.."#/27%&'+#'*)."#<%'education$systems'/"%'2"*+*2*Z%9@''O*0/335:'+7%'
"/+*#0/3%'$#"'educology'/09'."%2*&%'+%")*0#3#85'$#"'9%<%3#.*08'/09'+%&+*08'education$
theory'*&'&,))/"*Z%9@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
4$
4. Need&for&.(/*01/-230%4(&and&!"#$)*+%,-230%4(&in&!"#$%&%'(&
a,9M*8'<#0'=%"+/3/0$$5'ACGdF/:'K['CGDEH'M/&'/'K*#3#8*&+'M7#'*&'M%33\>0#M0'$#"'7*&'
*0*+*/3'9%<%3#.)%0+'#$'general'system'theory'A]46H@'']46'M/&'*0+%09%9'/&'/0'#"8/0*Z/+*#0/3'
$"/)%M#">'#"'./"/9*8)'/..3*2/K3%'+#')/05'&2*%0+*$*2'$*%39&:'M7/+'<#0'=%"+/3/0$$5'#"*8*0/335'
2#0&*9%"%9'/',0*$5*08'&2*%02%@''67#).&#0'AEFF_/H'K"*%$35'9*&2,&&%9'+7%'7*&+#"5'#$']46'
+7"#,87'+7%'EF+7'2%0+,"5:'*023,9*08'+7%'&*80*$*2/0+'2#0+"*K,+*#0'#$'+7%'41]]4'Theory'B#9%3'
AB/22*/'/09'B/22*/:'CG__H'/&'/')%/0&'$#"'"%+"#9,2+*#0'#$'/'theory'#$'education@''41]]4'
"%$%"&'+#'+7%'*0+%8"/+*#0'#$'$#,"'theoriesX''set:'information:'di\graph:'/09'general'system'
theories@''!"%9*2/+%'2/32,3,&'M/&',&%9'+#'3#8*2/335'9%$*0%'/.."#Q*)/+%35'`F'+%")&'$"#)'
&%<%"/3'."*)*+*<%'A,09%$*0%9H'+%")&@''67#).&#0'AEFF_K['EFF`['EFCGH'$,"+7%"'"%$*0%9'+7%&%'
/09'#+7%"'+%")&'*0'PQ*#)/+*2'67%#"*%&'#$'10+%0+*#0/3'45&+%)&'AP614H@'
;09%"35*08'+7%&%'%$$#"+&'*&'+7%'$,09/)%0+/3'8#/3'#$'3#8*2/3'."%2*&*#0'*0',&%'#$'
+%")*0#3#85'M7*27'9%&2"*K%&'general$system:'education:'/09'education$system@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'
system^negasystem'$3#M&'M%"%'*9%0+*$*%9'&,27'/&'feedin:'feedout:'feedback:'/09'feedthrough:'
/09'system'&+",2+,"/3'."#.%"+*%&'M%"%'9%0#+%9'&,27'/&'complexness:'strongness:'flexibleness:'
/09'hierarchical$orderness@''O,"+7%"'."#.%"+*%&'*023,9%9'system'openness:'adaptiveness:'
compatibleness:'stressness'/09'equifinalness@''N#+%'+7/+'+%")&'9%$*0%9'&.%2*$*2/335'*0'P614'
/"%'*+/3*2*Z%9'/09',09%"3*0%9'*0'+7*&'27/.+%"@''O#"'$,"+7%"'9%+/*3&:'&%%'+7%'41]]4'M%K&*+%'/+X''
7++.&X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k+%9$"*2>^&*88&@7+)3'/09'+7%'P614']3#&&/"5X''
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^@''
Universals,'theoretical'signs:'/09'9%$*0*+*#0&'#$'+%")&'/"%'$,09/)%0+/3'$#"'theory'
9%<%3#.)%0+W*023,9*08'general'systems$theories:'education'theories'/09'educology'*+&%3$@'
5. 5,+604/)&/&and&230%40*+$)&&.+',/&
V7%0'9%<%3#.*08'theory:'*+'*&'*).#"+/0+'+7/+'#,"'+%")*0#3#85'2#0&*&+&'#$'universal'
23/&&%&'A4+%*0%":'CG``H@''P'universal$sign'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'/'Isymbol'M7#&%'#KY%2+'*&'/'universal'
23/&&'0#+'3*)*+%9'+#'+*)%'#"'.3/2%J'A&%%'P..%09*Q'P'/09'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^,0*<%"&/34*80@7+)3H@'''
O#"'%Q/).3%:'M7%0'M%'"%$%"'+#'adipose$tissue$cells'*0'.75&*#3#85'/09'/0/+#)5:'M%'
/"%'&*80*$5*08'/'23/&&'#$'2%33&'*0'homo$sapiens'*0'8%0%"/3:'0#+'Y,&+'*0'4#2"/+%&J'K#95'/K#,+'
E:dFF'5%/"&'/8#:'0#M:'#"'*0'7,)/0&'*0'd:FFF'P@-@:'M7%+7%"'7%"%'#0'%/"+7'#"'%3&%M7%"%@''
P..%09*Q'R'."#<*9%&'/'9%+/*3%9'%Q/).3%'M7*27'*33,&+"/+%&'+7%'</3,%'#$'M%33\9%$*0%9'
universal$signs'*0'.75&*#3#85'/09'/0/+#)5'M7%0'9*&2,&&*08')%+7#9&'#$'9%2"%/&*08')/&&'#$'
$/+'A*@%@:'triglyceridesH'*0'adipose$tissue$cells@'
P&'/'0#0\%Q/).3%:'+#'9%$*0%'student'learning$/27*%<%)%0+'/&'&2#"*08'/K#<%'`F'
.%"2%0+'#0'+7%'146(!'+%&+'*0'109*/0/'*0'EFC_'M#,39'0#+'K%'/'universal'23/&&:'"/+7%"'/0'
*09*<*9,/3'23/&&@'
Signs'M%"%'9%$*0%9'K5'!%*"2%'ACGcEHX'
P'sign:'#"'representamen,$*&'&#)%+7*08'M7*27'&+/09&'+#'&#)%K#95'$#"'&#)%+7*08'*0'&#)%'
"%&.%2+'#"'2/./2*+5l@'%<%"5'"%."%&%0+/)%0'K%*08'+7,&'2#00%2+%9'M*+7'+7"%%'+7*08&:'+7%'
8"#,09:'+7%'#KY%2+:'/09'+7%'*0+%"."%+/0+@''AEXEE`H'
!%*"2%'ACGcEH'K"#/935'23/&&*$*%9'signs$/&'iconic:'indexical:'/09'symbolic@''Signs'/"%'9*&2,&&%9'
*0')#"%'9%+/*3'*0'4%2+*#0'`@'''
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
5$
'e#M'9#'M%'/""*<%'/+'9%$*0*+*#0&'#$'universal'23/&&%&T''4+%*0%"'ACG``H'"%$%""%9'+#'
e,&&%"3J&'ACG_dH'.7%0#)%0#3#8*2/3')%+7#9X'
m,3%'C@''O#2,&'#0'+7%'#KY%2+@'
m,3%'E@''(Q23,9%'+7%'&,KY%2+*<%@'
m,3%'c@''(Q23,9%'*09*"%2+'>0#M3%98%@'
m,3%'g@''(Q23,9%'%Q*&+%02%'/09'+7%'2#0+*08%0+@'
m,3%'d@''4+"*<%'$#"'2#).3%+%'9*&23#&,"%@'
m,3%'_@''=%'/0/35+*2@''A.@'G_H'
4+%*0%"'ACG``H',&%9'+7%'.7%0#)%0#3#8*2/3')%+7#9'+#'9%"*<%'+7%'9%$*0*+*#0'#$'
education@'''O#"'%Q/).3%:'K5',&%'#$'m,3%'g'/K#<%:'&27##3&'/&'+7%5'%Q*&+'*0'+7%';@4@'*0'+7%'EF+7'
2%0+,"5'/"%'%3*)*0/+%9'$"#)'+7%'9%$*0*+*#0'#$'+7%'universal'23/&&:'education@'''4+%*0%"'ACG``H'
$,"+7%"'&+/+%9X'
l'#0%'9#%&'0#+'/..%/3'+#'%).*"*2/3'#K&%"</+*#0'0#"'9#%&'#0%'&*).35'"%8/"9'/'
27/"/2+%"*&+*2'/&'%&&%0+*/3@''10&+%/9'M*+7'%/27'27/"/2+%"*&+*2:'#0%'/&>&'M7%+7%"'M*+7#,+'*+'
+7%'%Q/).3%'2#,39'K%'2#0&*9%"%9'/0'%Q/).3%'#$'+7%'&/)%'&#"+'#$'+7*08'/&'K%$#"%@''S0%'
/&>&'M7/+'27/"/2+%"*&+*2&'/0'#KY%2+'),&+'7/<%'*0'#"9%"'+#'K%'"%2#80*Z%9'/&'/0'%Q/).3%'#$'
/'2%"+/*0'>*09'#$'#KY%2+@''6#'*33,&+"/+%:'*0')5'.7%0#)%0#3#8*2/3'*0L,*"5'*0+#'education:'1'
/&>%9'M7%+7%"'/'."#2%&&'2#,39'K%'education'M*+7#,+'7/<*08'/0'/2+*<%'learner'/09'
teacher@''A.@'GD:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
6. What&is&!"#$)*+%,?&
Education'*&'conducive$learning:'M7*27'&+/09&'*0'2#0+"/&+'+#'compelled$learning:'
discovery$learning:'/09'accidental$learning@''Conducive$learning'*&'Iguided$learning'/09'
intended$learningJ:'M7*27')%%+&'4+%*0%"J&'ACG``H'2"*+%"*/'$#"'M7/+'2#0&+*+,+%&'+7%'universal'
23/&&:'education@''67%&%'%&&%0+*/3'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'/"%'$,"+7%"'*33,&+"/+%9'0%Q+'/09'K5'h%00'
9*/8"/)&'#0'+7%'Educology'V%K&*+%X''7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,'/09'*0'O*8,"%&'C@C'+#'
C@Cc'K%3#M@''O*8,"%'C'*33,&+"/+%&'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'/)#08'*).#"+/0+'2#02%.+&:'*0'#"9%"'+#'
&%./"/+%'education'$"#)'/33'learningX'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
6$
b%5'2#02%.+&'$"#)'M7*27'9%$*0*+*#0&'#$'+5.%&'#$'learning'/"%'9%"*<%9'$"#)'+7*&'h%00'
9*/8"/)'/"%'$,"+7%"'*33,&+"/+%9'K5'&.%2*$*2'&7/9*08&'*0'h%00'9*/8"/)&'*0'O*8,"%&'C@C'n'C@CcX'
'
'
Figure$1.1@''Accidental$learningX''0%*+7%"'intended$learning'0#"'guided$learning'A65.%'CH'
'
'
Figure$1.2.$$Guided$learning'A65.%'EH'
'
Figure$1@''h%00'9*/8"/)'"%."%&%0+/+*#0'#$'>*09&'#$'learning'/09'education''
'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
7$
$
Figure$1.3@''Intended$learning'A65.%'cH$
'
'
'
Figure$1.4@''Conducive$learning'AeducationHX''Intended$learning'/09'guided$learning'A65.%'gH'
'
'
Figure$1.5@''Ineffective'educationX''0%*+7%"'instrumentally$good'0#"'intrinsically$good$A65.%'dH'
'
$
Figure$1.6@''Effective$education:$$instrumentally$good'A65.%'_H'
'
'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
8$
'
Figure$1.7@''Worthwhile'educationX''instrumentally$good'/09'intrinsically$good'A65.%'DH'
'
'
Figure$1.8@''Discovery$learningX'intended$learning'K,+'0#+'guided$learning'A65.%'`H'
'
'
Figure$1.9@''Disciplined$inquiry'A"%&%/"27HX''discovery$learning'+7/+'*&'"%8,3/+%9'K5'2"*+%"*/'A65.%'GH'
'
'
'
Figure$1.10@''Compelled$learningX''guided$learning'K,+'0#+'intended$learning'A65.%'CFH'
'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
9$
'
Figure$1.11@''Induced$learningX'guided$learning'K,+'*0*+*/335'0#+'intended$learning'A65.%'CCH'
'
'
Figure$1.12@''Effective$bad'educationX''instrumentally$good'K,+'0#+'intrinsically$good'A65.%'CEH'
'
'
Figure$1.13@''P33'learningX''accidental$learning'#"'discovery$learning'#"'conducive$learning'#"'
compelled$learning@'
'
V7/+'*&'*).#"+/0+'+#'0#+%'*&'+7/+'+7%&%'+%")&'/"%'M%33\9%$*0%9@''10'./"+*2,3/":'
educology'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I"%2#"9%9'signs'#$'knowing$/K#,+'intended$learning'/09'guided$
learningJ@''Educology'*&'+7,&'knowledge'#$'education@'''
7. 70)4,+,'&and&Intelligence&Revisited&
!8904+0,$0:-!1%*+%,:-),"-;%41)*+%,-%<-=0,*)&-.*4#$*#40/-
V7%0'M%'learn'&#)%+7*08'0%M:'M%'/"%'/K3%'+#'2#00%2+'*+'+#'M7/+'M%'/3"%/95'know'
#"'K%3*%<%@'67%'9%&*"%9'#,+2#)%'#$'&,22%&&$,3'learning'/++%).+&'*&'+#'$#")'/.."#."*/+%'
)%0+/3'&27%)/@''4,27'mental$structures'/33#M',&'+#'+7*0>'/09'/2+'*0+%33*8%0+35'/&'M%'8#'
+7"#,87'3*$%'/09'2/""5'#,+'2#).3%Q'+/&>&'A&%%'</0'B%""*o0K#%"'p'b*"&270%":'EFCcH@'''4+%*0%"'
ACG``H'9%$*0%9'learning'/&'i.&527*2/3'9%<%3#.)%0+:j'M7*27'*&'+7%'i$#")/+*#0'#$'mental$
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
10$
structuresj'A.@'gF:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H@''67*&'0#+*#0'#$'learning'*&'$,"+7%"'2#0&*&+%0+'M*+7'"%&%/"27'
*0'0%,"#K*#3#85@'S0'+7%'K/&*&'#$'/'&%"*%&'#$'%).*"*2/3'&+,9*%&:'b/09%3'AEFFCH'2#023,9%9'+7/+'
il'learning'"%&,3+&'$"#)'27/08%&'*0'+7%'&+"%08+7'#$'&50/.+*2'2#00%2+*#0&'K%+M%%0'."%2*&%35'
2#00%2+%9'2%33&'q0%,"#0/3'%3%)%0+&rj'A.@'CFcE:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H@''B#"%'"%2%0+'"%&%/"27'*0'
0%,"#&2*%02%'$,"+7%"'&,..#"+&'b/09%3J&'%/"3*%"'23/*)&'A(/83%)/0:'EFCdH@'
4+%*0%"'ACG``H'$,"+7%"'27/"/2+%"*Z%9'mental$structures'/&'2#0/+*<%:'2#80*+*<%'#"'
/$$%2+*<%:'/&'9*9'4#2"/+%&:'M7#'*9%0+*$*%9'M*33'#"'*0+%0+'/&'/'./"+'#$')*09'A2#0/+*<%H:'/&'
9*&+*08,*&7%9'$"#)'+7%'*0+%33%2+'A2#80*+*<%H'/09'%)#+*#0'A/$$%2+*<%H'A&%%'The$Republic$of$
Plato,$R#"0$#"9:'CGgdH@'''e#M%<%":']"%%0&./0'/09'=%09%"35'ACGGDH'7/<%'0#+%9'+7/+'&*02%'
+7%'/02*%0+']"%%>'.7*3#&#.7%"&:'+7%'"/+*#0/3'#"'2#80*+*<%'/&.%2+'#$')*09'7/&'#$+%0'K%%0'
<*%M%9'/&'9%<%3#.*08'&%./"/+%35'$"#)'%)#+*#0@''67%5'/"8,%'+7/+'+7*&'<*%M'7/&'K3*09%9',&'+#'
+7%'"#3%'#$'%)#+*#0'*0'7#M'M%'#"8/0*Z%'M7/+'M%'7/<%'3%/"0%9X''i10'$/2+:'%)#+*#0&:'0#+'
2#80*+*<%'&+*),3/+*#0:'&%"<%'/&'+7%')*09J&'."*)/"5'/"27*+%2+j'A.@'CH@''67%5'*9%0+*$5'+7%'
*).#"+/02%'#$'%)#+*#0'9,"*08'7,)/0'%Q.%"*%02%X''il'%/27'&%0&/+*#0'l'/3&#'8*<%&'"*&%'+#'/0'
/$$%2+'#"'%)#+*#0l@''1+'*&'+7*&'dual$coding'#$'%Q.%"*%02%'+7/+'*&'+7%'>%5'+#',09%"&+/09*08'7#M'
%)#+*#0&'#"8/0*Z%'*0+%33%2+,/3'2/./2*+*%&'lj'A.@'C`H@''''
]#3%)/0'AEFCCH'/"+*2,3/+%&'/'&#)%M7/+'9*$$%"%0+'<*%M:'M7*27'7%'2/33&'%)#+*#0/3'
*0+%33*8%02%@''S0'+7%'K/&*&'#$'0%,"#.&527#3#8*2/3'K"/*0'&+,9*%&'7%'23/*)&'+7/+:'iV7%0'M%'
7/<%'/'+7#,87+'*+J&'*))%9*/+%35'</3/02%9'K5'+7%&%'K"/*0'2%0+%"&:'.#&*+*<%'#"'0%8/+*<%j@''
]#3%)/0'*&'"%$%""*08'+#'il'%)#+*#0/3'2%0+%"&'*0'+7%')*9K"/*0:'*0+%"/2+*08'M*+7'/'&.%2*$*2'
/"%/'*0'+7%'."%$"#0+/3'2#"+%Qj'A3#2/+*#0'CC_H@'']#3%)/0'7/&'K%%0'*0<%&+*8/+*08'M7%+7%"'
%)#+*#0/3'*0+%33*8%02%'*&'/'9*&+*02+'7,)/0'2/./K*3*+5:'*0'2#0+"/&+'+#'<%"K/3'#"')/+7%)/+*2/3'
*0+%33*8%02%@'''
m/+7%"'+7/0'<*%M*08'%)#+*#0/3'*0+%33*8%02%'/&'/'9*&+*02+'7,)/0'2/./K*3*+5:'
]"%%0&./0'/09'47/0>%"'AEFFgH'7/<%'2#023,9%9'+7/+'%)#+*#0'*&'+7%'/"27*+%2+'#$'+7%')*09@''
67%5'2#0&*9%"%9'%)#+*#0'/&'2%0+"/3'+#'7#M'M%'#"8/0*Z%'#,"'+7*0>*08@''O"#)'+7%'
.%"&.%2+*<%'#$')#3%2,3/"'K*#3#85:'3#08\+%")')%)#"5'*&'$#")%9'+7"#,87'&50+7%&*&'#$'0%M'
."#+%*0&'+7/+'/3+%"'&50/.+*2'&+"%08+7'/)#08'0%,"#0/3'2#00%2+*#0&:'"%&,3+*08'*0'&+",2+,"/3'
27/08%'#$'+7%'0%"<#,&'system@''iV7*3%'+7%'#"8/0*&)J&'9%<%3#.)%0+/3'."#8"/)'/&&,"%&'+7/+'
+7%'2#00%2+*#0&'K%+M%%0'+7%'2%33&'/"%'*0</"*/0+:'*+'9#%&'0#+'&.%2*$5'+7%*"'."%2*&%'&+"%08+7@''
m/+7%":'%Q.%"*%02%'/3+%"&'+7%'&+"%08+7'/09'%$$%2+*<%0%&&'#$'+7%&%'."%\%Q*&+*08'27%)*2/3'
2#00%2+*#0&j'Ab/09%3:'EFFC:'.@'CFcEH@'''
1$'%)#+*#0'*&'*09%%9'+7%'/"27*+%2+'#$'mental$structures:'/&')#,0+*08'%<*9%02%'
/..%/"&'+#'&,..#"+'A&%%']"%%0&./0'p'47/0>%":'EFFgH:'+7%0'*+'$#33#M&'+7/+')/05'students'/"%'
3*>%35'+#'K%'9%<%3#.*08'*33\$#")%9')%0+/3'&27%)/'$#"'+7%'&,KY%2+')/++%"'+7%5'/"%'%Q.%2+%9'
+#'learn'*0'&27##3Wmental$structures'M7*27'/"%'M%/>%0%9'#"'9*&2#00%2+%9'$"#)'%Q*&+*08'
mental$structures'9,%'+#'$%%3*08&'#$')%/0*083%&&0%&&:'*""%3%</02%:'K#"%9#)'/09'%<%0'
9*&9/*0'M*+7'"%&.%2+'+#'+7%'content'#$'+7%*"'education'A&%%'U/ZZ*%\B*0+Z:'EFFDH@'''19%/335:'
students'&7#,39'*0&+%/9'K%'9%<%3#.*08'mental$structures'+7/+'/"%'&+"%08+7%0%9'+7"#,87'"%/3'
.,".#&%'*0'3*$%'/09'.#&*+*<%'%)#+*#0@''1$'&#:'+7%0'+7#&%'.#&*+*<%'$%%3*08&'/09'+7%'"%3%</0+'
.,".#&%'#$'learning'/2+*<*+*%&'M*33'$/2*3*+/+%'#"8/0*Z/+*#0'#$'mental$structures'+7/+'2#0&+*+,+%'
3#08\+%")')%)#"5@'''B%+/.7#"*2/335'&.%/>*08:'#02%'M%'7/<%'/'&#3*935'K,*3+'7#,&%'#0'/'8##9'
$#,09/+*#0:'+7%0'*+'*&'%/&*%"'+#'/99'#"'"%)#9%3'/'"##)@''V%'K,*39'#0'M7/+'*&'/3"%/95'+7%"%'*0'
+%")&'#$'+7%'%Q*&+*08'&+",2+,"%@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
11$
6#'$#2,&'#035'#0'student'2#80*+*<%'9%<%3#.)%0+'/+'+7%'%Q.%0&%'#$'%)#+*#0'M*33'
"%&,3+'*0'M%/>%"'#"'9*&2#00%2+%9')%0+/3'&27%)/@''4,27'&27%)/'M*33'3/2>'M7#3%0%&&'/09'
7%02%'M#,39'K%'.##"35'*0+%8"/+%9'*0+#'%Q*&+*08'mental$structures:'),27'3*>%'/0',0*0<*+%9'
8,%&+'/+'/'./"+5'M7#'&+/09&'*0'+7%'2#"0%"'#$'+7%'"##)'/09'9#%&'0#+'*0+%"/2+'M*+7'#+7%"'
*0<*+%9'8,%&+&@''1$'students'9#'learn'A*@%@:'2#80*+*<%'/27*%<%)%0+H:'K,+'+7%5'/"%'*09*$$%"%0+'#"'
7/<%'0%8/+*<%'$%%3*08&'/K#,+'+7%'learning'%Q.%"*%02%:'+7%0'&,27'&27%)/'M#,39'K%')#"%'
<,30%"/K3%'+#'$#"8%++*08'9,%'+#'3/2>'#$'*0+%8"/+*#0@''10'#+7%"'M#"9&:'&,27'student'mental$
structures'/"%'3*>%35'+#'K%'<,30%"/K3%W),27'/&'+7%'."#<%"K*/3'7#,&%'M7*27'*&'K,*3+'#0'/'
.##"'$#,09/+*#0@''
-%M%5'ACGC_H'M/&'<%"5'23%/"'/K#,+'+7%'"%3/+*#0'K%+M%%0'+7%'M*33'/09'*0+%33%2+X'
67*0>*08:'*0'#+7%"'M#"9&:'*&'+7%'*0+%0+*#0/3'%09%/<#"'+#'9*&2#<%"'&.%2*$*2'2#00%2+*#0&'
K%+M%%0'&#)%+7*08'M%'9#'/09'+7%'2#0&%L,%02%&'M7*27'"%&,3+l'A.@'CgdH'
(Q.%"*%02%'/&'+"5*08'*0<#3<%&'27/08%:'K,+'27/08%'*&')%/0*083%&&'+"/0&*+*#0',03%&&'*+'*&'
2#0&2*#,&35'2#00%2+%9'M*+7'+7%'"%+,"0'M/<%'#$'2#0&%L,%02%&'M7*27'$3#M'$"#)'*+@''V7%0'
/0'/2+*<*+5'*&'2#0+*0,%9'*0+#'+7%',09%"8#*08'#$'2#0&%L,%02%&:'M7%0'+7%'27/08%')/9%'K5'
/2+*#0'*&'"%$3%2+%9'K/2>'*0+#'+7%'27/08%')/9%'*0',&:'+7%')%"%'$3,Q'*&'3#/9%9'M*+7'
&*80*$*2/02%@''V%'3%/"0'&#)%+7*08@''A.@'CcGH'
(Q.%"*%02%'*&'."*)/"*35'/0'/2+*<%\./&&*<%'/$$/*"['*+'*&'0#+'."*)/"*35'2#80*+*<%@''=,+'l'+7%'
)%/&,"%'#$'+7%'</3,%'#$'+7%'%Q.%"*%02%'3*%&'*0'+7%'.%"2%.+*#0'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'#"'
2#0+*0,*+*%&'+#'M7*27'*+'3%/9&',.@''1+'*023,9%&'2#80*+*#0'*0'+7%'9%8"%%'*0'M7*27'*+'*&'
2,),3/+*<%'#"'/)#,0+&'+#'&#)%+7*08:'#"'7/&')%/0*08@'A.@'CgFH'
P3+7#,87'-%M%5'9*9'0#+'%Q.3*2*+35'"%/3*Z%'+7%'"#3%'#$'%)#+*#0'*0'+7%'2"%/+*#0'#$'
mental$structures:'7%'M/&'/M/"%'#$'+7%'3/2>'#$'*0+%8"/+*#0'#$'"%/3'.,".#&%'*0'learning'*0'
&27##3'/09'M7/+'*&'%Q.%2+%9'+#'K%'3%/"0%9@''e%'/"8,%9'+7/+'.,".#&%$,3'%Q.%"*%02%'M/&'
*).#"+/0+'*0'#"9%"'+#')/>%'student'learning')#"%')%/0*08$,3@''(<%0'*0'7*&'+*)%:'#<%"'/'
2%0+,"5'/8#:')/05'students'M%"%'K#"%9'M*+7'M7/+'/..%/"%9'+#'K%')%/0*083%&&'&,KY%2+'
)/++%"W/&'/"%')/05'students'*0'&27##3'+#9/5@'
10+%0+*#0'AM*33H'3%/9&'/'learner'+#'/2+W+#'+"5'+#'9#'&#)%+7*08@''P2+*#0&'"%&,3+'*0'
%Q.%"*%02%W&%0&/+*#0&'+7/+'8*<%'"*&%'+#'%)#+*#0'/09'+7*0>*08@''P22#"9*08'+#']"%%0&./0'
/09'=%09%"35J&'theory:'*+'*&'+7%'9,/3'2#9*08'#$'%)#+*#0'/09'&%0&/+*#0'9,"*08'learner'
%Q.%"*%02%'+7/+'"%&,3+&'*0'27/08%9'mental$structures@''-%M%5'/3&#'>0%M'+7/+'+7%'M*33'M/&'
*).#"+/0+:'/&'M%33'/&'%)#+*#0:'*0')%/0*08$,3'learning@'''-%M%5'/../"%0+35'9*9'0#+'"%2#80*Z%'
Y,&+'7#M'*).#"+/0+'%)#+*#0'*&'*0'#"8/0*Z*08'#,"')%)#"5'+7"#,87'$#")/+*#0'#$'mental$
structures@'
10'&,))/"5:'learning'*&'+7%'$#")/+*#0'#$'0%M'#"')#9*$*%9'mental$structures'+7/+'/"%'
2#00%2+%9'+#'%Q*&+*08'mental$structure@''P'.%"&#0J&'*0+%0+*#0'/09'%)#+*#0'#"8/0*Z%'+7/+'
mental$structure@''B%+/.7#"*2/335'&.%/>*08:'+7*&'/$$%2+'2"%/+%&'+7%'"#/9&'/09'&+"%%+&'+7/+'
#"8/0*Z%'+7%'3/5#,+'#$'/'8"#M*08'2*+5:'M7*27'*0'+,"0'9%+%")*0%&'M7%"%'0%M'K,*39*08&'2/0'K%'
3#2/+%9@''67#&%'&.%2*$*2'"#/9M/5&'+7/+'/"%'2#0&+",2+%9'"%8,3/+%'7#M'.%#.3%'2/0'8%+'$"#)'
#0%'.3/2%'+#'/0#+7%"'M*+7*0'+7%'2*+5:'),27'/&'mental$structures'/33#M',&'+#'"%)%)K%"'/09'
+#'+7*0>@'4%%'7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^3%/"0*08@7+)3@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
12$
230->+%&%'+$)&->)/+/-%<-=01%4(-)/-?%,,0$*0"-.*4#$*#40-
67%"%'*&'/'K*#3#8*2/3'K/&*&'$#"'mental$structures'/&'+7%5'/"%'%02#9%9'+7"#,87'0%,"/3'
2#00%2+*#0&'*0'+7%'0%"<#,&'system'Ab/09%3:'CG`G['EFFC['4L,*"%'p'b/09%3:'CGGGH@''67%'
27/08%'#$')*09'/&&#2*/+%9'M*+7')%/0*08$,3'learning'+7"#,87'%Q.%"*%02%'+7/+'-%M%5'
/&&%"+%9'*&'0#+'Y,&+'/'$*8,"%'#$'&.%%27@''b/09%3'ACG`GH:'/'N#K%3\."*Z%'M*00*08'0%,"#&2*%0+*&+:'
2#023,9%&'$"#)'%).*"*2/3'%<*9%02%'+7/+X'
Learning'."#9,2%&'27/08%&'*0'0%,"#0/3'/"27*+%2+,"%'A.@'CFcHl@'V7%"%/&'&7#"+\+%")'
)%)#"5'9#%&'0#+'"%L,*"%'+7%'&50+7%&*&'#$'0%M'."#+%*0&'l'+7%'2#0&#3*9/+*#0'#$'3#08\+%")'
)%)#"5'l'9#%&'"%L,*"%'0%M'."#+%*0'&50+7%&*&'A.@'CFGH@'l'q6r7%'3#08\+%")'."#2%&&'
9*$$%"&'$"#)'+7%'&7#"+\+%")'."#2%&&'*0'+M#'*).#"+/0+'M/5&X''#0%:'+7%'3#08\+%")'."#2%&&'
"%L,*"%&'+"/0&3/+*#0'/09'+"/0&2"*.+*#0:'/09'+M#:'+7%'3#08\+%")'."#2%&&'*&'/&&#2*/+%9'M*+7'
8"#M+7'*0'&50/.+*2'2#00%2+*#0&@''A.@'CCdH'l@'S,"'%<*9%02%'&,88%&+&'+7/+'learning$
."#9,2%&'%09,"*08'27/08%&'*0'+7%'&+",2+,"%'/09'$,02+*#0'#$'&50/.&%&@@@'A.@'CEC:'*+/3*2&'
/99%9H''
b/09%3'"%2#))%09&'$,"+7%"'&+,95'#0'+7%'il'+7%'.#M%"'#$'%Q.%"*%02%'*0')#9*$5*08'
K"/*0'$,02+*#0'K5'/3+%"*08'&50/.+*2'&+"%08+7lj'A.@'CEcH@''-%M%5'3*>%M*&%'>0%M'+7%'.#M%"'#$'
%Q.%"*%02%'*0'/$$%2+*08'#,"'+7*0>*08'/09'learning:'%&.%2*/335'*0'+7%'context'#$'.,".#&%$,3'
/2+*<*+5'+7/+'*&')%/0*08$,3'+#'+7%'learner'AO"*2>:'EFCGH@'O#"'$,"+7%"'%Q.3*2/+*#0:'&%%'+7%'
(9,2#3#85'V%K&*+%X''7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^)%0+/34+",2+,"%@7+)3@'
!"#$)*+%,-)/-*30->)/+/-%<-?#&*#4)&-@"6),$010,*-
e,)/0&'2/0'learn'$"#)'%Q.%"*%02%'+7"#,87'+"*/3'/09'%""#":'/&'M%33'/&'K5'/22*9%0+@''
=,+'learning'2/0'K%'$/2*3*+/+%9'*$'8,*9/02%'$"#)'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0'*&'."#<*9%9'M7%0'mental$
structures'/"%'$#")%9'9,"*08'+7%'learning'."#2%&&@'''67*&'*&'+7%'%&&%02%'#$'educationX''
*0+%09%9'8,*9%9'learning'A4+%*0%":'CG``H@''S0%'.%"&#0'*&'+"5*08'+#'learn'M7*3%'/0#+7%"'*&'
."#<*9*08'8,*9/02%'#$'+7/+'.%"&#0J&'learning@'''
4,27'&#2*/3'*0+%"/2+*#0'+#'8,*9%'learning'K5'%/27'0%M'8%0%"/+*#0'7/&'K%%0'+7%')/Y#"'
)%/0&'K5'M7*27'7,)/0'2*<*3*Z/+*#0'/09'2,3+,"%'7/<%'/9</02%9@'''V7*3%'+7%'&*Z%'#$'+7%'
7,)/0'K"/*0'7/&'/2+,/335'9%2"%/&%9'K5'/K#,+'CF'.%"2%0+'*0'+7%'3/&+'EF:FFF'+#'cF:FFF'5%/"&'
Ae%00%K%"8:'CGG`H:'7,)/0'2,3+,"%'7/&'/9</02%9'&*80*$*2/0+35W),27')#"%'"/.*935'+7/0'
27/08%&'*0'+7%'7,)/0'8%0#)%@'''6"/0&)*&&*#0'#$'2,3+,"%'*&'+7%'."*)/"5'$,02+*#0'#$'
education:'&#'%/27'0%M'8%0%"/+*#0'2/0'K,*39'#0'M7/+'7/&'K%%0'3%/"0%9'K5'."%<*#,&'
8%0%"/+*#0&@'
O#"'%Q/).3%:'learning'+#'&+/"+'/'$*"%'K5'",KK*08'&+*2>&'+#8%+7%"'M/&'/+'#0%'+*)%'/'
&*80*$*2/0+'>*09'#$'knowing$how'+7/+'M/&'<%"5'*).#"+/0+'$#"'&,"<*</3'A%@8@:'$#"'2##>*08:'$#"'
M/")+7H@''67*&'knowing$how'M/&'./&&%9'$"#)'8%0%"/+*#0'+#'8%0%"/+*#0'+7"#,87'education@''
67*&'knowing$how'*&'0#+'*0'#,"'8%0%&W*+'*&'0#+'7%"%9*+/"5@''6#9/5:')#&+'.%#.3%'9#'0#+'
know$how'+#'9#'+7*&:'&*02%'+7%5'7/<%'0#+'K%%0'+/,87+@''S0'+7%'#+7%"'7/09:'*0')#9%"0'+*)%&:'
)/05'#$',&'7/<%'3%/"0%9'7#M'+#'&+"*>%'/')/+27'+#'&+/"+'/'$*"%:'/09'7#M'+#'/9Y,&+'+7%'
+7%")#&+/+'+#'+7%'$,"0/2%'*0'#,"'7#)%'+#'>%%.'M/")@''10<%0+*#0'#$'0%M'+##3&'*&'0#+'*0'#,"'
8%0%&'%*+7%"@''V7*3%'&,27'*0<%0+*#0'#"*8*0/335'M/&'+5.*2/335'+"*/3\/09\%""#"'learning:'#02%'/'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
13$
+##3'M/&'*0<%0+%9'/09'$#,09'+#'K%',&%$,3:'+7%0'education'7/&'K%%0'+7%'."*)/"5')%/0&'#$'
./&&*08'#0'&,27'knowing$how'A./"+'#$'2,3+,"%H'+#'&,K&%L,%0+'8%0%"/+*#0&@'
]"%%0&./0'/09'47/0>%"'AEFFgH'%Q.3/*0'$,"+7%"'+7/+X'
l'K/&*2'K*#3#8*2/3'2/./2*+*%&'/"%'/'s0%2%&&/"5s'K,+'0#+'/'s&,$$*2*%0+'2#09*+*#0s'$#"'/0'
*09*<*9,/3'learning$+#'2#0&+",2+'&5)K#3&'/09'+#'+7*0>@'67/+'*&:'#,"'K*#3#8*2/3'.#+%0+*/3'$#"'
learning'$"#)'%Q.%"*%02%:'M7*27'*023,9%&'#,"'",9*)%0+/"5'2/./2*+*%&'+#'.%"2%*<%:'
#"8/0*Z%:'/09'"%&.#09:'*&'+7%'2"*+*2/3'&,K&+"/+%'$#"'+7%'2/./2*+5'+#'3%/"0@'67%'&,$$*2*%0+'
2#09*+*#0:'7#M%<%":'*0<#3<%&'/'&%"*%&'#$'learning$&+%.&'+7/+'/"%'+7%'K/&*&'$#"'&5)K#3*2'
+7*0>*08@'10'7,)/0'K%*08&:'7#M%<%":'%<%0'+7%'+##3&'#$'learning$),&+'K%'3%/"0%9'/09'
"%3%/"0%9'K5'%/27'0%M'8%0%"/+*#0@'67%&%'*023,9%'+7%'/K*3*+5'+#'/++%09:'*0+%"/2+'M*+7'
#+7%"&:'%08/8%'*0'%)#+*#0/3'/09'&#2*/3'&*80/3*08:'2#0&+",2+'2#).3%Q'./++%"0&:'#"8/0*Z%'
*0$#")/+*#0'&5)K#3*2/335:'/09',&%'&5)K#3&'+#'+7*0>@''Ab*093%'3#2/+*#0&'`c\``:'*+/3*2&'
/99%9H'
Education'*0'+7%')#"%'8%0%"/3'&%0&%'7/&'K%%0'<*+/3'+#'+7%'&,"<*</3'/09'/9</02%)%0+'
#$'+7%'7,)/0'"/2%@''Education'*&'#0%'#$'7,)/0*+5J&')#&+'%09,"*08'."#$%&&*#0&:'/09'*+'*&'0#+'
Y,&+'3*)*+%9'+#'+7#&%'M7#'/"%'$#")/335'."%./"%9'/&'teachers'*0'&27##3&@''!/"%0+&'teach'+7%*"'
27*39"%0@''R7*39"%0'teach'27*39"%0:'/09'/9,3+&'teach'#+7%"'/9,3+&'/09'27*39"%0@''P&'+7%'#39'
P$"*2/0'."#<%"K'&+/+%&:'i1+'+/>%&'/'<*33/8%'+#'"/*&%'/'27*39@j''R3%/"35:'education'*&'/'&#2*/3'
%09%/<#":'/09'7/&'K%%0'<*+/3'+#'/9</02%)%0+'#$'7,)/0'2*<*3*Z/+*#0'/09'2,3+,"%@'
8. A,%B&0"'0&and&.+',/&
A,%B&0"'0-)/-C0$%4"0"-.+',/-%<-A,%B+,'-
Knowledge'*&'+/>%0'+#'K%'I"%2#"9%9'signs'#$'knowing’@''4,27'"%2#"9&'/"%'
*0+%"&,KY%2+*<%:'*@%@:'K%+M%%0'.%"&#0&:'/09'+7%5'/"%'."%&%"<%9'*0'&#)%')%9*,)'#<%"'/'
.%"*#9'#$'+*)%@''4+%*0%"'ACG``H'/"8,%&'+7/+X'
O*"&+:'knowing$&7#,39'K%'9*&+*08,*&7%9'$"#)'knowledge@''Knowing'*&'/'.&527*2/3'&+/+%'*0'
M7*27'#0%'7/&'2%"+*+,9%'/K#,+'&#)%+7*08'/09'7/&'/'"*87+'+#'+7/+'2%"+*+,9%l@''Knowledge:'
7#M%<%":'*&'"%2#"9%9'knowing['*+'*&'+7%'K#95'#$'%Q."%&&%9'2%"+*+,9%&@'A.@'d:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
m%2#"9%9'signs'#$'knowing$2/0'K%'."%&%"<%9'*0'/'</"*%+5'#$')%9*/@''P+'#0%'+*)%:'2/<%'
./*0+*08&:'&+#0%'/09'23/5'+/K3%+&:'/09'./.5",&'M%"%',&%9@''N#M/9/5&:'*0'/99*+*#0'+#'."*0+%9'
./.%"'/09'K##>&'M%'7/<%'<*9%#'/09'/,9*#'"%2#"9*08&:'.7#+#8"/.7&:'/0*)/+*#0&:'/09'
2#).,+%"*Z%9'8/)%&'/09'&*),3/+*#0&@''V%'/3&#'7/<%'%3%2+"#0*2'&+#"/8%'9%<*2%&'+#'&+#"%'
"%2#"9&'&,27'/&'7/"9'9"*<%&:'$3/&7')%)#"5:'/09'+7%'iR3#,9jW"%)#+%'&+#"/8%'#0'9%<*2%&'
M7*27'2/0'K%'/22%&&%9'#<%"'2#).,+%"'0%+M#">&'&,27'/&'+7%'10+%"0%+@'
67%'"%2#"9'#$'knowing$2#0&*&+&'#$'signs@''67%'signs$/"%'0#+'+7%'#KY%2+'#$'M7/+'*&'
>0#M0:'K,+'"/+7%"'+7%'signs$"%."%&%0+'M7/+'*&'>0#M0@''R7/"3%&'4/09%"&'!%*"2%'&.%0+'),27'
#$'7*&'3*$%'/++%).+*08'+#'9%<%3#.'/'theory'#$'signs$A&%%'47#"+:'EFFDH@''!%*"2%J&'theory'%<#3<%9'
#<%"'7*&'3*$%+*)%:'M7*27'7%'0%<%"'$*0*&7%9'+#'7*&'&/+*&$/2+*#0@''!%*"2%'ACGcEH'9%$*0%9'sign'/&'
$#33#M&X'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
14$
P'sign:'#"'representamen,$*&'&#)%+7*08'M7*27'&+/09&'+#'&#)%K#95'$#"'&#)%+7*08'*0'&#)%'
"%&.%2+'#"'2/./2*+5l@'%<%"5'"%."%&%0+/)%0'K%*08'+7,&'2#00%2+%9'M*+7'+7"%%'+7*08&:'+7%'
8"#,09:'+7%'#KY%2+:'/09'+7%'*0+%"."%+/0+'AEXEE`Hl@'67%'Sign'2/0'#035'"%."%&%0+'+7%'
SKY%2+'/09'+%33'/K#,+'*+@''1+'2/00#+'$,"0*&7'/2L,/*0+/02%'M*+7'#"'"%2#80*+*#0'#$'+7/+'
SKY%2+['$#"'+7/+'*&'M7/+'*&')%/0+'*0'+7*&'<#3,)%'K5'+7%'SKY%2+'#$'/'Sign['0/)%35:'+7/+'M*+7'
M7*27'*+'."%&,..#&%&'/0'/2L,/*0+/02%'*0'#"9%"'+#'2#0<%5'&#)%'$,"+7%"'*0$#")/+*#0'
2#02%"0*08'*+'AEXEcCH@'
10'9*&2,&&*08')*09'/09'0/+,"%:'=/+%&#0'ACGDGH')/>%&'+7%'&/)%'#K&%"</+*#0X'i67%'
)/.'*&'0#+'+7%'+%""*+#"5:'/09'+7%'0/)%'*&'0#+'+7%'+7*08'0/)%9j'A.@'cFH@''=/+%&#0J&'+%""*+#"5'
/09'+7*08'/"%'!%*"2%J&'#KY%2+&:'/09'+7%')/.'/09'0/)%'/"%'!%*"2%J&'signs@''=/+%&#0J&')/.'*&'/'
sign'M7#&%'#KY%2+'*&'+7%'+%""*+#"5'K%*08'"%."%&%0+%9@''67%')/.'*&'M7/+'!%*"2%'"%$%"&'+#'/&'/0'
*09%Q'*0'+7%'&%0&%'+7/+'*+'*&'/$$%2+%9'K5'/0'%Q*&+*08'#KY%2+W+7%'/2+,/3'+%""*+#"5'+7/+'*&'
"%."%&%0+%9'K5'+7%')/.@''V7*3%'+7*&'9*&+*02+*#0')/5'&%%)'#K<*#,&:'*+'*&'*).#"+/0+'+#'>%%.'*+'
*0')*09X''/'sign'*&'0#+'+7%'/2+,/3'#KY%2+'*+&%3$'K,+'"%."%&%0+&'+7%'#KY%2+@''P'&/+%33*+%'
.7#+#8"/.7'#$'+7%'+%""*+#"5'M#,39'/3&#'K%'/0'indexical'sign@''
P3&#'0#+%M#"+75'*&'!%*"2%J&'2#))%0+'+7/+'+7%'sign'i2/00#+'$,"0*&7'/2L,/*0+/02%'
M*+7'#"'"%2#80*+*#0'#$'+7/+'SKY%2+@j'']*<%0'+7%'9*&2,&&*#0'K%3#M'/K#,+'knowing$that$one:'*+'
/..%/"&'+7/+'9*"%2+'/.."%7%0&*#0'#$'+7%'#KY%2+'M#,39'/..%/"'+#'K%'/0'*).#"+/0+'2#09*+*#0'
+#'2#0&*9%"'M7%0'9*&2,&&*08'+7%')%/0*08'#$'signs'*0'2#)),0*2/+*#0@''S+7%"M*&%:'M%')*87+'
&/5'+7/+'.%#.3%'9#'0#+'"%/335'know'M7/+'+7%5'/"%'+/3>*08'/K#,+:'*$'+7%5'3/2>'acquaintance'#"'
recognitionW+M#'>*09&'#$'knowing$that$one@'''
D$%,+$-.+',EFGH0$*-C0&)*+%,-
P22#"9*08'+#'!%*"2%'ACGcEHX'
P0'Icon$*&'/'sign'M7*27'"%$%"&'+#'+7%'SKY%2+'+7/+'*+'9%0#+%&')%"%35'K5'<*"+,%'#$'27/"/2+%"&'
#$'*+&'#M0:'/09'M7*27'*+'.#&&%&&%&:'Y,&+'+7%'&/)%:'M7%+7%"'/05'&,27'SKY%2+'/2+,/335'%Q*&+&'
#"'0#+'AEXEgDHl@'67/+'*&:'/'L,/3*+5'+7/+'*+'7/&'qua'+7*08'"%09%"&'*+'$*+'+#'K%'/'
"%."%&%0+/)%0@''AEXED_H'
P0'*33,&+"/+*#0'#$'/'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'."#Y%2+'*0'CGGc'M*33'7#.%$,335'23/"*$5'!%*"2%J&'
sign\#KY%2+'"%3/+*#0&7*.&@''!"*#"'+#'K,*39*08'+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'+7/+'*&'"%."%&%0+%9'K5'+7%'
.7#+#8"/.7'*0'O*8,"%'c:'6%9'O"*2>'*)/8*0%9'*+'*0'7*&')*09:'&*)*3/"'+#'+7%'&>%+27'#$'#0%'#$'+7%'
./0%3&'*0'O*8,"%'E@''67%'/2+,/3'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'9*9'0#+'%Q*&+'5%+'."*#"'+#'+7%'&,))%"'#$'
CGGc:'K,+'+7%'idea'#$'*+'9*9'*0'6%9J&')*09@''67%'object'M/&'/')%0+/3'*)/8%'#$'/'.#&&*K3%'
&2"%%0'.#"27'+7/+'6%9'M/&'+7*0>*08'#$'K,*39*08@''e%'+7%0'9"%M'&#)%'&>%+27%&'$#"'+7%'9%&*80'
#$'+7%'.#"27@''67%&%'sketches'M%"%'signs$"%."%&%0+*08'+7%'#KY%2+'/&'*)/8*0%9@''10'+7*&'2/&%'
+7%'#KY%2+'#$'+7%'sign'M/&'/')%0+/3'*9%/@''67%&%'&>%+27%&'"%."%&%0+*08'+7%'#KY%2+'M%"%'iconic$
signs$K%2/,&%'+7%5'M%"%'/'3*>%0%&&'+7/+'"%&%)K3%9'+7%'#KY%2+'A+7%'*9%/H'K5'<*"+,%'#$'+7%*"'
L,/3*+*%&@'''
'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
15$
'
Figure$2@''4>%+27'#$'/'./0%3'$#"'+7%'%0<*&*#0%9'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'
O,"+7%")#"%:'6%9'7/9'."%<*#,&35'0#+*2%9'+7/+')#&+'%Q*&+*08'&2"%%0'.#"27%&'7/9'
&+",2+,"/3'%3%)%0+&'+7/+'K3#2>%9'.%#.3%J&'<*%M'+7"#,87'+7%'&2"%%0'M7%0'+7%5'&/+'*0&*9%'+7%'
.#"27@''67*&'8/<%'"*&%'+#'+7%'*)/8%'#$'/'&2"%%0%9'.*2+,"%'M*09#M'*0'7*&'9%&*80'*9%/W
+7"#,87'M7*27'#0%J&'<*%M'M#,39'0#+'K%'#K&+",2+%9'K5'/'&+",2+,"/3'%3%)%0+@''67*&'9%&*80'
$%/+,"%'M/&'."%&%0+'*0'7*&'&>%+27%&'/09'/3&#'*).3%)%0+%9'M7%0'+7%'.#"27'M/&'K,*3+@'
Icons'2/0'/3&#'K%'"%."%&%0+/+*#0&'#$'%Q*&+*08'+7*08&:'.%"&#0&'#"'.7%0#)%0/@''O#"'
%Q/).3%:'.#3*+*2/3'2/"+##0&'&,27'/&'+7#&%'*0'+7%'-##0%&K,"5'&%"*%&'K5']/"5'6",9%/,:'
&#)%+*)%&'"%."%&%0+'"%/3'.%#.3%'&,27'/&'!"%&*9%0+&']%#"8%'V@'=,&7'#"'=/"/2>'SK/)/:'/&'
M%33'/&'$*2+*#0/3'27/"/2+%"&@'''
'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
16$
D,"08+$)&-.+',EFGH0$*-C0&)*+%,-
'S0'+7%'#+7%"'7/09:'!%*"2%'ACGcEH'9*&+*08,*&7%9'K%+M%%0'/0'iconic'/09'indexical'
"%3/+*#0'K%+M%%0'/'sign'/09'*+&'#KY%2+X'
P0'Index$*&'/'sign'M7*27'"%$%"&'+#'+7%'SKY%2+'+7/+'*+'9%0#+%&'K5'<*"+,%'#$'K%*08'really&
affected&by&that&Objectl@'10'&#'$/"'/&'+7%'Index'*&'/$$%2+%9'K5'+7%'SKY%2+:'*+'0%2%&&/"*35'
7/&'&#)%'t,/3*+5'*0'2#))#0'M*+7'+7%'SKY%2+:'/09'*+'*&'*0'"%&.%2+'+#'+7%&%'+7/+'*+'"%$%"&'+#'
;0*L,%'SKY%2+'EX'''
+7%'.%"&#0'0/)%9'
67%#9#"/'
;0*L,%'SKY%2+'CX'''
+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'
/+'cG°F`gEjN:''
`_°ccdEjV'
;0*L,%'SKY%2+'cX''
+7%'.%"&#0'0/)%9'
B*8,%3'
Sign'CX''!7#+#'#$'SKY%2+'C'
Sign'EX''6%9J&'42"%%0%9''
!#"27:'f/0,/"5:'EFCF'
Sign'cX''67%#9#"/'
Figure$3@''133,&+"/+*#0'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'/)#08'#KY%2+&:'signs'/09'.%"&#0&@
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
17$
+7%'SKY%2+'AEXEg`:'K#39*08'/99%9Hl@'P'8%0,*0%'Index'/09'*+&'SKY%2+'),&+'K%'existent&
individuals'AM7%+7%"'+7*08&'#"'$/2+&H:'/09'*+&'*))%9*/+%'10+%"."%+/0+'),&+'K%'#$'+7%'
&/)%'27/"/2+%"@''=,+'&*02%'%<%"5'*09*<*9,/3'),&+'7/<%'27/"/2+%"&:'*+'$#33#M&'+7/+'/'
8%0,*0%'Index')/5'2#0+/*0'l'/0'Icon'/&'/'2#0&+*+,%0+'./"+'#$'*+'AEXE`c:'K#39*08'/99%9H@'
6#'K%'23%/"'/K#,+'+7*&:'2#0&*9%"'+7%'*33,&+"/+*#0'*0'O*8,"%'c@''67%"%'/"%'+7"%%',0*L,%'
#KY%2+&W+M#'#$'M7*27'/"%'.%"&#0&'/09'+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27W/09'$#,"'signs@''67%"%'/"%'
"%3/+*#0&'K%+M%%0'+7%&%'#KY%2+&'/09'signs@'''Sign'C'*&'/0'index:'&*02%'+7%'.7#+#8"/.7'A+7%'
signH'*&'23%/"35'i/$$%2+%9'K5'+7%'#KY%2+j'/09'*+'7/&'i&#)%'L,/3*+5'*0'2#))#0'M*+7'+7%'SKY%2+j'
A+7%'&2"%%0%9\.#"27\+7/+\6%9\K,*3+\*0\CGGcH@''P0'index'0%%9'0#+'K%'"%&+"*2+%9'+#'/0'*)/8%@''
Sign'E'/3&#'$,02+*#0&'/&'/0'index:'2#0&*&+*08'#$'M#"9&'9%&2"*K*08'+7%'#KY%2+'A6%9J&'&2"%%0%9'
.#"27:'f/0,/"5'EFCF@H@''a*>%M*&%:'Signs'c'/09'g'/"%',&%9'+#'index',0*L,%:'%Q*&+%0+'
*09*<*9,/3&'AB*8,%3'/09'67%#9#"/'"%&.%2+*<%35H@'
O,"+7%")#"%:'67%#9#"/'"%2#80*Z%&'B*8,%3:'/09'B*8,%3'"%2#80*Z%&'67%#9#"/:'
"%."%&%0+%9'*0'O*8,"%'c'K5'/'&#3*9'K3,%'3*0%'M*+7'/""#M7%/9&'#0'%/27'%09@'''67%#9#"/'
recognizes'+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27:'/09'&#'9#%&'B*8,%3@''P&'*0+%"."%+/0+&:'B*8,%3'>0#M&'+7/+'
Sign'g'*&'2#00%2+%9'M*+7'+7%',0*L,%'.%"&#0:'67%#9#"/['/09'67%#9#"/'>0#M&'+7/+'Sign'c'*&'
2#00%2+%9'M*+7'+7%',0*L,%'.%"&#0:'B*8,%3['/09'67%#9#"/'>0#M&'+7/+'Sign'C'"%."%&%0+&'+7%'
,0*L,%'SKY%2+'C:'+7%'&2"%%0%9\.#"27\K,*3+\K5\6%9\*0\CGGc@'
e#M%<%":'+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'9#%&'0#+'"%2#80*Z%'%*+7%"'B*8,%3'#"'67%#9#"/:'&*02%'
+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'*&'0#+'/'.%"&#0'M*+7'/')*09'/09'*&'0#+'&%3$\/M/"%'#"'2#0&2*#,&'/&'/"%'
B*8,%3'/09'67%#9#"/@''=#+7'67%#9#"/'/09'B*8,%3'7/<%'7/9'9*"%2+'%Q.%"*%02%&'M*+7'+7%'
,0*L,%'#KY%2+'C:'M7*27'*&'+7%'K/&*&'#$'+7%*"'recognition@''67%*"'recognition'*&'8"#,09%9@''
67%*"'"%3/+*#0&7*.'M*+7'+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'7/&'K%%0'*))%9*/+%'*0'+7%*"'%Q.%"*%02%'/+'&#)%'
+*)%'."%<*#,&35@''67%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'9%.*2+%9'*0'O*8,"%'c'/09'*+&'signs$/"%'&7/"%9'K%+M%%0'
&,KY%2+&'A+7%'.%"&#0&'67%#9#"/'/09'B*8,%3H'/09'7%02%'/"%'*0+%"&,KY%2+*<%@'''
SK<*#,&35:'+7%'/2+,/3'.%"&#0&:'67%#9#"/'/09'B*8,%3:'/09'+7%'/2+,/3'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'
/"%'0#+'*0'O*8,"%'c'K,+'/"%'"%."%&%0+%9'K5',0*L,%'&+/"\&7/.%9'&*80&'+#'+7%'"%/9%"@''=,+'3%+J&'
3%/<%'5#,:'+7%'"%/9%":'/&'/0#+7%"'*0+%"."%+/0+:'#,+'#$'+7%'.*2+,"%'$#"'0#M@'''
S0'+7%'#+7%"'7/09:'5#,')#&+'3*>%35'7/<%'0%<%"'.75&*2/335'<*&*+%9'0#"'9*"%2+35'
%Q.%"*%02%9'+7%',0*L,%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'+7/+'6%9'K,*3+'*0'CGGc@'';03%&&'5#,'7/<%'K%%0'+7%"%'
/09'7/<%'9*"%2+35'%Q.%"*%02%9'*+:'5#,'9#'0#+'9*"%2+35'know'+7/+\#0%\&2"%%0%9\.#"27:'
/3+7#,87'5#,')/5'0#M'know'signs$/&&#2*/+%9'M*+7'+7/+',0*L,%'#KY%2+@''U#,"'%Q.%"*%02%'
M*+7'+7*&'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'*&')%9*/+%9'K5'signs@''U#,"'%Q.%"*%02%'*&'0#+'*))%9*/+%@''U#,"'
%Q.%"*%02%'#$'+7/+\#0%\&2"%%0%9\.#"27\K,*3+\K5\6%9'*&'0#+'/,+7%0+*2@''1+'*&'0#+'8"#,09%9@''
U#,')/5'know'+7/+\&.%2*$*2\$/2+WM*+7'"%&.%2+'+#'"%)%)K%"*08'+7%'signs$+7/+'7/<%'K%%0'
/&&#2*/+%9'M*+7'+7%*"'#KY%2+&'K5'&#)%'#+7%"'*0+%"."%+/0+@'
.(1G%&+$-.+',EFGH0$*-C0&)*+%,-
'67%'+7*"9'>*09'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.'K%+M%%0'/0'#KY%2+'/09'sign'*&'symbolic@''P22#"9*08'
+#'!%*"2%'ACGcEHX'
P'Symbol$*&'/'sign'M7*27'"%$%"&'+#'+7%'SKY%2+'+7/+'*+'9%0#+%&'K5'<*"+,%'#$'/'3/M:',&,/335'/0'
/&&#2*/+*#0'#$'8%0%"/3'*9%/&:'M7*27'#.%"/+%&'+#'2/,&%'+7%'Symbol'+#'K%'*0+%"."%+%9'/&'
"%$%""*08'+#'+7/+'SKY%2+@''1+'*&'+7,&'*+&%3$'/'8%0%"/3'+5.%'#"'3/M:'+7/+'*&:'*&'/'Legisign@''P&'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
18$
&,27'*+'/2+&'+7"#,87'/'m%.3*2/@'N#+'#035'*&'*+'8%0%"/3'*+&%3$:'K,+'+7%'SKY%2+'+#'M7*27'*+'
"%$%"&'*&'#$'/'8%0%"/3'0/+,"%@''N#M'+7/+'M7*27'*&'8%0%"/3'7/&'*+&'K%*08'*0'+7%'*0&+/02%&'
M7*27'*+'M*33'9%+%")*0%@'67%"%'),&+:'+7%"%$#"%:'K%'%Q*&+%0+'*0&+/02%&'#$'M7/+'+7%'Symbol'
9%0#+%&l'AEXEgG:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
V7*3%'/0'index'7%3.&'+#$*9%0+*$5'+7%',0*L,%'#KY%2+:'/'symbol'*&'#$+%0'+/>%0'+#'
"%."%&%0+'/'23/&&'#$'#KY%2+&'A/'8%0%"/3*+5:'2#02%.+:',0*<%"&/3H@''V7%0'M%'&+/+%'+7%'
."#.#&*+*#0'+7/+'iB*8,%3'*&'/')/3%:j'M%'/"%'*09*2/+*08'<*/'symbolic'signs$+7/+'7%'*&'/0'
*0&+/02%'#$'+7%')/3%'23/&&@''4,27'/'."#.#&*+*#0'*&'/'&.%2*$*2'$/2+:'*$'*+'*&'M/""/0+%9@''1$'+7%'
."#.#&*+*#0'*&',0M/""/0+%9:'+7%0'*+')/5'K%'$*2+*#0'#"'&.%2,3/+*#0W*@%@:'/'K%3*%$'+7/+'*&'0#+'
2#0$*")%9'+7"#,87'+7%'method$of$science'A&%%'!%*"2%:'C`DD['47#"+:'EFFDH@''10'+7*&'2/&%:'*+'*&'/'
&.%2*$*2'$/2+@''m/+*#0/3')*09&'2/0'2%"+*$5'+7/+'+7%'."#.#&*+*#0'*&'M/""/0+%9:'/09'7%02%'*+'*&'/'
&.%2*$*2'$/2+@'
V7/+')/5'2/,&%'2#0$,&*#0'*&'+7/+'M7%0'#KY%2+&'/"%'"%."%&%0+%9'K5'symbols'+7/+'/"%'
0#+'."#.%"'0#,0&:'M%'/"%'/22,&+#)%9'+#',&%'/'symbol'+#'*0&+/0+*/+%'+7%'#KY%2+'/&'/')%)K%"'
#$'/'23/&&@''V7%0'M%',&%'+7%'sign:'screened&porch:'+7*&'2/0'"%."%&%0+'+7%'23/&&'#$'.#"27%&'A/'
8%0%"/3*+5H'#"'*+'2/0'K%'./"+'#$'/'sign'+7/+'indexes'+7%',0*L,%'#KY%2+:'&,27'/&'+7%\screened-
porch\#"*8*0/335\K,*3+\K5\6%9\*0\CGGc\/+\cG°F`gEjN#"+7\`_°ccdEjV%&+\M7*27\%Q*&+%9\
,0+*3\f,35\EFCC@''''
Signs'/&'symbols'/"%'9%.%09%0+'#0'legisigns$+7/+'2#0&+*+,+%'/'2,3+,"%J&'0/+,"/3'
3/08,/8%@''67%'+%")&:'screened&porch'#"'porch&enclosed&with&window&screen'2#,39'K%'
27/"/2+%"*Z%9'K5'9*$$%"%0+'symbols'$"#)'3/08,/8%&'#+7%"'+7/0'(083*&7:'&,27'/&'I.#"27%'2#0'
<%0+/0/&'2#0')#&L,*+%"#J'*0'4./0*&7['Iuvwxyz{'|}v~•€•y‚'€v'zƒ{€{w„{J'*0']"%%>['#"'I…†‡ˆ'
‰Š†‹Œ‡•'Ž‰'•†‰•‰†‘’J'*0'B/2%9#0*/0@'''V7%0'+7%'"%3/+*#0'K%+M%%0'#KY%2+'/09'sign'/"%'
&5)K#3&:'!%*"2%'"%$%""%9'+#'&,27'signs'/&'legisigns$M7*27'/2+'+7"#,87'"%.3*2/&@''R3%/"35:'+7%'
symbolic'signs$*0'O*8,"%'c'2#,39'K%'%Q."%&&%9'*0'9*$$%"%0+'3/08,/8%&:'%<%0'+7#,87'+7%'&/)%'
*09*<*9,/3',0*L,%'#KY%2+&'/"%'"%."%&%0+%9W%@8@:'67%#9#"/J&'0/)%'2#,39'7/<%'K%%0'M"*++%0'
*0']"%%>:'7%"'0/+*<%'3/08,/8%X''“v”•–w{@''&
Symbols'2/0'/3&#'K%',&%9'+#'"%."%&%0+'8%0%"/3*+*%&@'']%0%"/3*+*%&'/"%'0#+'K#,09'K5'
+*)%'/09'.3/2%@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'2#0&*9%"'+7%'."#.#&*+*#0:'iP33'7,)/0&'/"%')#"+/3@j''O*"&+:'
M7/+'*&'K%*08'"%."%&%0+%9'K5'+7%'signs$+7/+'2#0&+*+,+%'+7%'."#.#&*+*#0'*&'0#+'/0'%Q*&+%0+'
*09*<*9,/3'M7#'*&',0*L,%@''67%'#KY%2+'*&'/33'+7%'*0&+/02%&'#$'+7%'23/&&W*0'+7*&'2/&%:'/33'7,)/0'
K%*08&'M7#'7/<%'%<%"'%Q*&+%9'#"'M*33'%Q*&+@'67%'."#.#&*+*#0'$,"+7%"'/&&%"+&'+7/+'%/27'/09'
%<%"5'#0%'#$'+7%&%'7,)/0'K%*08&'7/&'9*%9'#"'M*33'9*%@''67*&'*9%/'2#,39'/3&#'K%'%Q."%&&%9'*0'
)/05'9*$$%"%0+'0/+,"/3'3/08,/8%&@''67%'3/08,/8%'*0'M7*27'+7%'."#.#&*+*#0'*&'%Q."%&&%9'*&'
/"K*+"/"5W*@%@:'+7%'2,3+,"/3'legisigns@''67%'*9%/'"%."%&%0+%9'K5'+7%'."#.#&*+*#0'*&'0#+'
/"K*+"/"5@''V7%+7%"'+7%'*9%/'*&'M/""/0+%9'#"'0#+'*&'/0#+7%"')/++%"@'
67,&:'+7%'+5.%'#$'sign'&7#,39'0#+'K%'2#0$3/+%9'M*+7'+7%'#KY%2+'*+'"%."%&%0+&@''Symbols'
2/0'/3&#'K%',&%9'/&'indexes'#$'%Q*&+%0+'*09*<*9,/3'#KY%2+&['/09'&#'2/0'icons@''67%'+5.%&'#$'
signs$/"%'0#+'),+,/335'%Q23,&*<%'*0'+7/+')#"%'+7/0'#0%'>*09'2/0'K%',&%9'+#'"%."%&%0+'/05'
8*<%0'#KY%2+@'
10'&,))/"5:'knowledge'*&'2#0&*9%"%9'+#'K%'"%2#"9%9'signs'#$'knowing@''m%2#"9%9'
signs$"%."%&%0+'M7/+'*&'known'K5'.%"&#0&@''Icons:'indexes:'/09'symbols'2/0'K%',&%9'+#'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
19$
"%."%&%0+'#KY%2+&'#$'knowing$that$one:'knowing$how'/09'knowing$that@'''b*09&'#$'knowing$
/"%'9*&2,&&%9'K%3#M'*0'4%2+*#0&'CF'/09'CC'/09'$,"+7%"'*33,&+"/+%9'*0'P..%09*Q'=@'
10'/99*+*#0:'signs$/09'+7%*"'#KY%2+&'/"%'"%3%</0+'+#'+7%'content'#$'education@''V7*3%'/'
.%"&#0'2/0'2#)%'+#'knowing$that$one'M*+7#,+'signs:'*+'*&'9*$$*2,3+'+#'*)/8*0%W+7"#,87'
educationW/'M/5'*0'M7*27'+7/+'.%"&#0'2#,39'2#)%'+#'knowing'how'M*+7#,+'%Q.#&,"%'+#'
indexical'signs$A&,27'/&'9%)#0&+"/+*#0'#$'+7%'knowing$how'K5'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0'&,27'/&'/'
teacherH@''R#)*08'+#'knowing$that'M#,39'K%'9*$$*2,3+:'*$'0#+'*).#&&*K3%:'M*+7#,+',&%'#$'
legisigns$/&'/'teacher'8,*9%&'student'learning'#$'2#02%.+&:'"%3/+*#0&'/09'2"*+%"*/@'
67,&:'knowledge'/09'signs$/"%'"%3%</0+'+#'educology'*+&%3$:'/&'M%33'/&'+#'content'#$'
education@'
9. What&is&an&!"#$)*+%,-.(/*01?&
P0'education'system'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I/0'intentional$system'2#0&*&+*08'#$'/+'3%/&+'#0%'
teacher'/09'#0%'student'*0'/'contextJ'/+'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^%9,2/+*#045&+%)@7+)3@''''
Intentional$system'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'/'Idynamic$teleologic$system'M7*27'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'/'
system['&,27'+7/+:'+7%"%'*&'/'leadership$subsystem'#$'+7%'system'&,27'+7/+'+7%'8#/3\
$,02+*#0\."#2%&&')/.&'+7%'leadership$subsystem'8#/3&'#0+#'+7%'system'behavior’'
/+'7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^*0+%0+*#0/345&+%)@7+)3'/09'$,"+7%"'/+'
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^/+*&10+%0+*#0/345&+%)@.9$@''
P'teacher'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I/'.%"&#0'M7#'*0+%09&'+#'8,*9%'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0J&'learningJ'
/+'7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^+%/27%"@7+)3@''
P'student'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I/'.%"&#0'M7#'*0+%09&'+#'learn'content'M*+7'/'teacher’'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^&+,9%0+@7+)3@'''
Context'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I+7%'system$environment'#$'teacher'/09'student'+7/+'2#0+/*0&'
content’'/+'7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^2#0+%Q+@7+)3@'''
System$environment'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I2#).#0%0+&'/</*3/K3%'$#"'27#*2%'#"'&%3%2+*#0'
K5'/'system’'/+'7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^&5&+%)(0<*"#0)%0+@7+)3'/09'/+'
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^/+*&45&+%)(0<*"#0)%0+@.9$@'
Content$*&'9%$*0%9'/&'Isigns$#$'#KY%2+&'/09'#KY%2+&'&%3%2+%9'K5'/'teacher'$#"'
student'learningJ'/+'7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^2#0+%0+@7+)3@'''
Learning$*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I+7%'*02"%/&*08'#$'complexity'#$'mental$structuresJ'/+'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^3%/"0*08@7+)3@'''
Complexity'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'I+7%'0,)K%"'#$'2#00%2+*#0&J'/+'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^2#).3%Q*+5@7+)3'/09'/+'
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^/+*&R#).3%Q0%&&@.9$@'
Mental$structures$/"%'9%$*0%9'/&'Iaffect-relations'M7*27'2#0&+*+,+%'*0+%33*8%02%J'/+'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^)%0+/34+",2+,"%@7+)3'/09'
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^/+*&P$$%2+m%3/+*#0O/)*35@.9$@'''A4%%'
/3&#'P..%09*Q'P@H'
N#+%'+7/+'+7%'9%$*0*+*#0&'7%"%'/"%'&*)*3/"'+#'4+%*0%"J&'ACG``H'0#+*#0'#$'education'/&'/'
isystem'2#0&*&+*08'#$'&,K&5&+%)&'#$'teacher'A6H:'student'A4H:'content'ARH:'/09'context'A—Hj'A.@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
20$
gF:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H@''e#M%<%":'1'/)')/>*08'/'9*&+*02+*#0'K%+M%%0'education'/09'education'
system'/&'9%&2"*K%9'/K#<%@'''
N#+%'$,"+7%"'+7/+'context'*023,9%&'content@'''Context'*&'+7%'system$environment'#$'/0'
education'system@''PQ*#)/+*2'67%#"*%&'#$'10+%0+*#0/3'45&+%)&'AP614H'K5'67#).&#0'AEFF_/:'
K['EFF`['EFCGH'*&'&,K&%L,%0+35',+*3*Z%9'$#"')#"%'."%2*&%'9%$*0*+*#0&'#$'system$environment:'
intentional$system:'/09'0,)%"#,&'#+7%"'systems'."#.%"+*%&@'''P614'*&'9%&2"*K%9'K5'
67#).&#0'*0')#"%'9%+/*3'*0'/0#+7%"'27/.+%"'*0'+7*&'<#3,)%@''67%'context'2#,39'K%'
/05M7%"%:'/09'0%%9'0#+'K%'*0'/'&27##3'#"',0*<%"&*+5:'0#"'9#'teachers'/09'students'0%%9'+#'
K%'*0'+7%'&/)%'3#2/+*#0@''67%'context'2#,39'K%'9*8*+/335'*0+%"2#00%2+%9'0%+M#">&'*0'"%/3'+*)%'
A%@8@:'˜##):'4>5.%:'O/2%6*)%H'#"')%9*/+%9'+7"#,87'&#$+M/"%'/..3*2/+*#0&'2"%/+%9'K5'
teachers:'*0&+",2+*#0/3'9%&*80%"&:'/09'&#$+M/"%'%08*0%%"&'A%@8@:'&*),3/+*#0&:'&%"*#,&'8/)%&:'
+,+#"*/3&:'/09'L,*ZZ%&H@'
N#+%'$*0/335'+7/+'M7*3%'*+/3*2*Z%9'+%")&'*0'educology'/"%'9%$*0%9'/+'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^83#&&/"5@7+)3:'+%")&'M7*27'/"%'K#+7'*+/3*2*Z%9'/09'
,09%"3*0%9'7%"%'/"%'9%$*0%9'*0'+7%'P614']3#&&/"5'/+'
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^@'
10. Types&of&A,%B+,'-&
F6046+0B-%<-*(90/-%<-I,%B+,'--
67%"%'/"%'+7"%%'$,09/)%0+/3'+5.%&'#$'knowingX''CH'knowing$that$one:'EH'knowing$
how:'/09'cH'knowing$that'A="#M0:'CGDF['(&+%.:'EFF_[']%/27:'CG_g['O"*2>:'CGGD['B/22*/:'
CGDc:'CG`D['CG``['427%$$3%":'CG_dH@''R3%/"35:'+7%&%'+7"%%'23/&&*$*2/+*#0&'/"%'0#+'%Q23,&*<%'*0'
+7%'&%0&%'+7/+'+M#'#"')#"%'#$'+7%)'2/0'#22,"'/+'+7%'&/)%'+*)%'M*+7*0'/0'*09*<*9,/3@''O#"'
%Q/).3%:'*0'O*8,"%'g:'+7%'.%"&#0'knows'7*&'9#8'/&'/0'*0&+/02%'#$'+7%'9#8'23/&&*$*2/+*#0:'7#M'
+#'8*<%'m#<%"'/'K/+7:'/09'/&'+7/+\#0%\,0*L,%\9#8\0/)%9\m#<%"@'
'
'
O*8,"%'g@''=/&*2'>*09&'#$'knowing$A9"/M*08&'K5'(3*Z/K%+7'=#3*08H@'
S0'+7%'.75&*#3#8*2/3'3%<%3:'mental$structures'/"%'%02#9%9'+7"#,87'0%,"/3'
2#00%2+*#0&'*0'+7%'0%"<#,&'system'Ab/09%3:'CG`G['EFFC['4L,*"%'p'b/09%3:'CGGG['(/83%)/0:'
EFCdH@''4+%*0%"'ACG``H'9%$*0%9'learning'/&'+7%'i$#")/+*#0'#$'mental$structuresj'A.@'gF:'*+/3*2&'
/99%9H@''4*02%'#0%J&'knowing$2#0&*&+&'#$'mental$structures'+7/+'/"%'0#+'9*"%2+35'#K&%"</K3%'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
21$
K5'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0:'*+'*&'0%2%&&/"5'+#'*9%0+*$5'*09*2/+#"&'#"'signs$#$'&,27'knowing@''V%'2/0'
#K&%"<%'+7%'/2+*#0&'#$'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0:'M7*27'*09*2/+%'M7/+'&7%'#"'7%'>0#M&@''67%&%')/5'K%'
%<*9%0+'$"#)'#K&%"<*08'+7*&'.%"&#0'2/""5'#,+'&#)%'+/&>:'$"#)'%Q/)*0*08'/'."#9,2+'
"%&,3+*08'$"#)'+7*&'.%"&#0J&'/2+*<*+5:'/09'$"#)'%Q/)*0*08'signs'+7*&'.%"&#0',&%&'/09'2"%/+%&'
A*2#0&:'*09*2%&'/09'&5)K#3&H'9,"*08'+7/+'/2+*<*+5'#"'*0'+7/+'."#9,2+@''(&+%.'AEFF_H'"%$%"&'+#'
&,27'*09*2/+#"&'/&X'
signs$#$'*0+%33*8%02%'l@'qM7*27r'*023,9%'+7%'K"#/9%"'"%/3)'#$'+7"%%\9*)%0&*#0/3'./++%"0&'
#$'sign\)/>*08:'sign\%Q7*K*+*08:'/09'sign\9*&23#&,"%'#$'950/)*2'*0+%0+*#0/3'9#*08&l@'
67"%%\9*)%0&*#0/3'signs$&,27'/&'&*80/3&'/09'2,%&:'*023,9%'8%&+,"%&'A/&'M*+7'7/09&H:'K,+'
/3&#'$,33\K#95'9#*08&'&,27'/&'+/&>&'#"'#+7%"'.%"$#")/02%&l@'67%&%'sign'2/+%8#"*%&'@@@'
&./0'/33'&%0&#"*)#+#"'2/./2*+*%&:'*023,9*08'<*&,/3:'/,9*+#"5:'#3$/2+#"5:'8,&+/+#"5:'/09'
&#)/+#&%0&#"5'2/+%8#"*%&'A*023,9*08'+#,27*08:')#<*08:'/09'."#."*#2%.+*#0H@''A..@'c`\cG:'
*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
P&'/0'%Q/).3%:'0%/"'+7%'%09'#$'.75&*2*/0&J')%9*2/3'education:'+7%5'K%2#)%'*0+%"0&'
M7%"%'+7%5'."/2+*2%')%9*2*0%'M*+7'/2+,/3'./+*%0+&'/09'+7%*"')/3/9*%&@'67%5'/"%'&,.%"<*&%9'
/09'#K&%"<%9'K5'teacher\.75&*2*/0&'M7#'/"%'/3"%/95'3*2%0&%9'$#"'."/2+*2%:'/09'M7#'."#<*9%'
$,"+7%"'2#/27*08'/09'$%%9K/2>'+#'+7%&%'student\.75&*2*/0&\+#\K%@'67%&%'.75&*2*/0\2#/27%&'
2/0'*0$%"'$"#)'#K&%"</+*#0'M7%+7%"'#"'0#+'+7%*"'student'*0+%"0&'/"%')/>*08'."#.%"'
9*/80#&%&:'#"9%"*08'/.."#."*/+%')%9*2/3'+%&+&:'/09'2/""5*08'#,+'/.."#."*/+%'+"%/+)%0+&@'10'
&7#"+:'+7%'+%&+'*&'/')%+7#9'K5'M7*27'/'teacher'2/0',0/)K*8,#,&35'*0$%"'student'mental$
structures'$"#)'#K&%"</K3%'*09*2/+#"&',09%"'/.."#."*/+%'2#09*+*#0&@''6%&+&'/"%'0#+'
"%&+"*2+%9'+#'/0&M%"*08'L,%&+*#0&'#"'&#3<*08'."#K3%)&@''4,27'%Q/)&'/"%'Y,&+'#0%'>*09'#$'
*09*2/+#"@'
10'9*&2,&&*08'.%9/8#8*2/3'%.*&+%)#3#85:'B/22*/'ACGDcH'"%$%""%9'+#'+,+#"*/3'
2#09*+*#0&'#$'knowingX'
@@@'knowing$*&'<*%M%9'*0'3*87+'#$'+,+#"*/3'"%L,*"%)%0+&@'S035'+7#&%'knowings'+#'M7*27'/'
teacher'7/&'/22%&&:'M7*27'/'teacher'2/0'K"*08'+#'/'learner:'/09'M7*27'/'learner'2/0'
2#)),0*2/+%'*0'&#)%'M/5'+#'/'teacher'/"%'+/>%0'&%"*#,&35@'A.@'C:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
67%"%')/5'K%'#+7%"'>*09&'#$'student'knowing$+#'M7*27'teachers'7/<%'0#'/22%&&'M7%0'
#K&%"<*08'/09'2#)),0*2/+*08'M*+7'students@'O#"'%Q/).3%:'!#35/0*'ACGDgH'"%$%""%9'+#'+/2*+'
knowing:'M7*27'%&&%0+*/335')%/0+'."*</+%:'.%"&#0/3'knowing$0#+'&7/"/K3%'M*+7'#+7%"&'/&'
*0+%"&,KY%2+*<%'signs@''''
1$'teachers'7/<%'0#'M/5'+#'+%33'*$'students'7/<%'/27*%<%9'&,27',0#K&%"</K3%'>*09&'#$'
knowing:'+7%0'+7%&%'>*09&'#$'knowing$/"%'%Q23,9%9'$"#)'educology@'67*&'*&'M75'B/22*/'
"%$%""%9'+#'+,+#"*/3'2#09*+*#0&'#$'knowing$*0'$,"+7%"'%Q.3*2/+*#0'7*&'.%9/8#8*2/3'
%.*&+%)#3#85'A%@8@:'B/22*/:'CG`D:'CG``H@''N#+%'+7/+'7*&'2/+%8#"*%&'M*+7*0'knowing$that$one:'
knowing$how,$/09'knowing$that$M%"%'"%$*0%9'K%+M%%0'CGDc'/09'CG``@'
b*09&'#$'knowing$/"%'K/&%9'#0'B/22*/J&'.%9/8#8*2/3'%.*&+%)#3#85:'(&+%.J&'AEFFc:'
EFF_H'%<*9%0+*/3'/"8,)%0+&'/K#,+'0/+,"/3'*0+%33*8%02%'A*0'./"+*2,3/":'knowing$howH:'/09'
O"*2>J&'ACGGDH'9*&2,&&*#0'#$'*&&,%&'*0'/"+*$*2*/3'*0+%33*8%02%@''N*0%'>*09&'#$'knowing$/"%'
#,+3*0%9'K%3#MX'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
22$
C@ A,%B+,'-*3)*&oneX''M7/+'/"%'*09*2/+#"&'#$'#.*0*#0W*&'*+'"*87+T'
C@C@ RecognitiveX''&%3%2+'+7%',0*L,%'Q'$"#)'0#+\Q'/09'0#+\Q'$"#)'Q.'''
C@E@ AcquaintiveX''*9%0+*$5'"%3/+*#0&'9%+%")*0/+%'#$'+7%',0*L,%'Q.'
C@c@ AppreciativeX''*9%0+*$5'"%3/+*#0&'/.."#."*/+%'#$'+7%',0*L,%'Q.'
E@ A,%B+,'-3%BX''M7/+'/"%'*09*2/+#"&'#$'.%"$#")/02%*&'*+'%$$%2+*<%T''
E@C@ ProtocolicX''+/>%'#0%'./+7'+#'8#/3['*0$3%Q*K3%:'9,.3*2/+*<%'9#*08@'
E@E@ AdaptiveX''+/>%'/3+%"0/+*<%'./+7&'+#'8#/3:'27##&*08'#"'2#)K*0*08'./+7&'K/&%9'#0'
&.%2*$*2'2#09*+*#0&@'
E@c@ CreativeX''*00#</+%'#"'*0<%0+'/'0%M'M/5'+#'"%/27'/0'%Q*&+*08'#"'0%M'8#/3@'
c@ A,%B+,'-*3)*X''M7/+'/"%'*09*2/+#"&'#$'K%3*%$W*&'*+'M/""/0+%9'K5'disciplined$inquiryT'
c@C@ InstantialX''23/&&*$*2/+*#0'#$'#KY%2+&'#$'+7%'&/)%'>*09.'
c@E@ RelationalX''"/+*#0/3'%Q.3/0/+*#0'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'K%+M%%0'>*09&'#$'#KY%2+&@'
c@c@ CriterialX''"/+*#0/3'Y,98)%0+'#$'>*09&'#$'#KY%2+&'/09'+7%*"'"%3/+*#0&'/22#"9*08'+#'
/'0#")@'
N#")&'$#"'%</3,/+*08'+7%&%'>*09&'#$'knowing$/"%'*09*2/+%9'K5'+7%'L,%&+*#0&'
$#33#M*08'%/27'#$'+7%'+7"%%')/Y#"'+5.%&@''O#"'knowing$that$one:'"*87+'#.*0*#0'*&'%&&%0+*/3@''
O#"'knowing$how:'2#09,2+'),&+'K%'effective@''O#"'knowing$that:'K%3*%$&'),&+'K%'M/""/0+%9'
K5'disciplined$inquiry@''R3%/"35:'&#)%'#.*0*#0&'/"%'0#+'"*87+:'&#)%'/2+*#0&'/"%'*0%$$%2+*<%:'
/09'&#)%'K%3*%$&'/"%',0M/""/0+%9@''67%'+/&>'$#"',&'7%"%'*&'+#'&#"+'+7%&%'#,+@'''
N#+%'+7/+'M*+7*0'%/27'+5.%'#$'knowing:'%/27'7*87%"'3%<%3'"%L,*"%&'+7%'3#M%"'3%<%3@''
Appreciative$knowing$"%L,*"%&'acquaintive$knowing:'/09'acquaintive$knowing$"%L,*"%&'
recognitive$knowing@''Creative$knowing$how'"%L,*"%&'adaptive$knowing$how'+7/+:'*0'+,"0:'
"%L,*"%&'protocolic$knowing$how@''Criterial$knowing$that'"%L,*"%&'relational$knowing$that:'
/09'relational$knowing$that'"%L,*"%&'instantial$knowing$that@''10'#+7%"'M#"9&:'M*+7*0'%/27'
23/&&*$*2/+*#0'#$'knowing:'+7%'2/+%8#"*%&'/"%'."#8"%&&*<%35'*023,&*<%@'
67%'+5.%&'#$'knowing$/"%'0#+'),+,/335'%Q23,&*<%@''V%'2/0'2#)%'+#'knowing$that$one:'
knowing$how'/09'knowing$that'M*+7'"%&.%2+'+#'&#)%'#KY%2+@''67*&'*&'*33,&+"/+%9'*0'O*8,"%'g:'
M7%"%'+7%'9#8'm#<%":'*&'+7%'#KY%2+'#$'knowing$that$one:'knowing$how:'/09'knowing$that@'''
67%&%'>*09&'#$'knowing$/"%'0#+'0%2%&&/"*35'2#00%2+%9@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'/'.%"&#0J&'
knowing$that'2#,39'K%'9*&2#00%2+%9'M*+7'7*&'#"'7%"'knowing$how@'''P'.%"&#0'2#,39'2#)%'+#'
knowing$that$one'M*+7#,+'knowing$how'#"'knowing$that@''''
O#"'$,"+7%"'9%+/*3&'#0'>*09&'#$'knowing:'&%%'P..%09*Q'=@''B#"%#<%":'"%2#"9%9'signs$
#$'knowing$/K#,+'education'*+&%3$'2#0&+*+,+%'0*0%'>*09&'#$'educology@''4%%'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^+5.%&S$(9,2#3#85@7+)3'$#"'$,"+7%"'%Q.3*2/+*#0@'
11. &J%4*3B3+&0&!"#$)*+%,&
Worthwhile'education'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'Ieffective'education'+7/+'*&'intrinsically$good’@'''
Effective$education$*&'Ieducation$+7/+'*&'instrumentally$good’@''67%"%$#"%:'worthwhile$
education$*&'Ieducation'+7/+'*&'K#+7'instrumentally$good'/09'intrinsically$goodJ@''4%%'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^M#"+7M7*3%(9,2/+*#0@7+)3@'1$'M%'/*)'+#'*)."#<%'education:'
M%'&7#,39'&%%>'M#"+7M7*3%'8#/3&@''10'#+7%"'M#"9&:'M7/+'content'&7#,39'students'learnT'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
23$
?%,*0,*-K#)&+*(-+,-!"#$)*+%,-
N#+'/33'"%2#"9%9'signs$L,/3*$5'/&'knowledge@''67%"%'/"%')/05'23/*)&')/9%'+7/+'9#'
0#+')%%+'+7%'2"*+%"*/'$#"'"%2#"9%9'signs$#$'knowing@''!%#.3%'2/0'&+/+%'#.*0*#0&'+7/+'/"%'0#+'
&,..#"+%9'K5'$/2+@''!%#.3%'2/0')/>%'$/3&%'23/*)&W*@%@:'*0+%0+*#0/335'3*%'#"'9%2%*<%@''O#"'
%Q/).3%:'i$/>%'0%M&j'7/&'"%2%0+35'K%2#)%'/'&%"*#,&'."#K3%)'#0'+7%'10+%"0%+:'%&.%2*/335'*0'
&#2*/3'0%+M#">&'&,27'/&'O/2%K##>'/09'6M*++%"@''4,27'$/3&%'23/*)&'2/0')*&*0$#")'/09'9#'"%/3'
7/"):'&,27'/&'/9<%"&%35'*0$3,%02%'#,+2#)%&'#$'%3%2+*#0&'#$'.,K3*2'#$$*2*/3&'*0'/'9%)#2"/+*2'
&#2*%+5@''''
R3%/"35:'*$'M%'/"%'+#'&%3%2+'+7%'K%&+'#$'2,3+,"%'*0'education:'M%'#,87+'+#'7%3.'students'
learn'+#'</3,%'knowledge:'/09'M%'#,87+'+#'teach'students'+#'9*&2"*)*0/+%'/)#08'23/*)&'+7/+'
/"%'<%"*$*/K3%'knowledge'23/*)&'2#)./"%9'M*+7'+7#&%'+7/+'/"%'0#+'M/""/0+%9@''Students'
&7#,39'learn'+#'K%'23%/"'/K#,+'M7/+'+7%5'9#'0#+'know'M*+7'2%"+/*0+5:'/09'+#'&,&.%09'K%3*%$'
M7%0'23/*)&'/"%',02%"+/*0@'''
A,%B+,'-23)*-F,0-L+40$*&(--
Students'&7#,39:'M7%0%<%"'.#&&*K3%:'K%'9*"%2+35'*))%"&%9'*0'+7%*"'#M0'2,3+,"/3'
context'*+&%3$'/09'2#)%'+#'know'*+&'%3%)%0+&'M*+7#,+')%9*/+*#0@''10'#+7%"'M#"9&:'/'student’s'
%Q.%"*%02%'&7#,39'K%'9*"%2+'/09'*))%9*/+%@''Students'&7#,39'2#)%'+#'+",&+'+7%*"'
.%"2%.+*#0&:'/09'0#+'K%'$##3%9'K5'M#"9&'#$'#+7%"&'M7#'/"%'*0+%0+*#0/335'9%2%.+*<%'#"'
)*&3%/9*08@''10'#+7%"'M#"9&:'students'&7#,39'i&%%'$#"'+7%)&%3<%&j'*0'#"9%"'+#'recognize:'
K%2#)%'acquainted'/09'+#'appreciate'M7/+'*&',0*L,%@''Students'&7#,39'/3&#'learn'+#'9*&2%"0'
M7%0'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0J&'#.*0*#0'*&',0+",&+M#"+75'/09'&7#,39'K%'9*&)*&&%9@'
O#"'%Q/).3%:'9*"%2+',0)%9*/+%9'%Q.%"*%02%'#$'/0'%<%0+'*&'/'"%L,*"%)%0+'$#"'
M*+0%&&%&'M7#'+%&+*$5'*0'/'2#,"+'#$'3/M@''67%'3%8/3'system'0#")/335'9*&/33#M&'7%/"&/5'
%<*9%02%'*0'/'+"*/3@'''e%/"&/5'%<*9%02%'*&'M7%0'#0%'$#")&'+7%*"'#.*0*#0'K/&%9'#0'&#)%#0%'
%3&%J&'"%.#"+'#$'+7%*"'%Q.%"*%02%@'''67%'2#,"+'*&'$,"+7%"'2#02%"0%9'/K#,+'+7%'27/*0'#$'
%<*9%02%'M*+7'"%&.%2+'/0'/"+*$/2+'+7/+'*&'."%&%0+%9'/&'%<*9%02%'*0'/'3%8/3'+"*/3'A+#'*0&,"%'*0'
/&'),27'/&'.#&&*K3%'+7/+'*+'*&'/,+7%0+*2W%@8@:'+7%'M%/.#0',&%9'+#'2#))*+'+7%'),"9%"H@''
a%8*+*)/+%'0%M&'#"8/0*Z/+*#0&'0#")/335'M/0+'$/2+&'<%"*$*%9'K5'/+'3%/&+'+M#'&#,"2%&'
#$'*0$#")/+*#0:'/09'K5'"%.#"+%"&'#"'M*+0%&&%&'M7#'7/<%'7/9'*))%9*/+%'%Q.%"*%02%'#$'+7%'
,0*L,%'%<%0+@''V7%0'+7*&'>*09'#$'$/2+\27%2>*08'*&'0#+'9#0%:'*+'2/0'3%/9'+#'$/3&%'"%.#"+&'A%@8@:'
",)#"&:'$/>%'0%M&H@''67%'."#K3%)'*&'$,"+7%"'%Q/2%"K/+%9'M7%0'#0%'0%M&'#"8/0*Z/+*#0'
"%3*%&'#0'"%.#"+&'#$'/0#+7%":'/09'+7*&'#+7%"'0%M&'#"8/0*Z/+*#0'7/&'+7%*"'$/2+&'M"#08@''
B*&*0$#")/+*#0'*&'+7%0'&."%/9:'),27'3*>%'/'",)#"')*33@''P'3/"8%'0,)K%"'#$'.%#.3%'2/0'K%'
)*&3%9'*0+#'7#39*08'M"#08'#.*0*#0&'K/&%9'#0'$/3&%'"%.#"+&'K5'."%&,)/K35'+",&+M#"+75'
&#,"2%&'A*@%@:'&#\2/33%9'/,+7#"*+*%&H@''!%#.3%'2/0'/3&#'K%3*%<%'+7%5'7/<%'"*87+'#.*0*#0'K%2/,&%'
)/05'#+7%"&'7#39'+7%'&/)%'#.*0*#0:'M7%0'*0'$/2+'+7%5'/"%'/33')*&+/>%0@''P+'#0%'+*)%:')#&+'
.%#.3%'K%3*%<%9'+7/+'+7%'%/"+7'M/&'$3/+'3*>%'/'+/K3%'+#.'/09'/+'+7%'2%0+%"'#$'+7%',0*<%"&%@'''
10')#9%"0'&27##3&:'M7%"%'students'/"%'3/"8%35'&%L,%&+%"%9'*0&*9%'#$'K,*39*08&'$#"'
+7%*"'$#")/3'education:'9*"%2+'%Q.%"*%02%'#$'%<%0+&'*0'+7%'M#"39'*&')#"%'9*$$*2,3+'+#'/""/08%@''
4#\2/33%9'i$*%39'+"*.&j'/"%'"/"%'K%2/,&%'#$'+7%'%Q.%0&%'#$'+"/0&.#"+/+*#0'/09'27/33%08%&'*0'
."#<*9*08'student'&/$%+5'M7*3%'#,+'*0'+7%'i"%/3'M#"39j@''P$+%"'/'M7*3%:'*+'*&'%/&5'+#'8%+'3,33%9'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
24$
*0+#'K%3*%<*08'+7/+'#0%'7/&'"*87+'#.*0*#0&'K/&%9'&#3%35'#0'"%.#"+&'K5'#+7%"&:'M7%+7%"'+7%5'
/"%'+%Q+K##>&:'9#2,)%0+/"5')#<*%&'#"'8,%&+'teachers@'''
B#"%#<%":'students')/5'0#+'8%+'%0#,87'."/2+*2%'*0'&%%*08'$#"'+7%)&%3<%&@'''67%'
27/33%08%'*&'$#"'students'+#'K%'/K3%'+#'2#)./"%'+7%*"'#M0'9*"%2+'%Q.%"*%02%&'M*+7'M7/+'*&'
"%.#"+%9'K5'#+7%"&'<*/'signs$A*2#0&:'*09%Q%&'/09'&5)K#3&H@''Students'&7#,39'learn'+#'9*&2%"0'
M7%0'+7#&%'#+7%"'&#,"2%&'7#39'M"#08'#.*0*#0'K5'2#)./"*08'M7/+'+7#&%'&#,"2%&'&/5'+#'
M7/+'/'student'9*"%2+35'>0#M&'/K#,+'+7/+\#0%@''Students'#,87+'+#'learn'7#M'+#'9#'$/2+'
27%2>*08:'/09'+#'8/*0'2#0$*9%02%'*0'9*&)*&&*08'&7#995'#"'9%2%.+*<%'"%.#"+*08'K5'#+7%"&@''10'
#+7%"'M#"9&:'students'#,87+'+#'K%2#)%'8##9'/+'9%+%2+*08'#+7%"'.%#.3%J&'*80#"/02%'/09'
M"#08'#.*0*#0&'/K#,+'M7/+'*&',0*L,%@''67%5'#,87+'+#'K%2#)%'8##9'/+'L,%&+*#0*08'&#\2/33%9'
/,+7#"*+5@''10'#+7%"'M#"9&:'students'&7#,39'K%'K%2#)%'2#00#*&&%,"&'#$'/,+7%0+*2*+5'#$'M7/+'
*&',0*L,%@'
67*&'+/&>'K%2#)%&'%&.%2*/335'27/33%08*08'M7%0'*0<%&+*8/+*08',0*L,%'%<%0+&'#$'+7%'
./&+:'M7%"%'9*"%2+'%Q.%"*%02%'*&'0#'3#08%"'.#&&*K3%@''67*&'*&'+7%'&/)%'27/33%08%'$/2%9'K5'
7*&+#"*/0&@''Students'2/0'0#0%+7%3%&&'*0<%&+*8/+%'"%.#"+&'K5'#+7%"&@''67%5'&7#,39'&%%>'
."*)/"5'&#,"2%&'/09'K%'/K3%'+#'9*&2%"0'."*)/"5'$"#)'&%2#09/"5'#"'+%"+*/"5'&#,"2%&'#$'
*0$#")/+*#0@''67%5'&7#,39'learn'+#'$#")'#.*0*#0&'/K#,+',0*L,%'%<%0+&'K/&%9'#0'+7%'
2#7%"%02%'/09'*0+%8"*+5'#$'"%."%&%0+/+*#0&'*0'"%.#"+&')/9%'K5'#+7%"&:'/09'+#'%Q/)*0%'
)#+*<%&'#$'+7#&%'"%.#"+*08'AM75'+7%5')*87+'M/0+'+#'*0+%0+*#0/335'9*&+#"+'+7%'$/2+&H@''1$'
2#7%"%02%'/09'*0+%8"*+5'/"%'3/2>*08:'students'&7#,39'&,&.%09'K%3*%$'/09'"%/3*Z%'+7/+'+7%5'
Y,&+'9#'0#+'know'$#"'2%"+/*0@''P09'/'student'&7#,39'/3M/5&'>%%.'*0')*09'+7/+'#.*0*#0&'2/0'
K%'M"#08:'M7*27'/"%'$#")%9'#0'+7%'K/&*&'#$'#+7%"'.%#.3%J&'*0/22,"/+%'"%.#"+&:'/09'+#'"%/3*Z%'
+7/+'&,27'#.*0*#0&'3/2>'+7%'8"%/+%"'2%"+/*0+5'+7/+'+7%'student'2#,39'/27*%<%'+7"#,87'9*"%2+:'
,0)%9*/+%9:'2/"%$,3'#K&%"</+*#0'$#"'7*)&%3$'#"'7%"&%3$@''10'&,))/"5:'student'%Q.%"*%02%'
&7#,39'K%'/,+7%0+*2'*0'#"9%"'+#'$#")'"*87+'#.*0*#0&'/K#,+',0*L,%'%3%)%0+&'M*+7*0'+7%*"'
#M0'2,3+,"/3'context@'
A,%B+,'-M%B-
Signs'#$'knowing$how'&7#,39'"%."%&%0+'M#"+7M7*3%')%/0&'+#'%09&@''Students'&7#,39'
%08/8%'*0'effective'/09'ethical'2#09,2+'+7/+'2#0+"*K,+%&'+#'+7%'L,/3*+5'#$'3*$%'*0'&#2*%+5@''10'
#+7%"'M#"9&:'students'&7#,39'%08/8%'*0'worthwhile'2#09,2+WM7*27'*&'K#+7'*0&+",)%0+/335'
/09'*0+"*0&*2/335'</3,/K3%@'''
10'61('theory:'O"*2>'AEFC`H'."%9*2+&'+7/+'student'mental$structures'M*33'K%'&+"#08%"'
/09'3%&&'<,30%"/K3%'+#'$#"8%++*08'M7%0'+7%5'%08/8%'*0'/,+7%0+*2'learning'+/&>&'M7*27'M*33'
7%3.'+7%)'*0+%8"/+%'knowing$how:'knowing$that$one'/09'knowing$that'M*+7'+7%*"'*0+%0+*#0&'
/09'%)#+*#0&@'Learning'+/&>&'/"%'/,+7%0+*2'*$'+7%5'/"%'+/&>&'+7/+'.%#.3%'/2+,/335'9#'*0'+7%'
&#2*/3'system'/09'2,3+,"%'*0'M7*27'teachers'/09'students'3*<%@'
B#&+'/,+7%0+*2'+/&>&'+7/+'/9,3+&'9#'*0'&#2*%+5'M#,39'K%'K%5#09'+7%'2/./K*3*+5'#$'
5#,08'3%/"0%"&@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'M%'2/00#+'%Q.%2+'/'&*Q\5%/"'#39'27*39'+#'.%"$#")'/"+7"#&2#.*2'
&,"8%"5@''67,&:'+7%'27/33%08%'$#"'%9,2/+#"&'*&'7#M'+#'&%L,%02%'&,27'/,+7%0+*2'+/&>&'$"#)'
&*).3%'+#'2#).3%Q:'&+/"+*08'M*+7'+7#&%'M7*27'students'/"%'2/./K3%'#$'learning'7#M\+#\9#:'
/09'K,*39*08'8"/9,/335'+#M/"9&'+7#&%'+7/+'/9,3+&'9#'*0'+7%'&#2*/3'system@'''
V7*3%'%9,2/+#"&'2/0'*9%0+*$5'/'&%+'#$'2#"%'+/&>&'+7/+'/33'students'&7#,39'learn'7#M'+#'
9#:'23%/"35'&#)%'&.%2*/3*Z/+*#0'M*33'+/>%'.3/2%'+7%'$,"+7%"'/3#08'/'student'8%+&'*0'7*&'#"'7%"'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
25$
education@''N#+'%<%"5#0%'0%%9&'+#'learn'7#M'+#'9#'/"+7"#&2#.*2'&,"8%"5@'''P&'students'
/9</02%:'+7%5'M*33'3*>%35'M/0+'+#'27##&%'/0'/"%/'#$'&.%2*/3*Z/+*#0'+7/+'M*33')%%+'/'0%%9'*0'
&#2*%+5@''N#0%+7%3%&&:'M*+7*0'&.%2*/3*Z%9'9*&2*.3*0%&'&,27'/&')%9*2*0%:'#"8/0*2'27%)*&+"5:'
2#).,+%"'&2*%02%:'/0+7"#.#3#85:'%+2@:'M7#3%'+/&>&'2/0'K%'*9%0+*$*%9'M7*27'/"%'/.."#."*/+%'
+#'+7#&%'."#$%&&*#0&'#"'9*&2*.3*0%&'/09'M7*27'/"%'/,+7%0+*2@'
O*0/335:'M%'&7#,39'0#+'3#&%'&*87+'#$'+7"%%'>*09&'#$'knowing$how@''Students'&7#,39'
7/<%'0,)%"#,&'#..#"+,0*+*%&'+#'2/""5'#,+'/,+7%0+*2'+/&>&'+7/+'/"%'0#+'#035'protocolic:'K,+'
/3&#'adaptive'/09'creative@''1+'*&'%&.%2*/335'*).#"+/0+'*0'education'+7/+'students'&7#,39'K%'
8*<%0'"%.%/+%9'#..#"+,0*+*%&'+#'*0<%0+'/09'+#'K%'creative@''67*&'*&'/'7*8735'*).#"+/0+'
2/./K*3*+5'$#"'7,)/0'&,"<*</3'/09'/9</02%)%0+'#$'2*<*3*Z/+*#0'/09'2,3+,"%@''V7*3%'creative$
knowing$how'2/00#+'K%'+/,87+'9*"%2+35:'*+'2/0'K%'%02#,"/8%9'/09'+*)%'2/0'K%')/9%'
/</*3/K3%'$#"'students'+#'%Q.%"*)%0+:'+*0>%":'/09'*0<%0+@'''R"%/+*<*+5'0%%9'0#+'K%'"%&+"*2+%9'
+#'+7%'$*0%'/"+&'&,27'/&'./*0+*08:'9"/M*08:'M"*+*08'.#%+"5:'#"'2#).#&*08'),&*2@''!"/2+*2/3'
/"+&'/"%'*).#"+/0+'/&'M%33@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0<%0+*#0'#$'/'M/5'+#'*02"%/&%'2"#.'5*%39&'*0'
/8"*2,3+,"%'K5'2#0+"#33*08'M%%9&'M*+7#,+'7/")$,3'.%&+*2*9%&'/09'7%"K*2*9%&'M#,39'K%0%$*+'
)/05'.%#.3%@''P&'/'$,"+7%"'%Q/).3%:'M"*+*08'2#).,+%"'&#$+M/"%'+#'&#3<%'/'."#K3%):'#"'
*0<%0+*08'/')#"%'%$$*2*%0+'&#3/"'2%33:'2/0'K%'<%"5'M#"+7M7*3%@''-%<*&*08'0%M'theory:'"%$*0*08'
/09'%</3,/+*08'*+'2/0'/3&#'K%'</3,/K3%'"%&,3+'#$'creative$knowing$how@'''
67%"%'7/<%'K%%0'0,)%"#,&'%$$#"+&'+#'*)."#<%'education'systems'A&%%'B#,"&7%9:'
R7*Y*#>%'p'=/"K%":'EFCFH'/09'&#)%'7/<%'K%%0'7*8735'&,22%&&$,3@''e#M%<%":'"/*&*08'student'
/27*%<%)%0+'+%&+'&2#"%&'*0'"%/9*08'/09')/+7%)/+*2&'M*33'0#+'*0'*+&%3$'3%/9'+#'/'K%++%"'
%2#0#)5:')#"%'Y#K&:'#"'*)."#<%)%0+&'*0'+7%'L,/3*+5'#$'3*$%@''V7*3%'learning'+7%&%'K/&*2'
&>*33&'*&'*).#"+/0+:'M%'/3&#'0%%9'+#'."%./"%'students'+#'9%<%3#.'mental$structures'$#"'
creative$knowing$how@''Creative$knowing$how'&7#,39'0#+'8%+'3#&+'*0'+7%'2,""*2,3,)@''V%'
0%%9'/33'+7%'7%3.'M%'2/0'8%+'*0'*0<%0+*08'&#3,+*#0&'+#'"%/3'."#K3%)&'M%'$/2%'*0'+7%'M#"39W
&#3,+*#0&'M7*27'M*33'+",35'*)."#<%'+7%'L,/3*+5'#$'3*$%'/09'M*33'7%3.'/9</02%'7,)/0'
2*<*3*Z/+*#0'/09'2,3+,"%@'''
A,%B+,'-23)*-
10'/99*+*#0'+#'$#")*08'mental$structures'$#"'"*87+'#.*0*#0&'/09'M#"+7M7*3%'2#09,2+:'
students'&7#,39'$#")'mental$structures'$#"'8%0%"/3*Z/+*#0&'+7/+'/"%'M/""/0+%9W*@%@:'M%'
M/0+'students'+#'2#)%'+#'7#39'K%3*%$&'+7/+'/"%'M/""/0+%9'+7"#,87'disciplined$inquiry@''67*&'
)%/0&'+7/+'students'0%%9'+#'learn'+7%'&5)K#3&'/&&#2*/+%9'M*+7'23/&&%&'#$'#KY%2+&'*0'#"9%"'+#'
2#""%2+35'*9%0+*$5'#KY%2+&'/&'+#'+7%*"'+5.%'#"'>*09@'''
Instantial$knowing$that$
O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0'O*8,"%'g:'#0%'&7#,39'K%'/K3%'+#'23/&&*$5'+7%'$#,"\3%88%9'/0*)/3&'/&'
9#8&@''P09'+7%'3*<*08'K%*08&'*33,&+"/+%9'*0'O*8,"%'g'/"%')/))/3&'0#+'*0&%2+&'#"'
*0<%"+%K"/+%&@'''10&+/0+*/+*#0'*&'+7%')#&+'K/&*2'>*09'#$'knowing$that:'&#)%+*)%&'"%$%""%9'+#'
/&'knowing$2#02%.+&@'''
10'/99*+*#0'+#'M*9%35',&%9'2,3+,"/3'signs'+7/+'/"%'./"+'#$'%<%"59/5'3/08,/8%:'2%"+/*0'
&27#3/"35'9*&2*.3*0%&'7/<%'9%<%3#.%9'+7%*"'#M0'23/&&*$*2/+*#0&'/09'&.%2*$*2'<#2/K,3/"5@''O#"'
%Q/).3%:'M7/+'.%#.3%'2#))#035'"%$%"'+#'/&'M/+%"'*&')#"%'."%2*&%35'9%$*0%9'*0'27%)*&+"5'/&'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
26$
molecules'#$'H2O:'M7%"%'%/27'molecule'2#0&*&+&'#$'+M#'atoms'#$'hydrogen'/09'#0%'atom'#$'
oxygen@''''
P&'2*<*3*Z/+*#0'."#8"%&&%&:'knowledge'/9</02%&:'/09'+7%')#"%'M%'know:'0%M'
2#02%.+&'/"%'*0+"#9,2%9'/&'0%M'theories'/"%'9%<%3#.%9'/09'+%&+%9@''S39%"'2#02%.+&'/09'
theories'/"%'"%Y%2+%9'#"'"%.3/2%9'K%2/,&%'K%++%"'#0%&'&,.%"&%9%'+7%)@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0'+7%'
)*9\0*0%+%%0+7'2%0+,"5:'+7%'&."%/9'#$'infectious$disease'M/&'K%++%"',09%"&+##9'/$+%"'+7%'
#K&+%+"*2*/0:'180/Z'4%))%3M%*&:'#K&%"<%9'+7/+'/'8"%/+%"'.%"2%0+/8%'#$'7%/3+75')#+7%"&'7/9'
9*%9'$"#)'27*39K%9'$%<%"'M7#'7/9'K%%0'%Q/)*0%9'9,"*08'3/K#"'K5'7*&')%9*2/3'students:'
M7%0'2#)./"%9'M*+7')#+7%"&'/&&*&+%9'&#3%35'K5')*9M*<%&@'''e*&'students'7/9'#$+%0'2#)%'
9*"%2+35'$"#)'+7%'9*&&%2+*08'"##)WM7%"%'+7%5'7/9'K%%0'M#">*08'M*+7'2/9/<%"&'#$'M#)%0'
M7#'7/9'9*%9'#$'+7%'9*&%/&%@''e%'+7%#"*Z%9'+7/+'7*&'students'M%"%'&#)%7#M'2/""5*08'+7%'
*0$%2+*#0'M*+7'+7%)@''P$+%"'7%'#"9%"%9'+7%)'+#'M/&7'+7%*"'7/09&'*0'/0+*&%.+*2'&#3,+*#0'
K%$#"%'%Q/)*0*08')#+7%"&'9,"*08'3/K#":'+7%'.%"2%0+/8%'#$'9%/+7&'$"#)'27*39K%9'$%<%"'
9"#..%9'&*80*$*2/0+35'A&%%'4%))%3M%*&:'EFF`H@''P&'/0#+7%"'%Q/).3%:'M7*3%'Newton’s$Laws'
M%"%'/9%L,/+%'$#"'%Q.3/*0*08'$#"2%'/)#08'"%3/+*<%35'3/"8%')/&&%&:'+7%5'M%"%'$#,09'+#'K%'
*0/9%L,/+%'$#"'%Q.3/*0*08'$#"2%'/+'+7%'/+#)*2'3%<%3@''N%M'theory'M/&'0%%9%9'/09'M/&'
9%<%3#.%9'K5'.75&*2*&+&W%@8@:'quantum'theory'/09'+7%'general'theory'#$'relativity@'
Relational$knowing$that$
Students'&7#,39'learn'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'+7/+'/"%'M/""/0+%9'K5'disciplined$inquiry@''
P0#+7%"'0/)%'$#"'+7*&'*&'theoretical'knowing@'''Students'&7#,39'2#""%2+35',09%"&+/09'%/27'
"%3/+*#0['+7%5'&7#,39'K%'/K3%'+#'."#<*9%'/0'/"8,)%0+'+7/+'M/""/0+&'+7%'8%0%"/3*Z/K*3*+5'#$'
+7%'"%3/+*#0['/09'+7%5'#,87+'+#'K%'/K3%'+#'%Q.3/*0'+7%'"%3%</02%'/09'$",*+$,30%&&'#$'+7%'
"%3/+*#0'A&%%'B/22*/:'2*+%9'*0'O"*2>:'CGGD:'6/K3%'CH@'
''O#"'%Q/).3%:'7,)/0&'3%/"0%9'3#08'/8#'/K#,+'+7%'0#+*#0'#$'gravity:'*0'+7%'&%0&%'+7/+'
#KY%2+&'*0'7*87'.3/2%&'M*33'$/33'9#M0',03%&&'+7%5'/"%'#..#&%9'#"'7%39'*0'.3/2%@''O/33'9#M0'*&'/'
"%3/+*#0&7*.'K%+M%%0'/0'#KY%2+'/09'+7%'8"#,09'K%3#M@''67*&'*&'/'."%9*2+/K3%'"%3/+*#0&7*.@''1$'
#0%'*&',.'*0'/'+"%%'/09'3%+&'8#'#$'+7%'K"/027:'+7%0'7%'#"'&7%'M*33'$/33'+#'+7%'%/"+7@'''67*&'0#+*#0'
#$'$/33*08'9#M0'M/&'%<%0+,/335'$#")/3*Z%9'*0+#'/'theory'#$'gravity@''1&//2'N%M+#0'*9%0+*$*%9'
2#02%.+&'&,27'/&'force:'mass:'velocity:'acceleration:'time:'distance'/09'+7%*"'"%3/+*#0&7*.&@'''
O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0'23/&&*2/3')%27/0*2&'momentum'*&'+7%'mass'#$'/0'#KY%2+:'),3+*.3*%9'
K5'*+&'velocity@''B/05'.%#.3%'."%<*#,&35'7/9'3%/"0%9'+7"#,87'%Q.%"*%02%'+7/+'*$'+7%5'+7"%M'/'
7%/<5'"#2>'/+'&#)%#0%:'*+'M#,39'7,"+'+7%)')#"%'+7/0'*$'+7%5'+7"%M'/'&)/33'3*87+M%*87+'
.%KK3%'/+'+7%'&/)%'&.%%9@''67%5'/3&#'>0%M'$"#)'%Q.%"*%02%'+7/+'*$'+7%5'+7"%M'+7/+'&/)%'
7%/<5'"#2>'/+'/'$/&+%"'&.%%9:'*+'M#,39'#$+%0'7,"+'&#)%#0%')#"%'+7/0'*$'+7"#M0'/+'/'&3#M%"'
&.%%9@'''N%M+#0'M/&'/K3%'+#'$#")/3*Z%'+7%&%'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'*0'7*&'theory'#$'gravity@''e*&'
theory'M/&'/3&#'/K3%'+#'."%9*2+'M7/+'M#,39'7/..%0'M7%0'9"#..*08'/'.%KK3%'/09'/'3/"8%'
"#2>'$"#)'+7%'&/)%'7%*87+'/09'%Q.3/*0%9'M75'K#+7'M#,39'accelerate'/+'+7%'&/)%'"/+%:'
"%/27*08'+7%'8"#,09'/+'+7%'&/)%'time@''1+'2#,39'/3&#'."%9*2+'#"K*+&'#$'.3/0%+&'/"#,09'+7%'&,0'
/09'+7%'velocity'0%2%&&/"5'$#"'/0'#KY%2+'&,27'/&'+7%'&./2%'&7,++3%'+#'#"K*+'+7%'%/"+7'*0'+7%'
</2,,)'#$'#,+%"'&./2%@'
V7/+'*&'$,"+7%"'&*80*$*2/0+'*&'+7/+'theories'2/0'K%'+%&+%9'A&%%'4+%*0%":'CG``H@''6",+7'#$'
theoretical'."#.#&*+*#0&'2/0'K%'%</3,/+%9@''N#+'/33'theories'/"%'&,..#"+%9'K5'&,$$*2*%0+'
%<*9%02%['/09'&#)%'theories'/"%')#"%'/9%L,/+%'+7/0'#+7%"&@''(<*9%02%'2/0'K%'K"#,87+'+#'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
27$
K%/"'$#"'M/""/0+*08'/&&%"+*#0&@''42*%0+*&+&'/09'.7*3#&#.7%"&')/>%'9*$$%"%0+'>*09&'#$'
/"8,)%0+&@''67%'>*09&'#$'+%&+&'#$'theory'+7/+'/"%'/22%.+/K3%'/"%'./"+'#$'+7%'9*&2*.3*0%'*0'/'
9#)/*0'#$'*0L,*"5@''Students'M7#'learn'theoretical'."#.#&*+*#0&'&7#,39'/3&#'learn'7#M'+7#&%'
theories'7/<%'K%%0'+%&+%9W*0'#+7%"'M#"9&:'M7/+'*&'+7%'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0'#$'+7%'"%3/+*#0&7*.@''
h%"*$*2/+*#0'/09'$/3&*$*2/+*#0'/"%'*).#"+/0+'2#02%.+&'*0'9%<%3#.)%0+'#$'theoretical'
knowingW*@%@:'knowing$#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'+7/+'/"%'M/""/0+%9'K5'disciplined$inquiry@'''
Criterial$knowing$that$$
P'2"*+%"*#0'*&'/'&+/09/"9'#"'0#")'K5'M7*27'&#)%'23/&&'#$'#KY%2+&'2/0'K%'Y,98%9@''P'
2#))#0'%Q/).3%'*&'+7/+'M7%0'27%2>*08'K/88/8%'$#"'/'2#))%"2*/3'/*"'$3*87+:'+7%'2"*+%"*#0'*&'
+7/+'%/27'&,*+2/&%'#"'K/8'),&+'M%*87'0#')#"%'+7/0'dF'pounds'/09'+7/+'+7%'9*)%0&*#0&'#$'
%/27'K/8'),&+'K%'M*+7*0'&.%2*$*%9'7%*87+:'M*9+7'/09'9%.+7'"%&+"*2+*#0&@''67%'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0'$#"'
+7%&%'&+/09/"9&'$#"')/Q*),)'M%*87+'/09'9*)%0&*#0&'#$'27%2>%9'K/88/8%'*&'+5.*2/335'0#+'
)/9%'%Q.3*2*+:'K,+'."%&,)/K35'*&'9%+%")*0%9'K5'+#3%"/02%&'#$'+7%*"'2#0<%5#"'K%3+'systems:'
K/88/8%'2/"+&:'/09'/*".3/0%'2/"8#'&./2%@''P3&#:'+7%'/*"3*0%'9#%&'0#+'M/0+'+#'7/")'/*"3*0%'
%).3#5%%&'K5'"%L,*"*08'+7%)'3*$+'+##'),27'M%*87+@'
P22#"9*08'+#'B/22*/'A2*+%9'*0'O"*2>:'CGGD:'.@'CCcH:'+7%'.%"&#0'),&+'0#+'#035'
2#""%2+35',09%"&+/09'+7%'2"*+%"*#0:'K,+'),&+'/3&#')/>%'/'Y,&+*$*2/+#"5'/"8,)%0+'+#'M/""/0+'
+7%'2"%9*K*3*+5'#$'+7%'2"*+%"*#0'/09'),&+'$,"+7%"'K%'/K3%'+#'i9%)#0&+"/+%'+7%'"%3%</025'/09'
$",*+$,30%&&j'#$'+7%'2"*+%"*#0@'
67%'8%0%"/3'*&&,%'M*+7'/'2"*+%"*#0'*&'+7/+'#+7%"'2"*+%"*/'/"%',&%9'+#'Y,&+*$5'+7%'*0*+*/3'
2"*+%"*#0@''=,+'7#M'/"%'+7%'$,"+7%"'2"*+%"*/'Y,&+*$*%9T''P09'7#M'/"%'+7%'2"*+%"*/'$#"'+7#&%'
$,"+7%"'2"*+%"*/'Y,&+*$*%9T''67*&'2#,39'8#'#0'ad$infinitum@''S0%'2#,39'/..%/3'+#'/0'/,+7#"*+5'
/&'/')%/0&'#$'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0:'K,+'7#M'9#'M%'know'*$'+7%'/,+7#"*+5'7/&'/9%L,/+%'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0T''
S0%'2#,39'2*+%'%).*"*2/3'%<*9%02%'/&'/')%/0&'#$'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0:'K,+'+7%'9/08%"'M*+7'+7*&'
)%+7#9'*&'+7%'0/+,"/3*&+*2'$/33/25@'''f,&+'K%2/,&%'&#)%+7*08'#22,"&'#"'%Q*&+&'9#%&'0#+'Y,&+*$5'
+7/+'*+'*&'M#"+7M7*3%@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*+'*&'/'$/2+'+7/+'),"9%"'#22,"&:'K,+'+7%'$/2+'+7/+'),"9%"'
%Q*&+&'9#%&'0#+')%/0'+7/+'),"9%"'*&'Y,&+@'
Disciplined$inquiry'*&'"%L,*"%9'+#'Y,&+*$5'/'2"*+%"*#0'*$'#0%'*&'+#'/<#*9'+7%'naturalistic$
fallacy'#"'/..%/3'+#'/,+7#"*+5@''V7/+'2#0&+*+,+%&'/9%L,/+%'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0'#$'K%3*%$&'*&'2"*+*2/3@''
!%*"2%'AC`DDH'9%&2"*K%9'$#,"')%+7#9&'K5'M7*27'7,)/0&'$*Q/+%'K%3*%$&X''tenacity:'authority:'
agreeableness$to$reason:'/09'science'A*@%@:'disciplined$inquiryH@'''
10'+7%'method$of$tenacity:'#0%'3*+%"/335'7#39&'#0+#'7*&'#"'7%"'K%3*%$'9%&.*+%'%<*9%02%'
+#'+7%'2#0+"/"5'#"'3/2>'#$'%<*9%02%'+#'&,..#"+'*+@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'&#)%'.%#.3%'/"%'"%&#3,+%'*0'
+7%*"'K%3*%$'+7/+'9"*0>*08'%*87+'83/&&%&'#$'M/+%"'/'9/5'M*33'7%3.'+7%)'+#'3#&%'M%*87+@''
e#M%<%":'*+'+,"0&'#,+'+7/+'+7*&'K%3*%$'*&')5+7@''67%"%'*&'0#'&2*%0+*$*2'%<*9%02%'*0')%9*2/3'
"%&%/"27'+#'&,..#"+'+7*&'23/*)'Ah"%%)/0'p']"%%0:'EFFDH@''6#'"%)/*0'&+%/9$/&+'*0'+7*&'K%3*%$'
*&'+#',&%'+7%'method$of$tenacity@'''
V7%0'#0%'7#39&'/'K%3*%$'/22#"9*08'+#'M7/+'.%#.3%'*0'/'.#&*+*#0'#$'.#M%"'#"'
/,+7#"*+5'9*2+/+%'#"'/22#"9*08'+#'M7/+'9#2+"*0%'&/5&:'7%'#"'&7%'*&',&*08'+7%'method$of$
authority'+#'$*Q/+%'K%3*%$@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'+#'K%3*%<%'+7/+'83#K/3'M/")*08'*&'#22,""*08'K%2/,&%'
$#")%"'h*2%\!"%&*9%0+'P3K%"+']#"%'&/*9'&#:'*&'+#',&%'+7%'method$of$authority@'''
67%'+7*"9')%+7#9'!%*"2%'"%$%""%9'+#'*&'+7%'a$priori$method'Aagreeableness$to$
reasonHWi*+'9#%&'0#+')%/0'+7/+'M7*27'/8"%%&'M*+7'%Q.%"*%02%:'K,+'+7/+'M7*27'M%'$*09'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
28$
#,"&%3<%&'*023*0%9'+#'K%3*%<%j'A!%*"2%:'C`DD:'.@'CdH@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'+#'K%3*%<%'+7/+'.%#.3%'
M*+7'3/"8%"'K"/*0&'/"%')#"%'*0+%33*8%0+:'M*+7#,+'%<*9%02%'+#'&,..#"+'+7*&'/&&%"+*#0:'M#,39'
K%'+#',&%'+7%'a$priori$method@''''
V7%0'#0%',&%&'+7%'method$of$science:'+7%0'disciplined$inquiry'*&'2/""*%9'#,+'*0'&,27'/'
M/5'+7/+'#+7%"&'2/0',&%'+7/+'&/)%')%+7#9'+#'&%%'*$'+7%'&/)%'2#023,&*#0&'M#,39'K%'"%/27%9@''
O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0'27%)*&+"5'molecules'#$'M/+%"'/"%'&/*9'+#'%/27'2#0&*&+'#$'+M#'atoms'#$'
hydrogen'/09'#0%'atom'#$'oxygen'AeESH@''10'(,23*9%/0'8%#)%+"5:'+7%'23/*)'*&')/9%'+7/+'+7%'
&,)'#$'+7%'interior$angles'#$'/'triangle'*&'C`F'9%8"%%&@''10')%9*2*0%:'+7%'23/*)'*&')/9%'+7/+'
.%#.3%'M7#'&)#>%'7%/<*35'/"%'d\CF'+*)%&')#"%'3*>%35'+#'2#0+"/2+'cancer'3/+%"'*0'+7%*"'3*<%&@''
10'.7*3#&#.75:'b/0+'ACD`dH'&+/+%9'+7%'."#.#&*+*#0'$#"')#"/3'K%7/<*#":'>0#M0'/&'+7%'
categorical$imperativeX''iP2+'#035'/22#"9*08'+#'+7/+')/Q*)'M7%"%K5'5#,'2/0'/+'+7%'&/)%'
+*)%'M*33'+7/+'*+'&7#,39'K%2#)%'/'universal'3/Mj'A.@'cF:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H@''(/27'#$'+7%&%'
9*&2*.3*0%&'."#<*9%&')%+7#9&'K5'M7*27'&,27'23/*)&'2/0'K%'%Q/)*0%9'/09'+%&+%9'K5'#+7%"&@''
V7%0'&,27'+%&+&'/"%'2/""*%9'#,+:'+7%'&/)%'2#023,&*#0&'&7#,39'K%'"%/27%9@'
!%*"2%'AC`DDH'"%$%""%9'+#'&2*%02%'*0'+7%'K"#/9'&%0&%'#$'knowing$that'M7*27'*&'
Y,&+*$*%9'K5')%+7#9&'+7/+'#+7%"&'2/0'+"5'+7%)&%3<%&:'0#+'&2*%02%'*0'+7%'0/""#M'&%0&%'#$'
K*#3#85'#"'.75&*2&@''i67%'+%&+'#$'M7%+7%"'1'/)'+",35'$#33#M*08'+7%')%+7#9'*&'0#+'/0'
*))%9*/+%'/..%/3'+#')5'$%%3*08&'#"'.,".#&%&:'K,+:'#0'+7%'2#0+"/"5'*+&%3$'*0<#3<%&'+7%'
/..3*2/+*#0'#$'+7%')%+7#9j'A.@'EFH@''
4+%*0%"'ACG``H'/"8,%&'+7/+'+7*&')%+7#9'#$'disciplined$inquiry'2/0'K%',&%9'*0'
Y,&+*$5*08'2"*+%"*/@''R3/*)&'/K#,+'2"*+%"*/'2/0'K%'+%&+%9@''e#M%<%":'&,27'+%&+&'9#'0#+'/09'
&7#,39'0#+'"%35'#0'%).*"*2/3'%<*9%02%'/&'9#'&2*%02%'/09'."/Q*#3#85@''Criterial$knowing$that'
"%3*%&',3+*)/+%35'#0'.7*3#&#.7*2/3'"%/&#0*08@''67/+'*&:'*$'#0%'*&'M*33*08'+#'/&&,)%'*0*+*/3'
."*02*.3%&:'/09'#0%'*&'"/+*#0/3:'+7%0'+7%'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0'#$'+7%'2"*+%"*#0'*&'/'3#8*2/3'2#0&%L,%02%'
#$'+7#&%'*0*+*/3'."*02*.3%&@''67%&%'."*02*.3%&'2#02%"0'M7/+'#,87+'+#'K%:'0#+'M7/+'*&@''4,27'
."*02*.3%&'/"%'/')/++%"'#$'*0+"*0&*2'</3,%@''''
R#0&*9%"'$#"'%Q/).3%'+7%'/2+'#$'),"9%"@''B,"9%"'&7#,39'0#+'K%'Y,&+*$*%9'#0'+7%'K/&*&'
#$'%).*"*2/3'%<*9%02%@''f,&+'K%2/,&%'),"9%"'#22,"&'9#%&'0#+')%/0'+7/+'*+'*&'"*87+@''1$'M%'
*0*+*/335'/&&,)%'+7/+'M%'#,87+'+#'+"%/+'#+7%"&'/&'M%'#,"&%3<%&'M*&7'+#'K%'+"%/+%9'/&'/')#"/3'
."*02*.3%'A+7%']#39%0'm,3%H:'/09'*$'M%'K%3*%<%'+7/+'*+'*&'M"#08'$#"'#+7%"&'+#'),"9%"',&:'+7%0'
M%'),&+'/3&#'2#023,9%'+7/+'*+'*&'M"#08'$#"'#+7%"&'+#'K%'),"9%"%9@''P'.%"&#0'M#,39'K%'
*""/+*#0/3'+#'7#39'+7%']#39%0'm,3%'/&'/0'*0*+*/3'."*02*.3%:'+#'7#39'+7/+'*+'*&'M"#08'$#"'
&#)%#0%'+#'),"9%"'7*)'#"'7%":'/09'/3&#'K%3*%<%'+7/+'*+'M#,39'K%'"*87+'$#"'#+7%"&'+#'K%'
),"9%"%9@''67%'.%"&#0J&'K%3*%$&'M#,39'K%'2#0+"/9*2+#"5@'
10'&,))/"5:'*0'knowing$that:'/'.%"&#0'2#)%&'+#'7#39'K%3*%$&'+7/+'/"%'M/""/0+%9:'/09'
&7%'#"'7%'2/0'Y,&+*$5'7*&'#"'7%"'K%3*%$&@''67%'Y,&+*$*2/+*#0'&7#,39'*023,9%'/0'%<*9%0+*/"5'
/"8,)%0+'+7/+'%&+/K3*&7%&'+7%'2"%9*K*3*+5'#$'+7%'K%3*%$'/09'M7*27'9%)#0&+"/+%&'*+&'"%3%</02%'
/09'$",*+$,30%&&@'''
Truth'*+&%3$'*&'/'2"*+%"*#0'K5'M7*27'+#'Y,98%'K%3*%$&@''!%*"2%'/"8,%9'+7/+'+7%'method$of$
science'Adisciplined$inquiryHWM7%0',&%9'"%.%/+%935'#<%"'+*)%'K5')/05'*09*<*9,/3&W
M/""/0+&'+7#&%'K%3*%$&X''
6#'&/+*&$5'#,"'9#,K+&:'+7%"%$#"%:'*+'*&'0%2%&&/"5'+7/+'/')%+7#9'&7#,39'K%'$#,09'K5'M7*27'
#,"'K%3*%$&')/5'K%'9%+%")*0%9'K5'0#+7*08'7,)/0:'K,+'K5'&#)%'%Q+%"0/3'.%")/0%025'W'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
29$
K5'&#)%+7*08',.#0'M7*27'#,"'+7*0>*08'7/&'0#'%$$%2+@''4#)%')5&+*2&'*)/8*0%'+7/+'+7%5'
7/<%'&,27'/')%+7#9'*0'/'."*</+%'*0&.*"/+*#0'$"#)'#0'7*87@'=,+'+7/+'*&'#035'/'$#")'#$'+7%'
method$of$tenacity:'*0'M7*27'+7%'2#02%.+*#0'#$'truth'/&'&#)%+7*08'.,K3*2'*&'0#+'5%+'
9%<%3#.%9@'S,"'%Q+%"0/3'.%")/0%025'M#,39'0#+'K%'%Q+%"0/3:'*0'#,"'&%0&%:'*$'*+'M/&'
"%&+"*2+%9'*0'*+&'*0$3,%02%'+#'#0%'*09*<*9,/3@'1+'),&+'K%'&#)%+7*08'M7*27'/$$%2+&:'#"')*87+'
/$$%2+:'%<%"5')/0@'P09:'+7#,87'+7%&%'/$$%2+*#0&'/"%'0%2%&&/"*35'/&'</"*#,&'/&'/"%'
*09*<*9,/3'2#09*+*#0&:'5%+'+7%')%+7#9'),&+'K%'&,27'+7/+'+7%',3+*)/+%'2#023,&*#0'#$'%<%"5'
)/0'&7/33'K%'+7%'&/)%@''4,27'*&'+7%'method$of$science@''A!%*"2%:'CGcg:'dXc`g:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
47#"+'AEFFDH'0#+%&'+7/+X''ie%"%:'&2*%02%'*&',&%9'0/""#M35:'$#"'/'$#")'+7/+'*0L,*"5'
0#")/335'+/>%&:'/09'/'method$of$science'*&',&%9'K"#/935:'$#"'/33'+7%'M/5&'*0'M7*27'M%')*87+'
&%%>'+#'&,KY%2+'K%3*%$'+#'*).%"&#0/3'+%&+&j''A.@'ccFH@''
Criterial$knowing$that'*&'0#+'"%&+"*2+%9'+#'."*02*.3%&'$#"'Y,98*08'7,)/0'2#09,2+'&,27'
/&'+7%']#39%0'm,3%'#"'+#'"/+*#0/3'."*02*.3%&'$#"'Y,98*08'K%3*%$&'&,27'/&'+7#&%'*0'disciplined$
inquiry@''R"*+%"*/'/"%'/3&#'"%3%</0+'$#"'Y,98*08'knowing$how@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'effectiveness'*&'/'
2"*+%"*#0'+7/+'2/0'K%',&%9'+#'Y,98%'knowing$howX''-#%&'+7%'.%"$#")/02%'"%&,3+'*0'+7%'
9%&*"%9'#,+2#)%T''1&'+7%'.%"$#")/02%'instrumentally$goodT''O#"'*0&+/02%:'*$'/"+7"#&2#.*2'
>0%%'&,"8%"5'*&'.%"$#")%9:'9#%&'*+'M#">W*@%@:'9#%&'+7%'./+*%0+'"%2#<%"'+7%'0#")/3',&%'#$'
7*&'#"'7%"'>0%%'/$+%"'&,"8%"5T''a*>%M*&%:'2"*+%"*/'/"%'"%3%</0+'$#"'Y,98*08'knowing$that$one@''
O#"'%Q/).3%:'authenticity'*&'/'2"*+%"*#0'$#"'appreciative$knowing$that$one'A&%%'B/22*/:'
CG`DH@'
O*0/335:'criterial$knowing$that'*&'/0'*).#"+/0+'8#/3'#$'education'+7/+'&7#,39'0#+'8%+'
3#&+'/&'M%'/++%).+'+#'*)."#<%'#,"'education'systems'A&%%'B#,"&7%9:'R7*Y*#>%'p'=/"K%":'
EFCFH@''R"*+*2/3'+7*0>*08'*&'0%%9%9'$#"'&#3<*08'."#K3%)&'M%'$/2%'*0'+7%'M#"39@''6#'+7*0>'
2"*+*2/335'"%L,*"%&'+7/+'#0%'>0#M&'2"*+%"*/'/09'2/0'Y,&+*$5'+7%)@''R"*+%"*/'/"%'0%%9%9'$#"'
27##&*08'M#"+7M7*3%'&#3,+*#0&'+#'."#K3%)&@'
12. Conclusion&
24+)&E),"E!44%4-@994%)$30/-*%-D194%6+,'-!"#$)*+%,-@40-C+/I(-),"-D,0<<+$+0,*-
(9,2/+#"&'M7#'7/<%'K%%0'/"#,09'&%<%"/3'9%2/9%&'7/<%'&%%0'M*9%35'+#,+%9'27/08%&'
2#)%'/09'8#@''10'+7%'./&+'$#,"'9%2/9%&:'$#"'%Q/).3%:'&#)%'#$'+7%'*00#</+*#0&'7/<%'K%%0'
"%$%""%9'+#'/&X''&*+%\K/&%9')/0/8%)%0+:'2#0&+",2+*<*&+'23/&&"##)&:'+%270#3#85'*0+%8"/+*#0:'
&27##3'"%&+",2+,"*08:'&5&+%)*2'27/08%:'/09'"%\*0<%0+*08'&27##3&@''
-%&.*+%'&,27'"7%+#"*2:'27/08%&'+7/+'7/<%'#22,""%9'*0';@4@'b\CE'&27##3&'/..%/"'+#'K%'
i+*0>%"*08'/"#,09'+7%'%98%&@j''10'EFCG:'$#"'%Q/).3%:'+7%"%')/5'K%')#"%',&%'#$'2#).,+%"'
+/K3%+&:'R7"#)%K##>&:'/09'M*\$*'0%+M#">&'*0'&27##3&:')#"%'&+/09/"9*Z%9'/27*%<%)%0+'
+%&+*08:')#"%'/22#,0+/K*3*+5'$#"'student'learning'/27*%<%)%0+:'3%&&'&+/+%'$,09*08'$#"'.,K3*2'
&27##3&:')#"%'+/Q'9#33/"&'8#*08'+#'."*</+%'27/"+%"'&27##3&:'/09'*02"%/&%9'"%8,3/+*#0'#$'
&27##3&'K5'&+/+%'/09'$%9%"/3'8#<%"0)%0+&@'
=,+:'7/<%'/05'#$'+7%&%'27/08%&'&*80*$*2/0+35'*)."#<%9'b\CE'educationT''V7*3%'
/../"%0+35'M%33\*0+%0+*#0%9'&+/+%'3%8*&3/+#"&'/09'&+/+%'9%./"+)%0+&'#$'education'/"%'
)/09/+*08'27/08%&'*0'b\CE'education:'+7%"%'/"%'0#'8,/"/0+%%&'#$'*)."#<*08')/++%"&@''
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
30$
V#"&%:'+7%&%'27/08%&')/5'2/,&%')#"%'7/")'+7/0'8##9@''67%'&+/>%&'/"%'<%"5'
7*87@''67%'2#0&%L,%02%&'#$')*&+/>%&'2/0'K%'9%</&+/+*08'$#"'#,"'27*39"%0'/09'#,"'$,+,"%@'
67%'$#33#M*08'L,%&+*#0&'7/<%'0#+'K%%0'/9%L,/+%35'/99"%&&%9X'
§ iR7/08%'M7/+Tj'
§ iR7/08%'7#MTj'/09'
§ ie#M'9#'5#,'know'+7%'27/08%'*&'3*>%35'+#'M#">Tj'
V%'),&+'know'M7/+'+#'27/08%'*0'#"9%"'+#'know'7#M@''V*+7#,+'knowing$M7/+'+#'
27/08%:'+7%'i7#Mj'*&'*""%3%</0+'AO"*2>:'67#).&#0'p'b#7:'EFF_H@'''V%'),&+'know'M7%+7%"'
+7%'27/08%'*&'3*>%35'+#'/22#).3*&7'+7%'8#/3'/09'+7/+'+7%'27/08%'M*33'0#+'7/<%'0%8/+*<%:'
,0*0+%09%9'%$$%2+&@''
O#"'%Q/).3%:'/++%).+&'+#'7#39'teachers'/22#,0+/K3%'$#"'student'/27*%<%)%0+'0#+'
,09%"'+7%*"'2#0+"#3')/5'9"*<%'+7%'K%&+'teachers'+#'3%/<%'+7%'."#$%&&*#0:'9,%'+#'$",&+"/+*#0'
M*+7'&,27'M#">*08'2#09*+*#0&@''1+')/5'/3&#'9*&2#,"/8%'.#+%0+*/335'8##9'teachers'$"#)'
%0+%"*08'+7%'."#$%&&*#0@''B#"%#<%":'+7%'K%&+'students')*87+'3%/<%'+7%'.,K3*2'&27##3&'+#'
/++%09'."*</+%'27/"+%"'&27##3&:'*$'+7%*"'./"%0+&'2/0'/$$#"9'*+@''67*&'M#,39'3%/<%'.,K3*2'
&27##3&'*0'.#&&*K35'M#"&%'&+"/*+&:'M*+7'+7%'3%/&+'2/./K3%'teachers'/09'3#M%&+'/27*%<*08'
students'"%)/*0*08:'/09'3%&&')#0%5'$"#)'.,K3*2'+/Q'9#33/"&'+#'&,..#"+'+7%)@'67%0'M7/+T''
N)4)"+'1-?3),'0-<%4-D194%6+,'-!"#$)*+%,-C0O#+40/-.%#,"-A,%B&0"'0-
4#)%'&27#3/"&'/"8,%'+7/+'/0'%0+*"%'./"/9*8)'27/08%'*&'0%%9%9'*0'education@''O#"'
%Q/).3%:'m%*8%3,+7'p'b/"0#..'AEFCcH'7/<%'."#)#+%9'/'<*&*#0'/09'&+"/+%8*%&'+#'8%+'
+7%"%@''67%&%'*023,9%'&*80*$*2/0+'2,""*2,3,)'%Q./0&*#0:'*09*<*9,/3*Z%9'learner\2%0+%"%9'
*0&+",2+*#0:'/09'/++/*0)%0+\K/&%9'%</3,/+*#0'#$'learningW+7/+'2#0+"/&+&'M*+7'%Q*&+*08'
+*)%\'/09'/8%\K/&%9'&+",2+,"%&'$#"')#<*08'student'8"#,.&'+7"#,87'3#2>\&+%.'8"/9%'3%<%3&@'
P&'/0#+7%"'%Q/).3%:'-,$$5'AEFFGH'*&'."#)#+*08'&5&+%)*2'27/08%'%$$#"+&@'
=,+'9#'M%'>0#M'7#M'M%33'&,27'0%M'./"/9*8)&'M*33'M#">T''67*&'9#%&'0#+')%/0'+7/+'
/'0%M'education$system'+7/+'*&'3%/"0%"\2%0+%"%9'/09'/++/*0)%0+\K/&%9'*&'
0#+'M#"+7M7*3%@''N#"'9#%&'*+')%/0'+7/+'27/08%&'+#'%Q./09'/09'"%</).'2,""*2,3,)'*0'&27##3'
/"%'0#+'0%%9%9@''1+'Y,&+')%/0&'+7/+'M%'3/2>'&#,09'knowledge'+#'."%9*2+'#,+2#)%&'#$'0%M'
9%&*80&$#$'education'systems@'
J3(-.%#,"-A,%B&0"'0-%<-!"#$)*+%,-+/-P00"0"-
P&'/0'/0/3#85:'2#0&*9%"'/0'#39'K"*98%'+7/+'*&'$/*3*08W*+'*&'&+",2+,"/335'M%/>'/09'*&'
*).%9*08'+7%'$3#M'#$'+"/$$*2@''1$'+7%'K"*98%'*&'0#+'$*Q%9:'*+'M*33'2#33/.&%'/09'<%7*23%&'M*33'
.3,08%'*0+#'+7%'"*<%"@''V7%0'%08*0%%"&'9%&*80'/'0%M'K"*98%:'+7%5',+*3*Z%'/9%L,/+%'&2*%0+*$*2'
theories@''N#'#0%'*0')#9%"0'+*)%&'M#,39'2#0&*9%"'9%&*80*08'/'0%M'K"*98%'K5'+"*/3'/09'
%""#"@''N#"'M#,39'+7%5'3%+'.#3*+*2*/0&'+"5'+#'9#'*+@'
U%+:'*0'education'M%'/"%'%&&%0+*/335'."#2%%9*08'K5'+"*/3'/09'%""#"'*0'/++%).+&'+#'
*)."#<%'educationWM7%+7%"'+*0>%"*08'/"#,09'+7%'%98%&'#"'K5'2"%/+*08'0%M'
./"/9*8)&@''V%'3/2>'&#,09'knowledge'+#')/>%'"%/&#0/K3%'."%9*2+*#0&'M7%+7%"'#"'0#+'+7%'
."#.#&%9'"%)%9*%&'M*33'$*Q'+7%'."#K3%)&'*0'education'M%'$/2%@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
31$
L+/$+9&+,0/-C0O#+40-N40$+/0-7),'#)'0-
10'9*&2*.3*0%&'M7%"%'knowledge'7/&'&*80*$*2/0+35'/9</02%9:'+7%"%'7/&'K%%0'2/"%$,3'
9%<%3#.)%0+'#$'+%")*0#3#85'&#'+7/+'"%&%/"27%"&'know'M7/+'%/27'#+7%"'*&'/2+,/335'+/3>*08'
/K#,+@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0'.75&*2&'+7%'2#02%.+&'#$'atoms'/09'molecules'/"%'23%/"35'9%$*0%9@'
(/27'atom'7/&'/'./"+*2,3/"'2#)K*0/+*#0'&,K/+#)*2'%3%)%0+&'2/33%9'electrons:'protons:'/09'
Z%"#'#"')#"%'neutrons@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0'27%)*&+"5'/'molecule'#$'water'*&'2#)."*&%9'#$'+M#'
hydrogen$atoms'/09'#0%'oxygen$atom@''P'hydrogen$atom'2#0&*&+&'#$'#0%'electron'/09'#0%'
proton@''P'&+/K3%'oxygen$atom'2#0+/*0&'%*87+'%/27'#$'electrons:'protons'/09'neutrons'A&%%'
i!"#.%"+*%&'#$'M/+%":j'0@9@H@'
P&'/0#+7%"'%Q/).3%:'*+'M/&'0#+'+7/+'3#08'/8#'+7/+'+7%'$*%39'#$')%9*2*0%'M/&'0#+'/'
9*&2*.3*0%@''67%"%'M/&'0#')%9*2/3'&2*%02%:'/&'+7%"%'0#M'*&@''P+'#0%'+*)%:'.75&*2*/0&'M#,39'
."%&2"*K%'K3##93%++*08'+#'+"%/+'/33'>*09&'#$'9*&%/&%:'M7*27'+,"0%9'#,+'+#'K%'/0'*0%$$%2+*<%'
."/2+*2%'/09'7/&'K%%0'3/"8%35'/K/09#0%9'Ai=3##93%++*08:j'0@9@H@''B/05'.%#.3%'M%"%'7/")%9'
K5'&,27'*80#"/02%@''
B%9*2*0%'/9</02%9:'*0'./"+:'K%2/,&%'"%&%/"27%"&'*0'+7%'$*%39'K%2/)%')#"%'
9*&2*.3*0%9'*0'+7%*"'*0L,*"5@''6%")&'/"%'0#M'."%2*&%35'9%$*0%9'*0')%9*2*0%@''Osteoarthritis'
9#%&'0#+')%/0'M7/+%<%"'.%#.3%'M/0+'*+'+#')%/0@''Osteoarthritis'*&'+7%'."%2*&%35'9%&2"*K%9'
)%9*2/3'+%")'$#"'/'./"+*2,3/"'9*&%/&%@''m%&%/"27%"&'/09'."/2+*+*#0%"&'*0'+7%'$*%39'#$'
)%9*2*0%'7/<%'/8"%%9'#0'M7/+'+7*&'+%")')%/0&@''67,&:'M7%0'+"%/+)%0+&'#$'+7*&'./"+*2,3/"'
9*&%/&%'/"%'*0<%&+*8/+%9:'2#).%+%0+')%9*2/3'."#$%&&*#0/3&'know'M7/+'+7%5'/"%'+/3>*08'
/K#,+@''4%%'P..%09*Q'R'$#"'/'$,"+7%"'%Q/).3%'#$'+7%'K%0%$*+'#$'."%2*&%35'9%$*0%9'+%")&'$#"'
/99"%&&*08'#K%&*+5'+7"#,87'27/08%&'*0'9*%+@'
230-P00"-<%4-N40$+/0-7),'#)'0-+,-!"#$%&%'(--
10'+7%'$*%39'#$'education:'&,27'."%2*&%'+%")*0#3#85'7/&'0#+'K%%0'9%<%3#.%9',0+*3'
0#M@''4+%*0%"'ACGDD:'CG`_:'CG``H'7/&'3#08'/"8,%9'+7/+'&,27'+%")*0#3#85'*&'&#"%35'0%%9%9'
$#"'+7%'$*%39'+#'/9</02%:'/09'7/&'."#.#&%9'+7%'+%"):'educology'+#')%/0'Iknowledge'#$'
education’@''''
=/&*2'+%")&'#$'educology'7/<%'0#M'K%%0'9%$*0%9X'learning:'knowing:'signs:'education'
system:'teaching-studenting$processes:'teaching-studenting$structures'/09')/05'#+7%"&@''67%'
9%$*0*+*#0&'/"%'/</*3/K3%'+#'/33'/+'+7%'Educology'V%K&*+%'
/+X''7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^83#&&/"5@7+)3@'
P'&+/09/"9'<#2/K,3/"5'M*33'3%/9'+#'/9</02%&'*0'educology'+7/+:'*0'+,"0:'M*33'7%3.'
*)."#<%'educationW+7/+'*&:'9%<%3#.'worthwhile'education'$#"'%<%"5#0%@'''S0%'%Q/).3%'+7/+'
7/&'K%0%$*+%9'$"#)'+7*&'&+/09/"9'<#2/K,3/"5'*&'61('theory'AO"*2>:'EFC`H@''67%'theory'#$'
totally$integrated'education'A61(H',&%&'+%")*0#3#85'/09'9%$*0*+*#0&'$"#)'educology'/&'
%Q.3*2/+%9'7%"%@''61('theory'."%9*2+&'+7/+'student'mental$structures'M*33'K%'stronger'/09'3%&&'
vulnerable'+#'disconnection'M7%0'learning'/2+*<*+*%&'7%3.'students'+#'*0+%8"/+%'knowing$that$
one:'knowing$how:'/09'knowing$that'+7"#,87'/,+7%0+*2'+/&>&'A&%%'
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^*0+%8"/+%9a%/"0*08@7+)3H@'
67%'2,""%0+'27/.+%"'/09'+7%'Educology'V%K&*+%'&%"<%'/&'/'K%8*00*08@''R#02%.+&'$"#)'
educology'/33#M',&'+#'+/3>:'.3/0:'2#09,2+'"%&%/"27:'/09'+7*0>')#"%'2#0&+",2+*<%35'/09'
23%/"35'/K#,+'education'systems'/09'27/08%@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
32$
@$I,%B&0"'010,*/-
1'/)'%&.%2*/335'*09%K+%9'+#'3*$%+*)%&'#$'+7%#"%+*2/3'M#">'K5'(3*Z/K%+7'4+%*0%":']%#"8%'
B/22*/:'4+/03%5']"%%0&./0:'R7/"3%&'4/09%"&'!%*"2%:'/09'f#70'-%M%5@''67%5'),&+'K%'
/2>0#M3%98%9'/&'&27#3/"35'8*/0+&',.#0'M7#&%'&7#,39%"&')5'+7*0>*08'/K#,+'educology'7/&'
K%%0'$#,09%9@''P$+%"'$*<%'9%2/9%&'#$'"%&%/"27:'1'7/<%'/++%).+%9'+#'i.,+'*+'/33'+#8%+7%"j'*0'
+7*&'27/.+%"'#0'educology@'
13. References&&
=/*3#":'f@'AEFCdH@''The$calorie$myth@''''N%M'U#">:'NUX''e/".%"V/<%@'
=/+%&#0:']@'ACGDGH@''Mind$and$nature@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''(@'!@'-,++#0@'
=3##93%++*08'A0@9@H@'10'Wikipedia@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''
7++.X^^%0@M*>*.%9*/@#"8^M*>*^=3##93%++*08''
="*2>3*0:'-@'AEFCgH@''h*&*R/32X''10$#")/+*#0'$"#)'*+&'2"%/+#"&:'-/0'="*2>3*0'/09'=#K'
O"/0>&+#0@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''7++.X^^MMM@K"*2>3*0@2#)^<*&*2/32@7+)''
="#M0:'-@']@'ACGDFH@''b0#M*08'7#M'/09'>0#M*08'+7/+:'M7/+@''10']@'!*+27%"'/09'S@'
V##9'A(9&@H:'Ryle:$$A'Collection$of$critical$essays'A..@'ECc\Eg`H@'']/"9%0'R*+5:'NUX''
-#,K3%9/5@'
R#"0$#"9:'O@'B@'A+"/0&3/+#":'CGgdH@''The$Republic$of$Plato@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''SQ$#"9'
;0*<%"&*+5'!"%&&@'
-%M%5:'f@'ACGC_H@''Democracy$and$education@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''67%'O"%%'!"%&&@'
-,$$5:'O@''AEFFG:'(9@H@''67%'42/"%2"#M'(9,2/+*#0'4%"*%&'#0'a%/9*08'427##3'
1)."#<%)%0+@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X'
7++.X^^MMM@+7%$)9,$$58"#,.@2#)^.,K3*2/+*#0&^&%"*%&@7+)3''
(/9%&:'B@'m@'p'(/9%&:'B@-@'ACGG_H@''Protein$power@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''=/0+/)'=##>&@'
(/83%)/0:'-@'AEFCdH@''The$brain@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''!/0+7%#0'=##>&@'''
(9,2#3#85''V%K&*+%'AEFCDH@''Knowledge$of$education@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,''
(&+%.:'B@'AEFFcH@''A$theory$of$immediate$awareness:$$Self-organization$and$
adaptation$in$natural$intelligence@''=#&+#0:'BPX''''b3,M%"'P2/9%)*2'!,K3*&7%"&@'
(&+%.:'B@'AEFF_H@''Self-organizing$natural$intelligence:$$Issues$of$knowing,$meaning$
and$complexity.$$-#"9"%27+:'67%'N%+7%"3/09&X''4."*08%"@'
O%9%"/+*<%'R#))*++%%'#0'P0/+#)*2/3'6%")*0#3#85'ACGG`H@''Terminologia$
anatomicaX''International$anatomical$terminology@'''4+,++8/"+:']%")/05X''67*%)%@'
O"*2>:'6@'V@'ACGGDH@''P"+*$*2*/335'*0+%33*8%0+'+,+#"*08'systemsX''V7/+'2#).,+%"&'2/0'
/09'2/0J+'know@''Journal$of$Educational$Computing$Research,$16AEH:'CFD\CEg@'
O"*2>:'6@'V@'AEFC`H@''67%'theory'#$'+#+/335'*0+%8"/+%9'educationX''61(@''10'f@'B@'4.%2+#":'
=@'=@'a#2>%%:'/09'B@'-@'R7*39"%&&'AS<%"&*87+'(9&@H:'Learning,$Design,$and$Technology:$An$
International$Compendium$of$Theory,$Research,$Practice$and$Policy'Ah#3@'CHX''Learning$$
theory$and$the$learning$sciences'Af@'(3%0:'h#3@'%9@H@''
O"*2>:'6@:'67#).&#0:'b@:'p'b#7:'f@'AEFF_H@'!"%9*2+*08'%9,2/+*#0'&5&+%)'#,+2#)%&X'P'
&2*%0+*$*2'/.."#/27@'10'B@'4*)#0&#0'A(9@H:'!"#2%%9*08&'#$'+7%'P&&#2*/+*#0'$#"'(9,2/+*#0/3'
R#)),0*2/+*#0'/09'6%270#3#85:'-/33/&:'6—@''
]%/27:'!@'ACG_gH@''Mental$acts.$$N%M'U#">:'NUX''67%'e,)/0*&+*2'!"%&&@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
33$
]#3%)/0:'-@'AEFCCH@''The$brain$and$emotional$intelligence:$$New$insights$Ab*093%'(9@H.$$
N#"+77/).+#0:'BPX''B#"%'67/0'4#,09'aaR@'
]"%%0&./0:'4@'1@'p'=%09%"35:'=@'a@'ACGGDH@''The$growth$of$the$mind$and$the$endangered$
origins$of$intelligence.$$m%/9*08:'BPX''P99*&#0\V%&3%5@'
]"%%0&./0:'4@'1@'p'47/0>%":'4@']@'AEFFgH@''The$first$idea:$$How$symbols,$language,$and$
intelligence$evolved$from$our$primate$ancestors$to$modern$humans.$$R/)K"*98%:'BPX''-/'
R/.#'!"%&&'Ab*093%'%9*+*#0H@'
e%00%K%"8:'B@'ACGG`H@''(<#3,+*#0'#$'+7%'7,)/0'K"/*0X''1&'K*88%"'K%++%"T''Clinical$and$
Experimental$Pharmacology$and$Physiology,$25AGH:'Dgd\DgG@'
e,&&%"3:'(@'ACG_dH@''Phenomenology$and$the$crisis$of$philosophy'A+"/0&3/+%9'K5't@'
a/,%"H@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''e/".%"R#33*0&'6#"27K##>@'
b/09%3:'(@'m@'ACG`GH@'']%0%&:'0%"<%'2%33&:'/09'+7%'"%)%)K"/02%'#$'+7*08&'./&+@''
Journal$of$Neuropsychiatry,$1AEH:'CFc\CEd@'
b/09%3:'(@'m@'AEFFCH@''67%')#3%2,3/"'K*#3#85'#$')%)#"5'&+#"/8%X''P'9*/3#8,%'K%+M%%0'
8%0%&'/09'&50/.&%&@''Science,$294,$CFcF\CFc`@'
b/0+:'1@'ACD`dH@''Grounding$for$the$metaphysics$of$morals$Ac"9'%9@:'+"/0&3/+%9'K5'f@'V@'
(33*08+#0:'CGGcH@''109*/0/.#3*&:'1NX''e/2>%++'!,K3*&7*08.
a,&+*8:'m@'AEFFGH@''Sugar:$$The$bitter$truth@'';0*<%"&*+5'#$'R/3*$#"0*/'6h@''m%+"*%<%9'
$"#)'7++.X^^MMM@,2+<@+<^&7#M&^4,8/"\67%\=*++%"\6",+7\C_DCD'
B/22*/:'(@'4+%*0%"'ACG_gH@''a#8*2'#$'education'/09'#$'%9,2/+#3#85X''-*)%0&*#0&'#$'
.7*3#&#.75'#$'%9,2/+*#0@'''!"#2%%9*08&'#$'+7%'6M%0+*%+7'P00,/3'+7%'!7*3#&#.75'#$'
(9,2/+*#0'4#2*%+5@'
B/22*/:']@'4@'ACG`_H@''m*87+'#.*0*#0'/09'!%*"2%J&'theory'#$'signs@''!/.%"'."%&%0+%9'/+'
+7%'4%)*#+*2'4+,9*%&'O/2,3+5'4%)*0/"@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^B/22*/^m*87+S.*0*#0P09!%*"2%&67%#"5S$4*80&™]4B/22*/CG
`D@.9$'
B/22*/:'(@'4@:'p'B/22*/:']@'4@'ACG__H@'Development$of$educational$theory$derived$from$
three$educational$theory$models'A$*0/3'"%.#"+:'."#Y%2+'0#@'d\F_c`H@'V/&7*08+#0:'-RX';@4@'
-%./"+)%0+'#$'e%/3+7:'(9,2/+*#0:'/09'V%3$/"%@'
B/22*/:']@'4@'ACG`DH@'']%0%+*2'%.*&+%)#3#85'#$'*0+%33*8%0+'0/+,"/3'systems@''Systems$
Research,$4AcH:'ECc\EC`@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''
7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,^B/22*/^R#""%&.#09%02%™]%0%+*2(.*&+%)#3#85S$10+%33*8%0+N
/+,"/345&+%)&CG`D@.9$'
B/22*/:']@'4@'ACG``H@'']%0%+*2'%.*&+%)#3#85'#$'*0+%33*8%0+'0/+,"/3'&5&+%)&X''
!"#.#&*+*#0/3:'."#2%9,"/3'/09'.%"$#")/+*<%'*0+%33*8%02%@''!/.%"'."%&%0+%9'/+'e/08Z7#,'
;0*<%"&*+5:'R7*0/@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''
7++.X^^educology@*09*/0/@%9,^B/22*/^]%0%+*2(.*&+%)#3#85S$10+%33*8%0+45&+%)&™."#.#&*+*
#0/3!"#2%9,"/3!%"$#")/+*<%10+%33*8%02%CG``@.9$''
B2b*03%5:'B@'!@:'SJa#,873*0:'h@'-@'p'=*93%:'6@'4@'AEFC_H@''Anatomy$&$Physiology:$$An$
integrative$approach'AE09'(9@H@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''B2]"/M\e*33'(9,2/+*#0@'
B#3%09/:'B@:'p'm*2%:'f@'B@'ACGDGH@''4*),3/+*#0'"%<*%MX''67%'-*$$,&*#0'4*),3/+*#0'
]/)%@''!"#9,2%9'/09'9*&+"*K,+%9'K5'+7%';0*<%"&*+5'R#0&#"+*,)'$#"'10&+",2+*#0/3'
-%<%3#.)%0+'/09'6%270#3#85'A;R1-6H@''Simulation$and$Games,$10AgH:'gdG\g_D@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
34$
B#,"&7%9:'B@:'R7*Y*#>%:'R@'p'=/"K%":'B@'AEFCFH@''How$the$world’s$most$improved$
school$systems$keep$getting$better@''a#09#0X''B2b*0&%5'p'R#@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''
7++.X^^&&#)2>*0&%5@9/"K5$*3)&@2#)^"%.#"+&^&27##3&^e#M\+7%\V#"39&\B#&+\1)."#<%9\
427##3\45&+%)&\b%%.\]%++*08\=%++%"™-#M03#/9\<%"&*#0™O*0/3@.9$'
N/+*#0/3'R%0+%"'$#"'e%/3+7'4+/+*&+*2&'AEFCdH@'!"%</3%02%'#$'SK%&*+5'P)#08'P9,3+&'
/09'U#,+7X';0*+%9'4+/+%&:'EFCCnEFCg@'R%0+%"&'$#"'-*&%/&%'R#0+"#3'/09'!"%<%0+*#0@''
m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''7++.&X^^MMM@292@8#<^027&^."#9,2+&^9/+/K"*%$&^9KECG@7+)''
!%*"2%:'R@'4@'AC`DDH@''67%'$*Q/+*#0'#$'K%3*%$@''10'f@'=,273%"'A(9@H:'The$philosophic$
writings$of$Peirce.$$N%M'U#">X''-#<%"'!,K3*2/+*#0&:'CGdd:'d\EE@'
!%*"2%:'R@'4@'ACGcCH@''Collected$papers,$Vol.$I,$Principles$of$philosophy'AR@'e/"+&7#"0%'p'
!@'V%*&&:'(9&@H@''R/)K"*98%:'BPX''e/"</"9';0*<%"&*+5'!"%&&@'
!%*"2%:'R@'4@'ACGcEH@''Collected$papers,$Vol.$II,$Elements$of$logic'AR@'e/"+&7#"0%'p'!@'
V%*&&:'(9&@H@''R/)K"*98%:'BPX''e/"</"9';0*<%"&*+5'!"%&&@'
!%*"2%:'R@'4@'ACGcgH@''Collected$papers,$Vol.$V,$Pragmatism$and$pragmaticism$AR@'
e/"+&7#"0%'p'!@'V%*&&:'(9&@H@''R/)K"*98%:'BPX''e/"</"9';0*<%"&*+5'!"%&&@'
!#35/0*:'B@'ACG_EH@'Personal$knowledge:$$Towards$a$post-critical$philosophy@''R7*2/8#:'
1aX';0*<%"&*+5'#$'R7*2/8#'!"%&&@'
m%*8%3,+7:'R@'B@'p'b/"0#..:'f@'m@'AEFCcH@''Reinventing$schools:$$It’s$time$to$break$the$
mold@''a/07/):'B-X''m#)/0'/09'a*++3%$*%39'(9,2/+*#0@'
m53%:']@'ACGdGH@''The$concept$of$mind.$$N%M'U#">:$NUX''=/"0%&'/09'N#K3%@'
427%$$3%":'1@'ACG_dH@''Conditions$of$knowledge.$$]3%0<*%M:'1aX''42#++\O#"%&)/0@'
4%))%3M%*&:'1@'!@'AEFF`H@'10'Encyclopædia$Britannica.'m%+"*%<%9'$"#)'(02523#.š9*/'
="*+/00*2/'S03*0%X'7++.X^^&%/"27@%K@2#)^%K^/"+*23%\GF__DEc'
47#"+:'6@'a@'AEFFDH@''Peirce’s$theory$of$signs.$$N%M'U#">:'NUX''R/)K"*98%';0*<%"&*+5'
!"%&&@'
4L,*"%:'a@'m@'p'b/09%3:'(@'m@'ACGGGH@''Memory:$$From$mind$to$molecules.$$N%M'U#">:'
NUX''e%0"5'e#3+'/09'R#@'
4+%9)/0:'6@'a@$AEFF_H@$$Stedman’s$medical$dictionary'AE`+7'(9@H@'''=/3+*)#"%:'B-X''
a*..*02#++:'V*33*/)&'p'V*3>*0&@'
4+%*0%":'(@'ACGDDH@''(9,2#3#85X''1+&'#"*8*0'/09'$,+,"%@''(m1R'9#2,)%0+'N#@'(-CgCEFC@'
4+%*0%":'(@'ACG`_H@''R"*&*&'*0'%9,2#3#85@''10'f@'(@'R7"*&+%0&%0'A(9@H:'(9,2#3#85'`_@''
!"#2%%9*08&'#$'/'R#0$%"%02%'#0'(9,2/+*#0/3'm%&%/"27'/09'-%<%3#.)%0+'M*+7'/0'
(9,2/+*#0/3'!%"&.%2+*<%:'/+'P,&+"/3*/0'N/+*#0/3';0*<%"&*+5:'R/0K%""/:'f,35'CF\CE'A..@'EEC\
EEDH@''4590%5:'P,&+"/3*/X''(9,2#3#85'm%&%/"27'P&&#2*/+%&@'
4+%*0%":'(@'ACG``H@''Methodology$of$theory$building@''4590%5:'P,&+"/3*/X''(9,2#3#85'
m%&%/"27'P&&#2*/+%&@'
4+%*0%":'(@'AEFFGH@''(+7*2/3'+7%#"5'Aa%2+,"%'0#+%&H@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)'
7++.&X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k+%9$"*2>^&+%*0%"^(+7*2/3›EF67%#"5@.9$''
6/,K%&:']@'AEFC_H@''The$case$against$sugar@''N%M'U#">:'NUX''P3$"%9'P@'b0#.$@'
67#).&#0:'b@'m@'AEFF_/H@''i]%0%"/3'&5&+%)j'9%$*0%9'$#"'."%9*2+*<%'+%270#3#8*%&'#$'P\
]4=6'APQ*#)/+*2']%0%"/3'45&+%)&'=%7/<*#"/3'67%#"5H@''Scientific$Inquiry$Journal,$7ACH:'C\CC@'
67#).&#0:'b@'m@'AEFF_KH@''PQ*#)/+*2'+7%#"*%&'#$'*0+%0+*#0/3'systemsX''B%+7#9#3#85'
#$'+7%#"5'2#0&+",2+*#0@''Scientific$Inquiry$Journal,$7ACH:'Cc\Eg@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
35$
67#).&#0:'b@'m@'AEFF`H@''ATIS$graph$theory@'''R#3,)K,&:'SeX''45&+%)&'!"%9*2+*<%'
6%270#3#8*%&@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)X''
7++.&X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+$"*2>^#<%"<*%M^"%.#"+&^CCP6148"/.7+7%#"5@.9$'
67#).&#0:'b@'m@'AEFCGH@''P614'83#&&/"5@''m%+"*%<%9'$"#)'''
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^'
</0'B%""*o0K#%":'f@'f@'p'b*"&270%":'!@'P@'AEFCcH@''Ten$steps$to$complex$learning:$$A$
systematic$approach$to$four-component$instructional$design.$$N%M'U#">:'NUX''m#,+3%98%@'
<#0'=%"+/3/0$$5:'a@'ACGdF/H@''P0'#,+3*0%'#$'8%0%"/3'&5&+%)'+7%#"5.$$British$Journal$for$
the$Philosophy$of$Science,$1AEH:'Ccg\C_d@'
<#0'=%"+/3/0$$5:'a@'ACGdFKH@'']%0%"/3'&5&+%)'+7%#"5X''P'0%M'/.."#/27'+#',0*+5'#$'
&2*%02%@''Human$Biology,$23AgH:'cFE\cCE@'
<#0'=%"+/3/0$$5:'a@'ACGDEH@''67%'7*&+#"5'/09'&+/+,&'#$'8%0%"/3'&5&+%)&'+7%#"5:'10']@'f@'
b3*"'A(9@H:'Trends$in$general$systems$theory:'..@'EC\gC@''a#09#0X''V*3%5@''
h"%%)/0:'m@'p']"%%0%:']@'AEFFDH@''B%9*2/3')5+7&'%<%0'9#2+#"&'K%3*%<%@''British$
Medical$Journal,$335AD_ccH:'CE``\CE`G@'
U/ZZ*%\B*0+Z:'(@'AEFFDH@'h#*2%&'#$'&+,9%0+&'#0'%08/8%)%0+X'P'"%.#"+'#0'+7%'EFF_'
7*87'&27##3'&,"<%5'#$'student'%08/8%)%0+@'m%+"*%<%9'$"#)'
7++.X^^MMM@%"*2@%9@8#<^!-O4^(-gGdDd`@.9$'
14. Appendix&A:&&Defined&and&Undefined&Terms&in&!"#$%&%'(&&
L0<+,+*+%,/-%<->)/+$-2041/--
10'#"9%"'+#'%Q.3*2/+%'theory:'*+'*&'0%2%&&/"5'+#'9%$*0%'+%")&@''''4+%*0%"'ACG``H'&+/+%&'*+'
+7*&'M/5X'
l'M7%0'#0%'&%+&'$#"+7'+7%'+%")&'#$'+7%'theory'/09'+7%*"'9%$*0*+*#0&:'9%&2"*.+*<%'
)%+/.75&*2&'*&'."%&%0+%9l@'-%&2"*.+*<%')%+/.75&*2&'*&'/'9*<*&*#0'#$'+7%'.7%0#)%0/'
M7*27'/"%'+7%'#KY%2+'#$'+7%#"*Z*08W+7%'systemW&#'+7/+'/'&%+'#$'9%&2"*.+#"&'
27/"/2+%"*Z*08'+7%'systems'."#.%"+*%&'%)%"8%&@''6#'9#'+7*&:'+7%')%+/.75&*2*/0'),&+'
."#<*9%'/'&%+'#$'23/&&'+%")&'$#"'27/"/2+%"*Z*08'%/27'/09'%<%"5'2#).#0%0+'#$'+7%'systeml@'
67%"%$#"%:'23/&&*$*2/+*#0'*&'K/&*2'+#'9%&2"*.+*<%')%+/.75&*2&@'
e#M%<%":'23/&&*$*2/+*#0'/3M/5&'*0<#3<%&'9%$*0*+*#0@''P'23/&&'+%")'9%0#+%&'/33'+7%'
./"+*2,3/"&'+#'M7*27'+7%'+%")'*&'/..3*2/K3%'A+7%'%Q+%0&*#0'#$'+7%'+%")H'/09'2#00#+%&'+7%'
27/"/2+%"*&+*2&'+7/+'/'./"+*2,3/"'),&+'7/<%'*0'#"9%"'$#"'+7%'+%")'+#'K%'/..3*2/K3%'+#'*+'
A+7%'*0+%0&*#0'#$'+7%'+%")H@''A4+%*0%":'CG``:'.@'_g:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
4+%*0%"'."#<*9%&'2"*+%"*/'$#"'%</3,/+*08'9%&2"*.+*<%'theoryX''%Q/2+0%&&:'%Q23,&*<*+5:'
%Q7/,&+*<%0%&&:'%Q+%"0/3'2#7%"%02%:'%Q+%09*K*3*+5:'%L,*</3%02%:'27/*0*08'/09'&,K&+*+,+*#0'
A..@'_g\DgH@''-%&2"*.+*<%'theory'*&'0%2%&&/"5'$#"'K,*39*08'/'$#,09/+*#0'K%$#"%'%Q.3/0/+#"5'
theory'2/0'K%'%Q.3*2/+%9@'
O,09/)%0+/3'+#'educology'/"%'+7%'$#33#M*08'9%$*0%9'+%")&'Aœ-$''*&'"%/9'/&'*&'9%$*0%9'
/&HX'
Mental$structures-$''affect-relations'M7*27'2#0&+*+,+%'*0+%33*8%02%'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
36$
Learning$œ-$'*02"%/&*08'#$'complexity'#$'/'.%"&#0•&'mental$structure'A$#"'
65.%&'C'n'CEH'
Learner-$'''.%"&#0'M7#&%'<#3*+*#0'*&'learning''
Forgetting-$'9%2"%/&*08'#$'complexity'#$'/'.%"&#0•&'mental$structure'
67%&%'/09'#+7%"'+%")&'/"%'9%$*0%9'/+'7++.X^^%9,2#3#85@*09*/0/@%9,@''67*&'M%K&*+%'
."#<*9%&'9%$*0*+*#0&'#$'+7%&%'+%")&'/09')#"%@''1+'*&'%/&*%"'+#'$#33#M'+7%'27/*0&'#$'9%$*0*+*#0&'
#0'+7%'M%K&*+%'K5'23*2>*08'#0'+7%'75.%"3*0>&@''V#"9&'*0'+7*&'27/.+%"'M7*27'/"%'*+/3*2*Z%9'/09'
,09%"3*0%9'/"%'9%$*0%9'%3&%M7%"%'K5'67#).&#0'AEFCGH'/09'*0'+7%'P614']3#&&/"5'/+'
7++.X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k/.+/2^83#&&/"5^'A%@8@:'affect-relations:'complexity:'systemH@'
1'7/<%'K%%0'9*&2,&&*08'mental$structure'/K#<%:'/09'0#M'1'),&+'K%')#"%'."%2*&%@''1'
+/>%'&#)%'9%$*0*+*#0&'7%"%'$"#)'general'system'theory:'/09'*0'./"+*2,3/":'PQ*#)/+*2'
67%#"*%&'#$'10+%0+*#0/3'45&+%)&'A67#).&#0:'EFF_/:'K['EFF`['EFCGH@''''Affect-relations'/"%'
+7%'2#00%2+*#0&'/)#08'2#).#0%0+&'#$'/'system:'/09'complexity'*&'+7%'0,)K%"'#$'
2#00%2+*#0&@''67,&:'learning'*&'9%$*0%9'/&'*02"%/&*08'+7%'0,)K%"'#$'2#00%2+*#0&'*0'/'#0%J&'
mental$structure@''67*&'*&'2#0&*&+%0+'M*+7'M7/+'b/09%3'ACG`GH'7/&'2#023,9%9'#0'/'K*#3#8*2/3'
3%<%3:'23/*)*08'+7/+'3#08\+%")')%)#"5'*&'i/&&#2*/+%9'M*+7'8"#M+7'*0'&50/.+*2'2#00%2+*#0&'
q/)#08'0%,"#0&rj'A.@'CCdH:'/09'+7/+'ilearning$."#9,2%&'%09,"*08'27/08%&'*0'&+",2+,"%'/09'
$,02+*#0'#$'&50/.&%&j'A.@'CEC:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H@''B%0+/3'&+",2+,"%&'2/0'K%'$#")%9'$#"'"*87+'/09'
M"#08'#.*0*#0&:'$#"'%$$%2+*<%:'*0%$$%2+*<%:'%+7*2/3'/09',0%+7*2/3'2#09,2+:'/09'$#"'+",%'#"'$/3&%'
K%3*%$&@'''
67%'K*#3#8*2/3'%Q.3/0/+*#0'#$'27/08%&'*0'+7%'7,)/0'0%"<#,&'system'*&'0#+'./"+'#$'
educology@''Educology'/&&%"+&'+7/+'7,)/0&'$#")'mental$structures'/&'+7%5'learn@''6#',&%'
4+%*0%"J&'2"*+%"*#0:'+7%"%'*&'%Q+%"0/3'2#7%"%02%@''67*&'9%$*0*+*#0'#$'learning'*0'educology'7/&'
%Q+%"0/3'2#7%"%02%'M*+7'0%,"#K*#3#8*2/3'knowledge@'''
5,"0<+,0"-2041/-
4#)%'+%")&'*0'/'theory'),&+'"%)/*0',09%$*0%9'A4+%*0%":'CG``H@''-%$*0*+*#0&'2#,39'8#'
#0'ad$infinitum'*$'+7%"%'/"%'0#'."*)*+*<%'+%")&@'67*&'*&'+#'/<#*9'2*"2,3/"*+5'*0'9%$*0*+*#0&:'/&'
M%33'/&'*0$*0*+%'"%8"%&&@'';09%$*0%9'+%")&'$#33#MX''intelligence,$think,$feel,$intend,$believe,$
perceive,$guide,$person,$good,$object$(thing),$course$of$action$(conduct),$end$(goal).'
=%40-L0<+,+*+%,/-%<-2041/-+,-!"#$%&%'(--
67%'9#)/*0'#$'7,)/0'learning'*&'&7#M0'/&'/'h%00'9*/8"/)'*0'O*8,"%'C:'M7*27'
*33,&+"/+%&'9%$*0%9'+%")&'+7/+'*023,9%'intended'learning:'guided'learning:'education:'effective'
education'/09'worthwhile'education@'''O*8,"%&'C@C'+7"#,87'C@Cc'*33,&+"/+%'<*/'&7/9*08&'*0'+7%'
h%00'9*/8"/)'7#M'+7%&%'+%")&'/"%'"%3/+%9'K,+'5%+'9*&+*02+@'
Accidental$learning$œ-$'learning'M7*27'*&'0%*+7%"'guided'0#"'intended'A&%%'
O*8,"%'C@CH'
Discovery$learning$œ-$'learning'M7*27'*&'intended'K,+'unguided'A&%%'O*8,"%'
C@`H'
Compelled$learning$œ-$'learning'M7*27'*&'0#+'intended'K,+'guided'A&%%'O*8,"%'
C@CFH'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
37$
Conducive$learning$œ-$'education-$'learning'M7*27'*&'K#+7'intended'/09'
guided'A&%%'O*8,"%'C@gH'
Student-$''/'.%"&#0'M7#'*0+%09&'+#'learn'content'M*+7'/'teacher'
Teacher-$'/'.%"&#0'M7#'*0+%09&'+#'8,*9%'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0J&'learning''
Teaching$œ-$'/'teacher'8,*9*08'/0#+7%"'.%"&#0J&'learning'A&%%'O*8,"%'C@EH'
Sign$œ-$'representamen-$'i&#)%+7*08'M7*27'&+/09&'+#'&#)%K#95'$#"'
&#)%+7*08'*0'&#)%'"%&.%2+'#"'2/./2*+5l@'%<%"5'"%."%&%0+/)%0'K%*08'+7,&'
2#00%2+%9'M*+7'+7"%%'+7*08&:'+7%'8"#,09:'+7%'#KY%2+:'/09'+7%'*0+%"."%+/0+j'
A&%%'!%*"2%:'CGcE:'E@EE`H'
o 10+%"."%+/0+'œ-$'/'sign'9%"*<%9'K5'/'.%"&#0'/&'/')%0+/3'2#0&+",2+'+7/+'
*&'/'"%."%&%0+/)%0'#$'+7%'%L,*</3%0+'%Q+%"0/3'sign:'M7*27'"%3/+%&'+#'/0'
#KY%2+'
Content-$'#KY%2+&'/09'signs$#$'#KY%2+&'&%3%2+%9'$#"'student'learning''
Context-$'system$environment'#$'teacher'/09'student'+7/+'2#0+/*0&'content''
Education$system-$'intentional$system'2#0&*&+*08'#$'/+'3%/&+'#0%'teacher'/09'
#0%'student'*0'/'context'
Knowing-$'mental$structures'M7*27'2#0&*&+'#$'M/""/0+%9'K%3*%$&:'"*87+'
#.*0*#0&:'/09'2/./K*3*+*%&'$#"'.%"$#")/02%'A4%%'O*8,"%'gH'
o Knowing$that$oneX''mental$structures'$#"'"*87+'#.*0*#0'/K#,+'Q:'+7%'
#KY%2+'#$'>0#M*08'
§ RecognitiveX''&%3%2+'+7%',0*L,%'Q'$"#)'0#+\Q'/09'0#+\Q'$"#)'Q.'''
§ AcquaintiveX''*9%0+*$5'"%3/+*#0&'9%+%")*0/+%'#$'+7%',0*L,%'Q.'
§ AppreciativeX''*9%0+*$5'"%3/+*#0&'/.."#."*/+%'#$'+7%',0*L,%'Q.'
o Knowing$howX''mental$structures'$#"'%$$%2+*<%'.%"$#")/02%'
§ ProtocolicX''+/>%'#0%'./+7'+#'8#/3@'
§ AdaptiveX''+/>%'/3+%"0/+*<%'./+7&'+#'8#/3:'27##&*08'#"'2#)K*0*08'
./+7&'K/&%9'#0'&.%2*$*2'2#09*+*#0&@'
§ CreativeX''*00#</+%'#"'*0<%0+'/'0%M'M/5'+#'"%/27'/0'%Q*&+*08'#"'
0%M'8#/3@'
o Knowing$thatX''mental$structures'$#"'K%3*%$&'M/""/0+%9'K5'disciplined$
inquiry'
§ InstantialX''23/&&*$*2/+*#0'#$'#KY%2+&'#$'+7%'&/)%'>*09.'
§ RelationalX''"/+*#0/3'%Q.3/0/+*#0'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'K%+M%%0'>*09&'
#$'#KY%2+&@'
§ CriterialX''"/+*#0/3'Y,98)%0+'#$'>*09&'#$'#KY%2+&'/09'+7%*"'
"%3/+*#0&'/22#"9*08'+#'/'0#")@'
Knowledge-$'"%2#"9%9'signs'#$'knowing-$'."%&%"</+*#0'#$'signs$+7/+'
"%."%&%0+'M7/+'*&'>0#M0'*0'&#)%')%9*,)'%Q+%"0/3'+#'>0#M%"''
Disciplined$inquiry-$'"*8#"#,&'"%&%/"27'œ-$'learning'M7*27'*&'"%8,3/+%9'K5'
2"*+%"*/'$#"'2"%/+*08'&2*%0+*$*2:'."/Q*#3#8*2/3:'/09'.7*3#&#.7*2/3'knowledge@''
A4%%'O*8,"%'C@G@H'
Instrumentally$good-$')%/0&'+7/+'/"%'8##9'$#"'/0'%09'A8#/3H'
o Means-$'2#,"&%'#$'/2+*#0:'/'M/5'+#'"%/27'/0'%09'A8#/3H'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
38$
Intrinsically$good-$')%/0&'#"'%09&'+7/+'/"%'8##9'*0'+7%)&%3<%&:'0#+'M*+7'
"%&.%2+'+#'+7%*"'*0&+",)%0+/3'8##90%&&'
Effective$education-$'education'+7/+'*&'instrumentally$good$A4+%*0%":'CG``:'
..@'C_\CDH'A4%%'O*8,"%'C@d@H'
Effective$bad$education-$'education'+7/+'*&'instrumentally$good'K,+'0#+'
intrinsically$good'A4%%'O*8,"%'C@CE@H'
Worthwhile$education-$'education'+7/+'*&'K#+7'instrumentally'/09'
intrinsically$good'A4+%*0%":'CG``:'.@'CDH'A4%%'O*8,"%'C@D@H'
Totally$integrated$education-$'education'+7/+'"%&,3+&'*0'student'completely-
connected'knowing:'intention'/09'emotion@''4%%'O"*2>'AEFC`H@'
15. Appendix&B:&&Examples&of&Kinds&of&A,%B+,'-&
A,%B+,'-23)*-F,0-
a%+',&',&%'+7%'&5)K#3'Q'+#'"%."%&%0+'/0'#KY%2+:'/09'/'&,K&2"*.+'+#'*09%Q'%/27',0*L,%'
#KY%2+@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*0'O*8,"%'c:'3%+',&',&%'Q1$/&'/'$,"+7%"'sign'$#"'"%."%&%0+*08'+7%'&2"%%0\
.#"27\K,*3+\K5\6%9\*0\CGGc['Q2'"%."%&%0+&'+7%',0*L,%'.%"&#0'67%#9#"/['/09'Q3'"%."%&%0+&'
+7%',0*L,%'.%"&#0'B*8,%3@'''e#M'2/0'M%'+%33'*$'&#)%#0%'2/0'recognize'Q1,$+7/+'*&:'>0#M&\
+7/+\#0%\Q1T''P22#"9*08'+#'B/22*/'ACG`DH:'+7%'2#80*+*#0'*&'#$'i0#0%'#+7%"@j''6#'"%2#80*Z%'Q1,$
"%L,*"%&'+7/+'*+'K%'9*&2%"0%9'$"#)'/33'%3&%@''6#'&%3%2+'Q1$$"#)'0#+\$Q1,$/09'+#'&%3%2+'0#+\$Q1'
$"#)'Q1:'*&'+#'recognize$Q1.$$$
Recognitive$knowing$that$one$$$
m%2#80*+*#0'*&'/'$,09/)%0+/3'2#80*+*<%'/2+@''1+'*&'"%L,*"%9'$#"'*9%0+*$*2/+*#0'#$'%/27'
,0*L,%'#KY%2+@''1+'*&'+7%'2#80*+*<%'/2+'+7/+'*&'"%L,*"%9'#$'/'M*+0%&&'*0'/'2#,"+'#$'3/M'M7#'*&'
/&>%9'+#'*9%0+*$5'+7%'9%$%09/0+'/&'+7%'#0%'+7%'M*+0%&&'#K&%"<%9'+#'2#))*+'+7%'2"*)%@''67%'
M*+0%&&'#0'+7%'&+/09'*&'/&>%9'K5'+7%'3/M5%"'+#'&%3%2+'Qi'$"#)'/33'%3&%:'M7%"%'Qi'*&'+7/+\#0%'
,0*L,%'*09*<*9,/3@''V7%0'+7%'&%3%2+*#0'*&'2#""%2+'#"'/22,"/+%:'M%'&/5'+7/+'/'.%"&#0'7/&'right$
opinion@'
' !3/+#')/9%'+7*&'9*&+*02+*#0'K%+M%%0'"*87+'#.*0*#0'/09'+",%'#.*0*#0'*0'Theaetetus@''
P22#"9*08'+#'B/22*/'ACG`DHX'
m*87+'#.*0*#0'M/&'9%&2"*K%9'qK5'!3/+#r'/&'+7%'9*"%2+'/.."%7%0&*#0'#$'+7*08&@''6",%'
#.*0*#0'M/&'9%&2"*K%9'/&'2#02%.+*#0'M7*27'M/&'Y,&+*$*%9'K5'9%$*0*+*#0'#"'23/&&*$*2/+*#0@''
10'3%/9*08'67%/%+%+,&'+#'&%%'+7/+'"*87+'#.*0*#0'M/&'0#+'%L,*</3%0+'+#'+",%'#.*0*#0:'
4#2"/+%&'7/9'7*)'2#023,9%'+7/+'*+'M/&'*).#&&*K3%'+#'9*&+*08,*&7'4#2"/+%&'#"'67%#9#",&'
$"#)'/05'#+7%"'&0,K\0#&%9'.%"&#0'K5')%/0&'#$'9%$*0*+*#0'#"'23/&&*$*2/+*#0@''e%'K"#,87+'
67%/%+%+,&'+#'/8"%%'+7/+'7%'/09'67%/%+%+,&'M#,39'"%2#80*Z%'%/27'#+7%"'M7%0'+7%5')%+'
0%Q+'/+'+7%'P8#"/@'A.@'ECcH'
True'#.*0*#0'*&'knowing$that'M7%"%/&'right'#.*0*#0'*&'knowing$that$one@''6",%'
#.*0*#0'"%L,*"%&'9%&2"*.+*#0'M7%"%/&'"%2#80*+*#0'9#%&'0#+@''B/22*/'ACG`_H'%Q.3/*0&'
$,"+7%"X'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
39$
47/"%9'/++"*K,+%&'%0/K3%'2#)./"*&#0&'#$'23/&&')%)K%"&7*.'#$'+7*08&:'+7%"%K5'%0/K3*08'
9%$*0*+*#0&@''67"#,87'9%$*0*+*#0&'M%'2#)%'+#'iknow'+7/+j'+#'7/<%'+",%'K%3*%$&'/K#,+'+7%'
"%3/+*#0&'#$'+7*08&@''V%'7/<%'/0'%Q.3/0/+*#0@'
R7/"/2+%"*&+*2'/++"*K,+%&:'#0'+7%'#+7%"'7/09:'/"%'*02#)./"/K3%@''4,27'/++"*K,+%&'3#2/+%'
+7%'K%+M%%00%&&'#$'+7*08&@''V%'2#)%'+#'know'i+7/+\#0%:j'0#+'/0'*0&+/02%'#$'/'>*09@''S0%'
2/0'/"8,%'/K#,+'+7%'/9%L,/25'#$'/'9%$*0*+*#0:'K,+'#0%'2/0'#035'/2>0#M3%98%'/',0*L,%@''1$'
5#,'know'*+:'5#,'7/<%'+7%'"*87+'#.*0*#0'#$'*+&'*9%0+*+5'/&'/0'%Q*&+%0+@'A..@'d\_H'
4,27'/2>0#M3%98)%0+'9%.%09&'#0'%Q.%"*%02%:'M7*27'*&'/$$%2+%9'K5'M7/+'!%*"2%'
ACGcEH'2/33%9'sinsigns@'''
P'Sinsign$AM7%"%'+7%'&533/K3%'sin$*&'+/>%0'/&')%/0*08'sK%*08'#035'#02%:s'/&'*0'single,$
simple,$a/+*0'semel,$%+2@H'*&'/0'/2+,/3'%Q*&+%0+'+7*08'#"'%<%0+'M7*27'*&'/'sign@'1+'2/0'#035'K%'
&#'+7"#,87'*+&'L,/3*+*%&l'AEXEgdH'
4*0signs$/"%'+7%'K/&*&'#$'%Q.%"*%02%@''!%*"2%'9%&2"*K%9'%Q.%"*%02%'+7*&'M/5'ACGcCHX'''
V%'.%"2%*<%'#KY%2+&'K"#,87+'K%$#"%',&['K,+'+7/+'M7*27'M%'%&.%2*/335'%Q.%"*%02%W+7%'
>*09'#$'+7*08'+#'M7*27'+7%'M#"9'i%Q.%"*%02%j'*&')#"%'./"+*2,3/"35'/..3*%9W*&'/0'eventl@'
1+'*&'+7%'2#).,3&*#0:'+7%'/K&#3,+%'2#0&+"/*0+',.#0',&'to$think$otherwise$than$we$have$
been$thinking'+7/+'2#0&+*+,+%&'%Q.%"*%02%@'ACXcc_:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H'
B/22*/'ACG`_H'$,"+7%"'23/"*$*%9'!%*"2%J&'2/+%8#"5'#$'i4%2#090%&&j:'M7*27'
9*&+*08,*&7%&'sinsigns$$"#)'qualisignsX'
4,27'2#).,3&*#0'*&'+%")%9'K5'!%*"2%:'i4%2#090%&&@j''4%2#090%&&'*&'$#"2%'K5'iK",+%'
/2+*#0@j''67%'K",+%'/2+*#0'#$'&%2#090%&&'"%&,3+&'*0'$/2+&@''=",+%'$/2+&'+7/+'*&@''4,27'$/2+&'
/"%'l@'*))%9*/+%@''67%5'/"%'"*87+'0#M@''=",+%'$/2+&')/">'*9%0+*+5'/09'%Q*&+%02%@''67%5'
27/"/2+%"*Z%'+7%'&*083%'#0%@''A.@'_H'
-%M%5'ACGC_H'M/&'"%$%""*08'+#'+7%'&/)%'*9%/'/&'%Q.%"*%02%'/09'7#M'*+'2/0'/$$%2+'
#,"'+7*0>*08:'/&'9*&2,&&%9'*0'4%2+*#0'g'/K#<%@'''
!%*"2%J&'/09'B/22*/J&'0#+*#0'#$'%Q.%"*%02%'*&'3%&&'"%&+"*2+*<%'+7/0'-%M%5J&:'&*02%'
%<%0+&'2/0'7/..%0'+7/+'/"%'0#+'#,"'9#*08W%@8@:'/'&+"#08'8,&+'#$'M*09'K3#M&'&/09'*0'#,"'
%5%&@''N#0%+7%3%&&:'*+'*&'+7%'%Q.%"*%02%:'+7%'K",+%'$/2+:'+7/+'M7*27'2#).%3&',&'i+#'+7*0>'
#+7%"M*&%'+7/0'M%'7/<%'K%%0'+7*0>*08@j'
10'/0#+7%"'"%.#"+:'B/22*/'ACG`DH'$,"+7%"'%Q.3*2/+%&'knowing$that$oneX'
Recognition'M*33'K%'9%&2"*K%9'/&'&%3%2+*#0'+7"#,87')/">*08'+7%'0#0\2#)./"/K3%'$%/+,"%&'
#$'/'+7*08@''(Q%).3*$*2/+*#0'#$'"%2#80*+*#0'M*33'K%'9"/M0'$"#)'&+,9*%&'*0'.%"2%.+*#0'/09'
./++%"0'"%2#80*+*#0@''Acquaintance$M*33'K%'9%&2"*K%9'/&')/..*08',0*L,%'"%3/+*#0&'
2#00%2+*08'2#).#0%0+&'#$'/0'%0+*+5@''1'&7/33'9"/M'$"#)'&+,9*%&'*0'$#"%0&*2'/"+'/09'
+#.#8"/.75@''Appreciation'M*33'K%'9%&2"*K%9'/&'/'9*&2%"0)%0+'#$'+7%'$*++*080%&&'#$',0*L,%'
"%3/+*#0&'2#00%2+*08'2#0&+*+,%0+&'#$'/0'%0+*+5@''10'%Q%).3*$5*08'/.."%2*/+*#0:'1'&7/33'
%).3#5')#9%&'#$'Y,98)%0+'$#"'9%+%")*0*08'/,+7%0+*2*+5'#$'#KY%2+&'#"'%<%0+&@''A..@'ECc\
ECg:'*+/3*2&'/99%9H@' '
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
40$
Acquaintive$knowing$that$one$$$
(Q.%"*%02%:'*$'*+'*&'+#'K%'8"#,09%9:'"%L,*"%&'*))%9*/+%'.%"2%.+*#0'#$'+7%'#KY%2+@''
m%+,"0*08'+#'O*8,"%'c:'*$'5#,'+7%'"%/9%"'7/<%'0%<%"'K%%0'.75&*2/335'*0&*9%'#"'0%/"'6%9J&'
&2"%%0%9'.#"27:'+7%0'5#,"'%Q.%"*%02%'3/2>&'8"#,09*08@''U#,')/5'#K&%"<%'+7%'&5)K#3*2'
signs$#$'+7%',0*L,%'.%"&#0&'"%."%&%0+%9'*0'O*8,"%'c'A*@%@:'+7%*"'0/)%&X''67%#9#"/'/09'
B*8,%3H:'K,+'5#,'M#,39'0#+'know'+7/+'#0%'Q2'#"'Q3@'';03%&&'5#,'7/9')%+'+7%)'K%$#"%:'5#,'
M#,39'./&&'"*87+'K5'67%#9#"/'#"'B*8,%3'#0'+7%'&+"%%+'M*+7#,+'"%2#80*Z*08'%*+7%"'#$'+7%)@''
B#"%#<%":'5#,'M#,39'0#+'K%'acquainted'M*+7'+7%)@''U#,'M#,39'0#+'know'+7/+'B*8,%3'*&'/'
&#$+M/"%'%08*0%%"'/09'/.."%2*/+%&'3*&+%0*08'+#'3*<%'.%"$#")/02%&'#$'+7%'R7*2/8#'45).7#05'
S"27%&+"/@''U#,'M#,39'0#+'know'+7/+'67%#9#"/'%0Y#5&'R5."*#+'/09')#9%"0'9/02*08:'/09'*&'/'
+/3%0+%9'8"/.7*2'/"+*&+@''''
Acquaintive$knowing$that$one'"%L,*"%&')#"%'+7/0'"%2#80*+*#0@''P2L,/*0+/02%'
"%L,*"%&'*9%0+*$*2/+*#0'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'+7/+'9%+%")*0%'+7%',0*L,%0%&&'#$'QiW"%3/+*#0&7*.&'
+7/+'&%+'Qi$/./"+'$"#)'/33'%3&%:'M7/+')/>%&'*+',0*L,%@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*$'5#,'M%"%'/2L,/*0+%9'
M*+7'+7%',0*L,%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'"%."%&%0+%9'*0'O*8,"%'c'/09'/3&#'9%.*2+%9'*0'.7#+#8"/.7&'
/+'7++.&X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k+%9$"*2>^&2"%%0.#"27^:'5#,')*87+'0#+*2%'+7%'./"+*2,3/"'
.*2+,"%'M*09#M'./++%"0'#$'&%2+*#0&:'/09'+7/+'*+'M/&'K,*3+'*0&*9%'/09',09%"'/0'%Q*&+*08'
/M0*08'M*+7'&+%%3'&,..#"+&'%)K%33*&7%9'M*+7'/'3%/$'./++%"0@''U#,')*87+'0#+*2%'+7/+'M*09'
27*)%'7/08&'*0'+7%'2%0+%"'&%2+*#0'#0'+7%'M%&+'&*9%:'K,+'5#,'M#,39'0#+'know'+7/+'*+'M/&'/'
8*$+'$"#)'$"*%09&'M7#'K"#,87+'*+'K/2>'$"#)'/'+"*.'+#'4#,+7'P)%"*2/'/09'2#0&*&+%9'#$'&3*2%&'#$'
/'./"+*2,3/"'"#2>'2"5&+/3'$"#)';",8,/5@''N#"'M#,39'5#,'know'+7%'M/5'+7/+'./"+*2,3/"'M*09'
27*)%'&#,09%9:'/&'*+'+M*&+%9'*0'+7%'K"%%Z%@''U#,')*87+'0#+'7/<%'0#+*2%9'*0'#0%'#$'+7%'.7#+#&'
+7%'+/33'+,3*.'+"%%'K%7*09'+7%'<%8%+/K3%'8/"9%0'+#'+7%'M%&+'&*37#,%++%9'*0'+7%'&,0&%+@''
N#0%+7%3%&&:'+7*&'M"*+%"'7/&'K%%0'M%33\/2L,/*0+%9'M*+7'+7/+\#0%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27:'/09'*+&'
*))%9*/+%'&,""#,09*08&@''V%"%'5#,'+#'<*&*+'+7*&'3#2/+*#0'/$+%"'f,35:'EFCC:'5#,')*87+'0#+*2%'
+7/+'+7%'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'M7*27'*&'0#M'+7%"%'*&'not'+7/+\#0%\&2"%%0%9\.#"27\K,*3+\K5\6%9\
*0\CGGc@''1$'5#,'>0%M'+7%',0*L,%'#"*8*0/3'&2"%%0%9'.#"27:'5#,'M#,39'"%2#80*Z%'+7/+'+7%'#0%'
0#M'+7%"%'*&'0#+'+7/+\#0%\#"*8*0/335\K,*3+\K5\6%9'+7/+'*&'&7#M0'*0'+7%'.7#+#8"/.7&'/+'
7++.&X^^MMM@*09*/0/@%9,^k+%9$"*2>^&2"%%0.#"27^@'''
Appreciative$knowing$that$one$$$$
P.."%2*/+*#0'"%L,*"%&')#"%'+7/0'"%2#80*+*#0'/09'/2L,/*0+/02%@''P.."%2*/+*#0'
"%L,*"%&'L,/3*+/+*<%'Y,98)%0+'/&'9*9'/'2#33%/8,%'M7%0'*0*+*/335'&*++*08'*0&*9%'+7%'&2"%%0%9'
.#"27@''e%'7/9'/'&.#0+/0%#,&'i/7/')#)%0+j'M7%0'3##>*08'#,+X''iN#M'1'8%+'*+ž''U#,'9%&*80%9'
*+'q+7%'&2"%%0'.#"27r'+7*&'M/5'&#'M%'2/0'&%%'+7%'K/2>5/"9'/09'8/"9%0'K%++%"@j''e*&'
/2>0#M3%98)%0+'*09*2/+%9'7*&'appreciation'#$'+7%'.*2+,"%'M*09#M'9%&*80'%3%)%0+'#$'+7*&'
./"+*2,3/"'&2"%%0%9'.#"27@''4%%'O*8,"%'E@'''
Appreciative$knowing$that$one')%/0&'mental$structures'+#'*9%0+*$5'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'
M7*27'/"%'appropriate'#$'QiW/'</3,/+*#0'#$'M7/+'*&'&.%2*/3'/09'$*++*08'/K#,+'Qi@''V7%0'/'
2#00#*&&%,"'*9%0+*$*%&'+7%'&.%2*/3'L,/3*+*%&'#$'/'./"+*2,3/"'M*0%'/$+%"'&)%33*08'*+&'K#,L,%+'
/09'+/&+*08'*+:'+7*&'*&'/'$,"+7%"'%Q/).3%@''47%')*87+'*09*2/+%'+7*&'K5'&/5*08:'iP7:'+7*&'*&'/'
&,.%"K'M*0%žj''67*&'M#,39'K%'/'sign'#$'/.."%2*/+*#0'#$'+7/+\#0%\M*0%@''
P0#+7%"'%Q/).3%'#$'/.."%2*/+*#0'#22,""%9'9,"*08'/',&/K*3*+5'+%&+'#$'/'./"+*2,3/"'
&#$+M/"%'."#9,2+'K5'/'.%"&#0'M7#'&/*9:'i67*&'*&'awfulž''-#'5#,'%Q.%2+'students'+#',&%'+7*&Tj''
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
41$
P.."%2*/+*#0'9#%&'0#+'7/<%'+#'K%'.#&*+*<%@''R3%/"35:'$"#)'+7%'$",&+"/+*08'%Q.%"*%02%'#$'+"5*08'
+#',&%'+7/+'."#9,2+:'+7*&'./"%0+'#$'/'2#33%8%'student'M/&'3*+%"/335'9*&8,&+%9'M*+7'+7%'.##"'
L,/3*+5'#$'+7%'."#9,2+'7%"'&#0'M#,39'7/<%'+#',&%'*0'&27##3@'
10'&,))/"5:'knowing$that$one$requires$right$opinion$of$the$unique$object@''6#'7/<%'
"*87+'#.*0*#0'"%L,*"%&'/+')*0*),)'"%2#80*+*#0'#$'+7/+',0*L,%'#KY%2+@''m%2#80*+*#0:'*0'+,"0:'
*&'0%2%&&/"5'$#"'/2L,/*0+/02%['/09'/2L,/*0+/02%'*&'0%2%&&/"5'$#"'/.."%2*/+*#0@'''V7%0'+7%'
%Q.%"*%02%'#$'+7%'#KY%2+'*&'*))%9*/+%:'+7%0'&,27'knowing$*&'3*+%"/335'8"#,09%9@''67%'"%3/+*#0'
K%+M%%0'+7%'sign'/09'+7%'#KY%2+'"%."%&%0+%9'K5'+7%'sign'*&'23%/"35'%<*9%0+'+#'+7%'.%"&#0'
M7#'>0#M&\+7/+\#0%@'''
A,%B+,'-M%B-
10'2#0&*9%"*08'knowing$how:'*+'*&'*).#"+/0+'+#'0#+%'7%"%'+7/+'no'9*&+*02+*#0'*&'K%*08'
)/9%'K%+M%%0')*09'/09'K#95@''knowing$how'*&'/'>*09'#$'2#80*+*#0'/&'*&'knowing$that$one'
/09'knowing$that@''knowing$how'2#0&*&+&'#$'mental$structures'$#"'%$$%2+*<%'2#09,2+@'''
P&'M*+7'+7%'#+7%"'>*09&'#$'2#80*+*#0:'M%'2/00#+'#K&%"<%'/'mental$structure'$#"'
knowing$how'9*"%2+35:'K,+'M%'),&+'*0$%"'*+'K5'#K&%"<*08'+7%'.%"&#0'2/""5'#,+'&,22%&&$,335'
&#)%'+/&>'M7*27'"%L,*"%&'+7%'knowing$how'+#'9#'&#@''67,&:'M%'),&+'3##>'$#"'indicators'#"'
signs$#$'&,27'knowing$how@'''
O#"'%Q/).3%:'M%'2/00#+'+%33'*$'B*8,%3'7/&'+7%'2/./K*3*+5'+#'M"*+%'&#$+M/"%'*0'f/</'K5'
&#)%7#M'.%%"*08'*0+#'7*&')*09@''V%'2#,39'/&>'7*)'*$'7%'7/&'+7*&'2/./K*3*+5:'/09'7*&'
"%&.#0&%'M#,39'K%'/0'*09*2/+#"@''V%'2#,39'9%&*80'/'+/&>'$#"'7*)'+#'9#'*0'f/</:'/09'+7%0'
#K&%"<%'7#M'M%33'7%'9#%&'*+@''S"'M%')*87+',&%'#+7%"'*09*2/+#"&:'&,27'/&'%Q/)*0*08'f/</'
&#,"2%'2#9%'7%'M"#+%'#0'+7%'Y#K'/&'/'&#$+M/"%'%08*0%%"@'''
Protocolic$knowing$how-
O#"'protocolic$knowing$how:'/'.%"&#0'$#33#M&'#0%'./+7'+#'"%/27'+7%'8#/3:'K5'
9,.3*2/+*08'#"'"%."#9,2*08'+7%'M/5'*0'M7*27'&#)%#0%'%3&%'7/&'9#0%'*+@''Protocolic$knowing$
how'*&'*0$3%Q*K3%@''P'.%"&#0J&'2/./K*3*+5'+#'$#33#M'/'"%2*.%'*0'2##>'K##>'+#'."%./"%'$##9'*&'/0'
%Q/).3%'#$'protocolic$knowing$how@''P0#+7%"'%Q/).3%'M#,39'K%'+#'2/""5'#,+'9/+/'/0/35&*&'
K5')*)*2>*08'+7%'&+%.\K5\&+%.'."#2%9,"%'3*&+%9'*0'/'&+/+*&+*2&'+%Q+K##>:'&,27'/&'.%"$#")*08'
/0'PNShP'A/0/35&*&'#$'</"*/02%H@&
(&+%.'AEFF_H'"%$%"&'+#'+7*&'>*09'#$'knowing$how'/&'rule\governed'A&%%'.@'EE_'/09'
E_cH'*0'M7*27'&*083%\./+7%9'9#*08&'/"%'2#0+"/&+%9'M*+7'rule\bound'#0%&'M7*27'/"%'),3+*\
./+7%9@''B/22*/'ACG``H'"%$%""%9'+#'+7%'$#")%"'/&'protocolic$knowing$how'/09'+7%'3/++%"'/&'
conventional@'
Adaptive$knowing$how$
10$adaptive$knowing$how:'/'.%"&#0'2/0'/27*%<%'/'8#/3'+7"#,87'/3+%"0/+*<%'%Q*&+*08'
./+7&:'0#+'Y,&+'#0%'./+7'/&'*0'protocolic$knowing$how@''=%2/,&%'+7%"%'/"%'),3+*.3%'./+7&:'
/09')#"%'+7/0'#0%'M/5'+#'/22#).3*&7'+7%'8#/3:'+7*&'*&'$3%Q*K3%'knowing$how@''B#"%#<%":'#0%'
27##&%&'./+7&'K/&%9'#0'+7%'&.%2*$*2'2#09*+*#0&'%02#,0+%"%9'M7%0'+7%'.%"&#0'9#%&'
%<*9%02%'*+'+7"#,87'.%"$#")/02%@''67,&:'&,27'knowing$how'*&'adaptive@''''(&+%.'AEFF_H'
"%$%""%9'+#'+7*&'>*09'#$'knowing$/&'",3%\K#,09:'/09'B/22*/'ACG``H'2/33%9'*+'conventional'
knowing$how@'''
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
42$
O"#)'/0'education/3'.%"&.%2+*<%:'/0'*).#"+/0+'2"*+%"*#0'$#"'/&&%&&*08'/27*%<%)%0+'
#$'adaptive$knowing$how'*&'&#)%+*)%&'9%&2"*K%9'/&'+"/0&$%"'#$'learning@''67/+'*&:'*$'#0%'7/&'
/27*%<%9'adaptive$knowing$how:'+7%0'&7%'#"'7%'2/0'+"/0&$%"'+7%'knowing$how'+#'0%M'
&*+,/+*#0&'/09'.%"$#")'&,22%&&$,335@''V7%0'+7*&'>*09'#$'knowing$how'*&'9#0%'/+'/'<%"5'7*87'
3%<%3'#$'2#).3%Q*+5:'*+'*&'%Q%).3*$*%9'K5'M7/+'&,"8%#0&:'/*"3*0%'.*3#+&'/09'27%&&'.3/5%"&'9#'
/&'%Q.%"+&@''67%5'/"%'/K3%'+#'/9/.+'+7%*"'9#*08:'/22#"9*08'+#'+7%'&.%2*$*2&'#$'/'8*<%0'
&*+,/+*#0@''67%5'/"%'<%"5'8##9'/+'"%/27*08'+7%*"'8#/3'/2"#&&'/'M*9%'"/08%'#$'2#09*+*#0&'
K%2/,&%'+7%5'/"%'$3%Q*K3%@''67%*"'knowing$how'*&'7*8735'adaptive@''1+'*&'23%/"35')#"%'+7/0'
*)*+/+*#0'#$'&#)%#0%'%3&%J&'9#*08@''67%5')/5'+/>%'/'&.%2*$*2'2#)K*0/+*#0'#$'./+7M/5&'+7/+'
0#'#0%'%3&%'7/&'%<%"'9#0%'K%$#"%@''4,27'2/./K*3*+5'*&'0#+')%"%35'/'"%."#9,2+*#0'#$'/'$*Q%9'
M/5'#$'9#*08'&#)%+7*08:'/3+7#,87'/+'3%/&+'#0%'./+7M/5'M*33'K%'/'&+"*2+'*)*+/+*#0@''Protocolic$
knowing$*&'0%2%&&/"5'$#"'adaptive$knowing@''=,+'adaptive$knowing$0#M'*&')#"%'*0'+7/+'*+'*&'
%<*9%02%9'K5'),3+*.3%'./+7&'+#'/'8#/3:'/09'9*$$%"%0+'./+7&'/"%'27#&%0'K/&%9'#0'&.%2*$*2'
2#09*+*#0&@'
Creative$knowing$how$
Creative$knowing$how'*&'%<*9%02%9'K5'*00#</+*08'#"'*0<%0+*08'/'0%M'M/5'#$'9#*08W
/'0%M'M/5'+#'"%/27'+7%'&/)%'8#/3:'#"'%<%0'/'0%M'8#/3'*+&%3$WK"%/>*08'0%M'8"#,09:'&#'+#'
&.%/>@'''10')%9*2/3'&,"8%"5:'$#"'%Q/).3%:'/'0%M'M/5'#$'"%./*"*08'*0Y,"*%&'+#'>0%%'Y#*0+&'<*/'
,&%'#$'/0'/"+7"#&2#.*2'9%<*2%'M/&'9%<%3#.%9@''P+'#0%'.#*0+:'&,27'/'&,"8*2/3')%+7#9'9*9'0#+'
%Q*&+@''10&+%/9'#$')/>*08'/'3/"8%'*02*&*#0'+#'8%+'+#'+7%'3#2/+*#0'#$'+7%'*0Y,"5:'/'&)/33'*02*&*#0'
*&')/9%'*0+#'M7*27'&,27'/'9%<*2%'*&'+7"%/9%9@''10'2#0+"/&+'+#'#.%0'&,"8%"5:'*+'*&'/'"%)#+%'
)%+7#9'#$'.%"$#")*08'+7%'#.%"/+*#0:'M7*27'9#%&'3%&&'9/)/8%'+#'&,""#,09*08'+*&&,%:'"%&,3+&'
*0'$/&+%"'./+*%0+'"%2#<%"*%&:'%+2@''67*&'*&'%<*9%02%'#$'creative$knowing$howW/"+7"#&2#.*2'
>0%%'&,"8%"5@'
P&'9*$$%"%0+'%Q/).3%:'+7%'V"*87+'K"#+7%"&'*0<%0+%9'/'0%M'M/5'$#"')/00%9'$3*87+@''
10&+%/9'#$'+"5*08'+#')/>%'/')/27*0%'+7/+'$3/..%9'*+&'M*08&'*0'*)*+/+*#0'#$'7#M'K*"9&'$35:'
+7%5'%).3#5%9'+7%'*9%/'#$'."#.%33*08'/'.3/0%'+7"#,87'+7%'/*"'+7/+'7/9'&+/+*#0/"5'/*"$#*3&'/&'
M*08&@'''
R3%/"35:'creative$knowing$how'*&'0#+'protocolic'/09'*+'*&')#"%'+7/0'/9/.+*08'%Q*&+*08'
M/5&'#$'9#*08@''V7*3%'+7%'%Q/).3%&'/K#<%'/"%'M%33'"%2#80*Z%9'K%2/,&%'#$'&,K&%L,%0+'
M*9%&."%/9'/9#.+*#0:'&,27'/9#.+*#0'#"'&,22%&&'*&'0#+'/'"%L,*"%)%0+'$#"'creative$knowing$
how:'"/+7%"'*+'2/0'K%'/'K5\."#9,2+@''67%'."#9,2+&'#$'creative$knowing$how'7/<%'#$+%0'K%%0'
*).#"+/0+'$#"'+7%'/9</02%)%0+'#$'2*<*3*Z/+*#0'/09'2,3+,"%@'''
Creative$knowing$how'*&'/3&#'%<*9%02%9'K5'9%<*&*08'/'0%M'%09'#"'8#/3@''1+'*&'0#+'
"%."#9,2*08'&#)%+7*08'+7/+'/3"%/95'%Q*&+&:'K,+'M7/+'"%&,3+&'*&'&#)%+7*08'0%M'+7/+'9*9'0#+'
%Q*&+'K%$#"%@''V7%0'(*0&+%*0'9%<%3#.%9'+7%'&.%2*/3'theory'#$'"%3/+*<*+5:'+7*&'M/&'/'0%M'
theory@''V7%0'O"/0>'a3#59'V"*87+'9%&*80%9'+7%'O/33*08M/+%"'7#,&%'*0'B*33'm,0:'
!%00&53</0*/:'+7*&'M/&'/'0%M'/"27*+%2+,"/3'9%&*80@'''V7%0'+7%'-*$$,&*#0'4*),3/+*#0']/)%'
M/&'#"*8*0/335'9%&*80%9'/&'/'),3+*\.3/5%"'K#/"9'8/)%:'*+'M/&'/'0%M'M/5'#$'learning'/K#,+'
m#8%"&'theory'#$'9*$$,&*#0'#$'*00#</+*#0&'AB#3%09/'p'm*2%:'CGDGH@''67%'*0<%0+*#0'#$'+7%'$*"&+'
&."%/9&7%%+'."#8"/):'h*&*R/32:'K5'-/0'="*2>3*0'/09'=#K'O"/0>&+#0'*&'/'$,"+7%"'%Q/).3%'#$'
creative$knowing$how@''67%'theory'#$'"%3/+*<*+5:'O/33*08M/+%"'7#,&%:'+7%'-*$$,&*#0'4*),3/+*#0'
]/)%:'/09'h*&*R/32'M%"%'0%M'M7%0'+7%5'M%"%'2"%/+%9W+7%5'9*9'0#+'%Q*&+'K%$#"%@'''
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
43$
Creative$knowing$how'*&'0#+'"%&+"*2+%9'+#'*0<%0+*#0'#$'0%M')%+7#9&'#"'+7*08&W*+'
2/0'/3&#'"%&,3+'*0'0%M'theories'/09'0%M'knowledge@''N#"'*&'creative$knowing$how'"%&+"*2+%9'
+#'+7%'$*0%'/"+&W&,27'/&')/>*08'/'0%M'&2,3.+,"%'#"'0%M'),&*2'2#).#&*+*#0@''!"/2+*2/3'/"+&'
2/0'K%'creative:'&,27'/&'9%&*80'#$'0%M'&+",2+,"%&'*0'/"27*+%2+,"%:'#"'0%M')/27*0%&'&,27'/&'
+7%'*!/9'#"'+7%'P*"K,&'Pc`F@'
S02%'/'0%M'M/5'#$'9#*08'7/&'K%%0'2"%/+%9:'+7%0'/$+%"M/"9&'M7%0'#+7%"&'$#33#M'+7%'
0%M'M/5:'#"'+7%5'"%."#9,2%'+7%'&/)%'8#/3:'$#"'+7%&%'#+7%"&'*+'M#,39'K%'protocolic$knowing$
how@''67%5'2#,39'K%'+/,87+'+7%'0%M')%+7#9@''O#"'%Q/).3%:')/05'&,"8%#0&'3%/"0%9'+7%'0%M'
/"+7"#&2#.*2')%+7#9'/$+%"'*+'M/&'*0*+*/335'*0<%0+%9'/09'9%)#0&+"/+%9'+#'K%'."/2+*2/3'/09'
&/$%@''1+'+7%0'K%2/)%'#0%')#"%'+%270*L,%'*0'+7%*"'&,"8*2/3'"%.%"+#*"%@''P&'/0#+7%"'%Q/).3%:'
+7%'*0<%0+*#0'#$'&5)K#3'systems'A+7/+'M%'2/33'3/08,/8%H'*&'/3&#'%<*9%02%'#$'creative$knowing$
how@'''P+'#0%'+*)%'M"*+*08'*+&%3$'M/&'/'0%M'M/5'+#'&*80*$5'%Q.%"*%02%@''S02%'+7*&'0%M'
)%+7#9'#$'2#)),0*2/+*08'M/&'*0<%0+%9:'#+7%"&'2#,39'+7%0'K%'+/,87+'+#'M"*+%',&*08'+7#&%'
&5)K#3&@'
S0%')*87+'M#09%"'M7/+'mental$structures'$#"'creative$knowing$how')*87+'K%'#"'
M7%+7%"'&,27'&+",2+,"%&'/"%'.#&&*K3%@''61('theory'AO"*2>:'EFC`H'.#&*+&'+7/+'+7*&'*&'/'>*09'#$'
knowing$how'+7/+'"%L,*"%&'K#+7'protocolic'/09'adaptive$knowing$how:'/09'5%+'creative$
knowing$how'*&'&#)%+7*08')#"%@''P'0%M')%/0&'#"'/'0%M'%09'*&'2"%/+%9@''6#'3*&+'/'$%M'M%33\
>0#M0'2/&%&X''67#)/&'(9*&#0'*0<%0+%9'+7%'3*87+'K,3K:'R7/"3%&']##95%/"'+7%'<,32/0*Z/+*#0'
#$'",KK%":'+7%'V"*87+'K"#+7%"&'+7%'/*".3/0%:'e%0"5'O#"9'+7%'/&&%)K35'3*0%'$#"')/&&'
."#9,2+*#0:'R7/"3%&'=/KK/8%'+7%'$*"&+'."#8"/))/K3%'2#).,+%":'%+2@''67%'%<*9%02%'+7/+'
7,)/0&'7/<%'+7*&'2/./K*3*+5'*&'/')/++%"'#$'7*&+#"*2/3'"%2#"9:'/09'&#)%'#$'+7%&%'2"%/+*#0&'#"'
*0<%0+*#0&'7/<%'7/9')/Y#"'*)./2+&'#0'2*<*3*Z/+*#0'/09'2,3+,"%@''''
e#M%<%":'+7%'"%&,3+'#$'creative$knowing$how'9#%&'0#+'7/<%'+#'K%'M%33'>0#M0'0#"'
0%2%&&/"*35',0*L,%@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'M7%0'1'9%&*80%9'/09'K,*3+'+7%'&2"%%0'.#"27'+7/+'M/&'
9*&2,&&%9'/K#<%:'*+'9*9'0#+'%Q*&+'K%$#"%@''1'9*9'0#+'$#33#M'/'K3,%."*0+'+7/+'&#)%#0%'%3&%'7/9'
2"%/+%9:'M7*27'M#,39'7/<%'K%%0'protocolic$knowing$how@''O#"')%:'+7%'9%&*80'M/&'#"*8*0/3@''
4#)%M7%"%'+7%"%')/5'K%'&#)%'#+7%"'&2"%%0%9'.#"27'3*>%'+7*&'#0%'+7/+'&#)%#0%'%3&%'7/&'
9%&*80%9:'/09'$#"'7*)'#"'7%"'*+'2#,39'7/<%'K%%0'3*>%M*&%'creative$knowing$how@'''
A,%B+,'-23)*-
Knowing$that'*0<#3<%&'2#80*+*#0'#$'&*)*3/"*+5'#"'2#))#0/3*+5'/)#08'#KY%2+&'#"'
+7*08&@''4,27'9*&2"*)*0/+*#0'#$'2#))#0/3*+5'A*@%@:'&*)*3/"'<&@'0#+\&*)*3/"H'M/&'*).#"+/0+'
$"#)'/0'%<#3,+*#0/"5'.%"&.%2+*<%@''4,"<*</3'#$+%0'9%.%09%9'#0')/>*08'&,27'
9*&2"*)*0/+*#0&W%@8@:'+7#&%'M7#'3%/"0%9'+#'2#)."%7%09'+7%'./++%"0'#$'7,"+'#"'9*%'$"#)'
$/33*08'$"#)'/'7*87'.3/2%'&,"<*<%9'3#08%"'+7/0'+7#&%'M7#'*80#"/0+35'&+%..%9'#$$'23*$$&'#"'
Y,).%9'$"#)'+"%%&@''(/"35'7,)/0&')/5'0#+'7/<%'7/9'+7%'&/)%'2#02%.+&'#$')/&&:'<%3#2*+5'
/09'/22%3%"/+*#0'+7/+'N%M+#0'3/+%"'$#")/3*Z%9'*0+#'7*&'3/M&'#$'8"/<*+5:'K,+'&,"<*</3'$/<#"%9'
+7#&%'M7#'2#,39'."%9*2+'+7%'2#0&%L,%02%&'#$'$/33*08'$"#)'7*87'.3/2%&:'/09'M7#'/<#*9%9'
&,27'$/33*08@''4,"<*</3'/3&#'$/<#"%9'+7#&%'M7#'2#,39'$,"+7%"'9*&2"*)*0/+%'>*09&'#$'.3/0+&'#"'
$",*+&'+7/+'M%"%'.#*&#0#,&'/09'/<#*9%9'%/+*08'+7%)@'''67%&%'/"%'8%0%"/3*Z/+*#0&'#"'knowing$
that'/&'/'I>*09'#$JW*@%@:'*+'*&'23/&&*$*2/+#"5@'''
67%'"%3/+*<%35')#9%"0'8/)%'#$'Charades'%Q%).3*$*%&'+7%'27/33%08%'#$'&*80*08'
knowing$that'M*+7#,+'&5)K#3&WM*+7#,+'K%*08'/K3%'+#',&%'M#"9&WK%$#"%'&5)K#3*2'7,)/0'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
44$
3/08,/8%&'M%"%'*0<%0+%9@''Knowing$that$one'/09'knowing$how'2/0'K%'/27*%<%9'M*+7#,+',&%'
#$'&5)K#3&@''109%%9:'#+7%"'3*<*08'K%*08&'2/0'2#)%'+#'knowing$that$one'/09'knowing$how'
M*+7#,+',&*08'&5)K#3&@''P'9#8'#"'2/+'2/0'"%2#80*Z%'*+&'#M0%"'/09'+7%'.3/2%'M7%"%'+7%5'3*<%'
Aknowing$that$oneH@''67%&%'/0*)/3&'%Q7*K*+'knowing$how:'&,27'/&'K%*08'/K3%'+#'$*09'+7%*"'
M/5'7#)%@''V7%0'/'9#8'K/">&'/+'+7%'/.."#/27'#$'/0',0"%2#80*Z%9'&+"/08%":'+7/+'*&'/0'
*09%Q*2/3'sign@''4#)%'9#8&'/09'2/+&'2/0'&*80/3'*0+%0+'+#'3%/<%'/'"%&*9%02%'K5'./M*08'/+'/'
9##"'+#'+7%'#,+&*9%@'
Instantial$knowing$that$
V7%0'M%'7/<%'/0'*9%/'A2#02%.+H'+7/+'*&'/&&#2*/+%9'M*+7')#"%'+7/0'#0%',0*L,%'
#KY%2+'#$'+7%'&/)%'>*09:'+7%0'M%'/"%'*0&+/0+*/+*08@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'2#0&*9%"'+7%'0#+*#0'#$'
$%)/3%@''67*&'*9%/'2/0'K%',&%9'+#'23/&&*$5'*09*<*9,/3&'M7#'$*+'+7%'kind'+7/+'*&'K%*08'&*80*$*%9@'''
Instantial$knowing$that'"%L,*"%&'9*&2"*)*0/+*#0'/09'23/&&*$*2/+*#0:'M7*27'*&'/'&#"+*08'
#$'+7*08&'*0+#'#0%'>*09'#"'/0#+7%"'/22#"9*08'+#'2#))#0'."#.%"+*%&'#"'27/"/2+%"*&+*2&@''V%'
)/>%'+7%'23/&&*$*2/+*#0&'+7/+'67%#9#"/'*&'/'$%)/3%:'M7*3%'B*8,%3'*&'0#+@''V%'3#8*2/335'
9*&+*08,*&7'+7/+\>*09'/09'0#+\+7/+\>*09'M7%0'M%'23/&&*$5'*0&+/02%&@''
S0%'+7%'#+7%"'7/09:'*$'#0%'2/0'"%2#80*Z%'67%#9#"/:'23%/"35'K%*08'/K3%'+#'&%./"/+%'
7%"'$"#)'/33'%3&%'A/&'0#0%\#+7%":'M7#'*&',0*L,%H:'+7*&'*&'knowing$that$one@''U%+'/+'+7%'&/)%'
+*)%'M%'2/0'&+/+%'/'$/2+'/K#,+'7%":'M7*27'*&'instantial$knowing$thatX''67%#9#"/'*&'$%)/3%@''
V7%0'M%'&+/+%'&,27'/'$/2+'/09'*+'*&'M/""/0+%9:'+7%0'+7*&'*&'/'sign'#$'knowing$that'/K#,+'+7%'
*0&+/02%:'67%#9#"/@'''
!%*"2%'ACGcEH'"%$%""%9'+#'symbolic'signs$+7/+'/"%',&%9'+#'"%."%&%0+'23/&&*$*2/+*#0&'A*0'
2#0+"/&+'+#'*09%Q%&'/09'*2#0&H@''Symbolic'signs$/"%'legisigns$A%@8@:'$%)/3%:'&2"%%0%9'.#"27H:'
M7*27'/"%',&%9'+#'"%."%&%0+'classes'#$'#KY%2+&@''Legisigns$)/5'9*$$%"'/22#"9*08'+#'3/08,/8%:'
&,27'/&'4./0*&7:']"%%>'#"'B/2%9#0*/0@''N#0%+7%3%&&:'+7%'&/)%'2#02%.+'2/0'K%'&5)K#3*Z%9'
/&'/'23/&&'$#"'M7*27'#KY%2+&'#$'+7%'&/)%'>*09'2/0'K%'23/&&*$*%9:'/09'+7%'2,3+,"/3'legisign'*&'
,&%9'+#'"%."%&%0+'+7%'23/&&@'''
V7%0'M%'23/&&*$5'#KY%2+&'/&'*0&+/02%&:'M%'0#'3#08%"'/"%'+"%/+*08'%/27'/&',0*L,%@''V%'
#$+%0',&%'+7%'/"+*23%:'/:'0#+'+7%'/"+*23%'+7%'*0'(083*&7:'M7%0'M%'/27*%<%'knowing$that@'''V7%0'
M%'"%$%"'+#'the'&2"%%0%9\.#"27\K,*3+\K5\6%9'"%."%&%0+%9'K5'+7%'.7#+#'*0'O*8,"%'c:'M%',&%'
+7%'/"+*23%:'+7%:'+#'*09*2/+%'+7%',0*L,%'#"'./"+*2,3/":'Y,&+'/&'M%'M#,39'*09*2/+%'the'.%"&#0'
M7#&%'0/)%'*&'67%#9#"/@''V7%"%/&:'M7%0'M%'"%$%"'+#'a'&2"%%0%9'.#"27:'+7%0'M%'/"%'
+"%/+*08'+7%'#KY%2+'/&'/0'*0&+/02%'#$'/'23/&&'#$'#KY%2+&'#$'+7%'&/)%'>*09@'
Relational$knowing$that$
O#"'relational$knowing$that:')#"%'+7/0'instantial$knowing$that'*&'"%L,*"%9@''S0%'
),&+'know'/'>*09'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.'K%+M%%0'+M#'#"')#"%'23/&&%&'#$'#KY%2+&@''R#0&*9%"'+7%'
&2"%%0%9'.#"27'%Q/).3%'#02%'/8/*0'*0'O*8,"%'c@''Theory'/K#,+'<*&*K3%'3*87+'M/&'"%3%</0+'+#'
+7%'M*09#M'9%&*80'M*+7*0'%/27'./0%3@''4#)%'>*09&'#$'#KY%2+&'M*33'/33#M'<*&*K3%'3*87+'+#'./&&'
+7"#,87'/09'#+7%"&'M*33'0#+@''a*87+'M*33'K%'K3#2>%9'$"#)'./&&*08'+7"#,87'&#3*9'M##9:'K,+'*+'
9#%&'./&&'+7"#,87'$*0%:'/3,)*0,)'&2"%%0')%&7@''67%'$*0%'&2"%%0')%&7'M*33'/33#M'3*87+:'M*09:'
"/*0'/09'&0#M'+#')#&+35'./&&'+7"#,87'+7*&'$*3+%":'M7%"%/&'*+'M*33'."%<%0+')#&L,*+#%&'/09'
#+7%"'3/"8%"'+7*08&'$"#)'%0+%"*08@''67%&%'theoretical'relationships'M%"%'2#0&*9%"%9'*0'+7%'
&+",2+,"/3'9%&*80'#$'+7%'M*09#M@'''4%<%"/3'2#02%.+&'7/<%'K%%0')%0+*#0%9:'*023,9*08X''<*&*K3%'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
45$
3*87+:'M*09#M:'/3,)*0,)'&2"%%0:'&#3*9:'M##9:'$*3+%":')#&L,*+#%&:'./&&*08'+7"#,87:'M*09:'"/*0'
/09'&0#M@'''(/27'#$'+7%&%'*&'/'23/&&'M7*27'2/0'K%'*0&+/0+*/+%9'K5')/05'#KY%2+&'+7/+'2/0'K%'
&#"+%9'*0+#'+7%&%'23/&&%&@'''
=,+'+7%"%'/"%'relationships'K%+M%%0'+7%&%'>*09&'#$'#KY%2+&@''O#"'%Q/).3%:'M*09'
A)#<*08'/*"H'./&&%&'+7"#,87'/3,)*0,)'&2"%%0@'''e%"%'+7%'>*09'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.'*&'./&&%&'
+7"#,87'/09'#0%'>*09'#$'#KY%2+'*&'M*09'/09'+7%'#+7%"'>*09'*&'/3,)*0,)'&2"%%0@''''
O,"+7%")#"%:'+7%"%'2/0'K%'23/&&%&'#$'23/&&%&@''P3,)*0,)'&2"%%0'*&'#0%'>*09'#$'$*3+%"@''
!3%Q*83/&'*&'/0#+7%"'+5.%'#$'$*3+%"@''O*3+%"'*&'+7%'&,.%"23/&&@''10'$/2+:'&,.%"#"9*0/+%'*&'*+&%3$'/'
+5.%'#$'"%3/+*#0&7*.@'''
]%0%"/3*Z/K3%'relationships'2#0&+*+,+%'+7%'content'#$'&2*%02%:'."/Q*#3#85'/09'
.7*3#&#.75'A4+%*0%":'CG``H@''42*%0+*$*2'signs'#$'knowing$that'/"%'*).#"+/0+'$#"'%Q.3/*0*08'
/09'."%9*2+*08'.7%0#)%0/:'&,27'/&'(*0&+%*0J&'$/)#,&'%L,/+*#0'+7/+'&5)K#3*Z%&'+7%'
"%3/+*#0&7*.'K%+M%%0')/++%":'%0%"85'/09'3*87+'AE$=$mc2H@''!"/Q*#3#8*2/3'signs'#$'knowing$that'
&5)K#3*Z%&'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'K%+M%%0')%/0&'/09'%09&:'M7*27'/"%'*0&+",)%0+/335'8##9:'&,27'/&'
+7%'."#2%&&'#$'+%).%"*08'&+%%3'*0'#"9%"'+#'&+"%08+7%0'*+@''!7*3#&#.7*2/3'signs'#$'knowing$that'
&5)K#3*Z%&'8%0%"/3'"%3/+*#0&7*.&'M7*27'/"%'*0+"*0&*2/335'8##9:'&,27'/&'+7%'%+7*2/3'."*02*.3%'
+7/+'7,)/0'K%*08&'#,87+'+#'+"%/+'%/27'#+7%"'M*+7'K%0%<#3%02%'/09'Y,&+*2%@''
Criterial$knowing$that$
Criterial$knowing$that'"%L,*"%&'instantial'/09'relational$knowing$that'K,+'*0<#3<%&'/'
0#")'K%5#09'+7%)'&#'+7/+'Y,98)%0+'A%</3,/+*#0H'#$'&,27'2#02%.+&'/09'"%3/+*#0&'*&'
.#&&*K3%@''Meta-theoretical'*&'/0#+7%"'+%")'+7/+'2#,39'K%',&%9'$#"'criterial$knowing$that:'
M7%"%'meta-')%/0&'IK%5#09J'#"'I+"/0&2%09&J@''67%'Y,98)%0+'"%L,*"%&'/'&+/09/"9'+7/+'
+"/0&2%09&'+7%'theory'*+&%3$'/09'*+&'+%")&@'''
O#"'%Q/).3%:'3#8*2/3'+",+7'*&'/'&+/09/"9'#"'2"*+%"*#0@'''4,..#&%'+7%"%'/"%'+M#'
/&&%"+*#0&X''67%#9#"/'*&'/'$%)/3%@j'/09'67%#9#"/'*&'/')/3%@j''1$'+7%'2/+%8#"*%&'#$'8%09%"'
A)/3%:'$%)/3%H'/"%'),+,/335'%Q23,&*<%:'+7%0'K#+7'#$'+7%'/&&%"+*#0&'2/00#+'K%'"/+*#0/335'7%39'
/+'+7%'&/)%'+*)%'M*+7#,+'<*#3/+*08'+7%'0#+*#0'#$'3#8*2/3'+",+7'AP$/09'not-P'*&'3#8*2/335'
$/3&%W*@%@:'%*+7%"'P'*&'+",%'#"'not-P'*&'+",%:'K,+'0#+'K#+7H@''''
R#0&*9%"'+7%'."#.#&*+*#0'$"#)'+7%'&2"%%0%9\.#"27'%Q/).3%X''iV*09'./&&%&'+7"#,87'
/3,)*0,)'&2"%%0')%&7@j''67*&'*&'/'9*$$%"%0+'>*09'#$'."#.#&*+*#0'*0'+7/+'*&'*+'0#+'/'$/2+'/K#,+'
/0'*09*<*9,/3'#KY%2+'K,+'*0&+%/9'/K#,+'/33'#KY%2+&'*0'+7%'23/&&%&'*0<#3<%9W/05M7%"%:'
/05+*)%:'/05.3/2%@''''(<%0'*$'*+'*&'+7%'2/&%'+7/+'M*09'./&&%&'+7"#,87'+7%'&2"%%0'#0'+7%'.#"27'
+7/+'6%9'K,*3+:'+7*&'9#%&'0#+')%/0'+7/+'+7*&'"%3/+*#0&7*.'M*33'7#39'$#"'/33'*0&+/02%&'#$'M*09'
/09'/33'*0&+/02%&'#$'/3,)*0,)'&2"%%0')%&7@'''''
V7/+'>*09&'#$'%<*9%02%'M#,39'K%'0%%9%9'+#'M/""/0+'+7%'/&&%"+*#0'/K#,+'+7%'8%0%"/3'
"%3/+*#0&7*.'K%+M%%0'M*09'/09'/3,)*0,)'&2"%%0T''V7/+'2"*+%"*/'/"%'0%%9%9'+#')/>%'&,27'/'
Y,98)%0+T''O#"'%Q/).3%:'*$'+7%'2"*+%"*#0'*&'%).*"*2/335'7#39&'M*+7#,+'%Q2%.+*#0'/09'Y,&+'one'
2#,0+%"\%Q/).3%'*&'9*&2#<%"%9'+#'%Q*&+:'+7%0'+7%'/&&%"+*#0'*&'not'M/""/0+%9'/22#"9*08'+#'
+7/+'2"*+%"*#0@'''10'</"*#,&'&27#3/"35'9*&2*.3*0%&'A%@8@:'27%)*&+"5:'.75&*2&:'K*#3#85:'
/0+7"#.#3#85:'.7*3#&#.75:'%+2@H:'+7%"%'*&'2#0&*9%"/K3%'9*&2,&&*#0'/K#,+'"%&%/"27')%+7#9&'
/09'2"*+%"*/'+7/+'/"%'/.."#."*/+%'$#"'M/""/0+*08'23/*)&@''4,27'/'9*&2,&&*#0'/K#,+'"%&%/"27'
)%+7#9#3#8*%&'*0'disciplined$inquiry'*&'K%5#09'+7%'&2#.%'#$'+7*&'"%.#"+@'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
46$
16. Appendix&C:&&Lose&Weight?&&Or&Decrease&Fat&Mass?&
67%'$#33#M*08'%Q/).3%'$"#)'K*#27%)*&+"5'*33,&+"/+%&'+7%'*).#"+/02%'#$'."%2*&%'
+%")*0#3#85'+#'9%&2"*K%'M7/+'M%'/"%'+/3>*08'/K#,+:'/09'7#M'+7%'27%)*2/3'$/2+#"*%&'*0'#,"'
K#95'#.%"/+%'&#'M%'7/<%'%0%"85'+#'&+/5'/3*<%'/09'+#')#<%'/"#,09@''P&'*+'*&:'+7*&'*&'/'
&#)%M7/+'#<%"&*).3*$*%9'%Q.3/0/+*#0:'K,+'*&'0#0%+7%3%&&'2#0&*&+%0+'M*+7'K*#27%)*&+"5'*0'
#,"'K#9*%&'/09'7#M'#,"'hormones'/09'enzymes'"%8,3/+%'metabolism'AB2b*03%5:'Sa#,873*0:'
p'=*93%:'EFC_H@'
P22#"9*08'+#'%&+*)/+%&'K5'+7%'N/+*#0/3'R%0+%"'$#"'e%/3+7'4+/+*&+*2&'AEFCdH:'/K#,+'C'
#,+'#$'%<%"5'c'P)%"*2/0&'EF'5%/"&'#"'#39%"'*&'#K%&%:'/09'E'#,+'#$'c'/"%'#<%"M%*87+'A6/,K%&:'
EFC_H@''67*&'."#K3%)'*&'&*80*$*2/0+'K%2/,&%'.%#.3%'M7#'/"%'#K%&%'/"%')#"%'3*>%35'+#'
9%<%3#.'Type$2$diabetes:'/09'&,K&%L,%0+35'/"%'."%9*2+%9'+#'K%')#"%'3*>%35'+#'9*%'$"#)'7%/"+'
9*&%/&%:'&+"#>%'/09'2/02%"@''V7/+'2/0'M%'9#'/K#,+'+7*&'&*+,/+*#0T'
O*"&+:'+7%'."#K3%)'*&'not'+7/+')#&+'P)%"*2/0&'/"%'#<%"M%*87+@''V%'2#,39'&7*.'+7%)'
/33'+#'+7%')##0:'/09'+7%5'M#,39'M%*87'/K#,+'#0%\&*Q+7'#$'M7/+'+7%5'0#M'9#'#0'%/"+7@''67/+'
M#,39'M#">'*))%9*/+%35'K,+'M#,39'0#+'/99"%&&'+7%',09%"35*08'."#K3%)@''
B#"%'+#'+7%'.#*0+'*&'+7/+'+##')/05'*09*<*9,/3&'7/<%'/0'%Q2%&&*<%')/&&'#$'$/+'&+#"%9'
*0'+7%*"'K#9*%&@''67%'."#K3%)'*&'0#+'&#3<%9'K5'3#&*08'M%*87+:'"/+7%"'+7%'."#K3%)'*&'&#3<%9'K5'
"%9,2*08'%Q2%&&')/&&'#$'$/+'&+#"%9'*0'#,"'K#9*%&@''1'/)',&*08'*+/3*2&'7%"%'+#'*9%0+*$5'M%33\
9%$*0%9'+%")&@'
4#'M7/+'*&'7,)/0'$/+T''6%270*2/335:'K#95'$/+'*&'&+#"%9'*0'adipose$cells'3/"8%35'/&'
triglyceride$molecules@''V7%0'M%'2#0&,)%'carbohydrates:'+7%5'/"%'K"#>%0'9#M0'*0+#'
glucose$molecules'A/09'#+7%"&H@''S,"'pancreas'&%2"%+%&'+7%'insulin$hormone'*0'#"9%"'+#'
3#M%"'#,"'K3##9'&,8/"'3%<%3'A/)#,0+'#$'glucoseH@''4#)%'#$'+7%'glucose'*&'*))%9*/+%35'+/>%0'
*0'K5'2%33&'*0'#,"'K#9*%&'$#"'%0%"85'<*/'/'metabolic$process'2/33%9'glycolysis:'K,+'/'$,"+7%"'
."#2%&&'2/33%9'lipogenesis'2#0<%"+&'%Q+"/'glucose'*0+#'fatty$acids:'/09:'*0'+7%'."%&%02%'#$'
insulin'/09'lipoprotein'lipase:'+7#&%'fatty$acid$molecules'/"%'2#)K*0%9'M*+7'glycerol$
molecules'*0'/'+7"%%\+#\#0%'"/+*#'+#'$#")'triglyceride$molecules'&+#"%9'/&'K#95'$/+'A*0'
adipose$tissue$cellsH@'
N#+*2%'M%'/"%'0#M',&*08'&.%2*$*2:'M%33\9%$*0%9'+%")*0#3#85'*0'.75&*#3#85:'/0/+#)5:'
K*#27%)*&+"5'/09'.75&*2&'+#'9%&2"*K%'+7%'."#K3%)@''10'#"9%"'+#'/99"%&&'#K%&*+5:'M%'0%%9'+#'
"%9,2%'+7%')/&&'#$'$/+'&+#"%9'*0'adipose$tissue@''P09'+#'K%'%<%0')#"%'&.%2*$*2:'M%'0#")/335'
9#'0#+'M/0+'+#'"%9,2%'+7%')/&&'#$'#,"'skeletal$muscle$tissue:'tendons:'ligaments:'organs:'/09'
bones@''V%'9#'0#+'M/0+'+#'%09',.'/&'G`\.#,09'M%/>3*08&@''P09'M%'9#'0#+'M/0+'+#'8%+'"*9'#$'
/33'$/+'&+#"%9'*0'adipose$tissue'K%2/,&%'fatty$acids'/"%'0%%9%9'/&'$,%3'$#"'2"%/+*08'%0%"85'
M7%0'*0&,$$*2*%0+'glucose'*&'2,""%0+35'/</*3/K3%@'
4#'7#M'9#%&'#,"'K#95'%Q+"/2+'+7%'$/+'$"#)'adipose$tissueT''67*&'*&')#"%'2#).3*2/+%9:'
K%2/,&%'#,"'K#9*%&'7/<%'),3+*.3%'metabolic$pathways'A9*$$%"%0+'M/5&'#,"'2%33&'2"%/+%'
0%%9%9'%0%"85:'9%.%09*08'#0'2#09*+*#0&H@''S,"'K#9*%&'$*"&+',&%'/</*3/K3%'glucose'*0'#,"'
K3##9&+"%/)'$#"'2%33&'+#'metabolize'$#"'%0%"85'+7"#,87'/'."#2%&&'2/33%9'glycolysis@''1$'#,"'
glucose'3%<%3'*&'+##'3#M'A/3&#'3#M'insulin'3%<%3H:'+7%0'#,"'pancreas'&%2"%+%&'glucagon:'/'
hormone'M7*27'*0'2#)K*0/+*#0'M*+7'+7%'%0Z5)%'hormone$sensitive$lipase'&*80/3&'adipose$
cells'+7"#,87'/'."#2%&&'2/33%9'lipolysis'+#'K"%/>'9#M0'triglycerides'*0+#'free$fatty$acid'/09'
glycerol$molecules'+7/+'/"%'"%3%/&%9'*0+#'+7%'K3##9&+"%/)@''67%'free$fatty$acids'/"%'+7%0'
Why$We$Need$Educology$for$Improving$Education$Systems$–$$
$
47$
metabolized'K5'#,"'2%33&'+#'2"%/+%'%0%"85@''4#'+7%'."#K3%)'*&'0#+'+#'2#0&,)%'$%M%"'2/3#"*%&'
+7/0'M%'%Q.%09'/&'%0%"85:'/&'*&'#$+%0')*&,09%"&+##9@''67%'."#K3%)'*&'+#'"%3%/&%')#"%'$/+'
+7/0'M%'&+#"%@''67%"%$#"%:'&#3,+*#0&'&7#,39'/99"%&&'metabolic$pathways'+7/+'3%/9'+#'$/+'
&+#"/8%'/09'+#'$/+'"%3%/&%'$#"',&%'/&'%0%"85@''
S0%'%$$%2+*<%')%+7#9'*&'+#'&+#.'%/+*08@''67%'&+/"</+*#0')%+7#9'M#">&W0#+%'+7%'
/..%/"/02%'#$'.%#.3%'M7#'/"%'&+/"<*08'+#'9%/+7:'3*+%"/335'%09*08',.'3##>*08'3*>%'i&>*0'/09'
K#0%&j'A3*++3%'muscle'/09'adipose$tissue'"%)/*0&H@''=,+'&+/"<*08'*&',0&,&+/*0/K3%'/&'/')%+7#9'
M7%0'M%'7/<%'.3%0+5'#$'$##9'/"#,09',&@'''
P'$,"+7%"')%+7#9'*&'+#'%Q%"2*&%'%Q2%&&*<%35@''=,+'+7/+'*&'*)."/2+*2/3:'M*+7'"%&.%2+'+#'
K,"0*08'/05'&*80*$*2/0+'/)#,0+'#$'$/+'&+#"%9'*0'adipose$cells@''67%"%'/"%'),27')#"%'%$$%2+*<%'
)%+7#9&@''4#)%'%Q%"2*&%'*&'8##9'$#"',&:'K,+'$#"'#+7%"'"%/&#0&'+#')/*0+/*0'7%/3+7@'''
;0$#"+,0/+%35:'+7%'#$+%0\"%2#))%09%9')%+7#9'#$'"%9,2*08'2/3#"*2'2#0&,).+*#0'
/09'*02"%/&*08'%Q%"2*&%'9#%&'not:'*0'$/2+:'M#">'*0'+7%'3#08'",0'$#"'Gd'.%"2%0+'#$',&:'/09'*&'
,0&,&+/*0/K3%'A(/9%&'p'(/9%&:'CGG_['=/*3#":'EFCdH@''O,"+7%")#"%:'.%#.3%'M7#'+"5'+7*&'
)%+7#9'#$+%0'%09',.'M*+7'/')#"%'$/+')/&&'/09'3%&&'3%/0'K#95')/&&'+7#,87'homeostasis@''
V7%0'9#0%'"%.%/+%935'A/'i5#\5#j'9*%+*08'./++%"0H:'+7*&'*0'%$$%2+'%Q/2%"K/+%&'+7%'$/+')/&&'
."#K3%)'A%@8@:'&%%'6/,K%&:'EFCC['=/*3#":'EFCdH@'
V7/+'*&'0%%9%9'*&'/'&#3,+*#0'+7/+'&+*),3/+%&'#,"'K#9*%&'+#'%Q+"/2+'fatty$acids'$"#)'
adipose$cells'/09'K,"0'+7%)'$#"'0%%9%9'%0%"85@''P09'+#'9#'+7*&'/+'/'"/+%'+7/+'*&'8"%/+%"'+7/0'
+7%'"/+%'#$'&+#"*08'$/+'*0'adipose$tissue@''S<%"'+*)%:'+7*&'M*33'"%9,2%'+7%')/&&'#$'$/+@''
;09%"&+/09*08'#$'metabolic$processes'*0'+7%'7,)/0'K#95'2/0'7%3.',&'*9%0+*$5'&+"/+%8*%&'+7/+'
2/0'&/$%35'"%9,2%'+7%')/&&'#$'$/+'&+#"%9'*0'adipose$tissue'M*+7#,+'3#&*08'muscle$mass'#"'
%<%0+,/335'&+/"<*08'+#'9%/+7@''
-*%+/"5'/.."#/27%&'+7/+'/"%'%$$%2+*<%'+5.*2/335'"%2#))%09'%/+*08'."#.#"+*#0/335'
)#"%'proteins'/3#08'M*+7'/'&,$$*2*%0+'/)#,0+'#$'7%/3+75'$/+&'/09'%/+*08'."#.#"+*#0/335'
),27'3%&&'carbohydrates'A+7/+'/"%'2#0<%"+%9'+#'glucose'/09'&+*),3/+%'insulin'&%2"%+*#0'K5'
+7%'pancreasH@''V7%0'#,"'pancreas'&.%09&')#"%'+*)%'&%2"%+*08'glucagon'+7/0'*+'9#%&'
insulin:'#,"'K#9*%&'M*33'%Q+"/2+'fatty$acids'&+#"%9'*0'adipose$cells'$#"'%0%"85'/+'/'greater'rate'
+7/0'*+'&+#"%&'fatty$acids'/&'triglycerides@''4%%'(/9%&'/09'(/9%&'ACGG_:'..@'cg\cDH@''1+'*&'/'
."#K3%)'#$'+7%'rate'#$'feedin'#$'fatty$acids'/09'glycerol'+#'adipose$tissue$cells'M7%0'
2#0+"/&+%9'M*+7'+7%'"/+%'#$'feedout@''Feedin'/09'feedout'/"%'system'."#.%"+*%&'A%@8@:'&%%'
67#).&#0:'EFF`['B/22*/'p'B/22*/:'CG__H@''67%'9/*35'L,/0+*+5'#$'+#+/3'2/3#"*%&'M%'2#0&,)%'
*&'3%&&'&*80*$*2/0+'+7/0'L,/3*+5'#$')/2"#\0,+"*%0+&'M%'."#.#"+*#0/335'2#0&,)%:'+7%'"/+%'#$'
2#0&,).+*#0'#$'+7#&%')/2"#0,+"*%0+&'9,"*08'+7%'9/5:'/09'+7%'%0%"85'9%)/09&'#$'),&23%&'
2%33&'A+#')#<%'#,"'K#9*%&H'+7"#,87#,+'+7%'9/5@'''
1+'*&'/'"/+%'."#K3%):'0#+'/'M%*87+'."#K3%):'/09'*+'*&'&.%2*$*2/335'/K#,+'"/+%&'#$'
9*$$%"%0+'metabolic$pathways'#,"'K#9*%&',&%'+#'2"%/+%'%0%"85'+#'&+/5'/3*<%'/09'+#')#<%'
/K#,+@'
V7*3%'+7*&'$/+'metabolism'%Q/).3%'*&'#<%"&*).3*$*%9'A+7%"%'/"%'/99*+*#0/3'metabolic$
pathways'0#+'9*&2,&&%9'7%"%'&,27'/&'ketosis'/09'gluconeogenesisH:'*+'0#0%+7%3%&&'*33,&+"/+%&'
+7%'</3,%'#$'M%33\9%$*0%9'+%")*0#3#85:'&#'M%'/33'know'."%2*&%35'M7/+'M%'/"%'+/3>*08'/K#,+@''
1+'$,"+7%"'23/"*$*%&'7#M'M%'$"/)%'/'."#K3%)'/09'.#+%0+*/3'&#3,+*#0&'+#'+7%'."#K3%)@'
'
Article
Full-text available
This article presents the foundations of A-GSBT (Axiomatic-General Systems Behavioral Theory) by providing a clear logical definition of general system. Such a definition is critical for devising mathematical models for predicting results in behavioral systems. The purpose of A-GSBT is to provide an Options Set to construct a theory with predictive technology applications to various behavioral systems. Such systems include educational systems, military systems, and terrorist network systems among others. A future report will consider the methodology for implementing the Options Set. A-GSBT provides, especially for educologists, a procedure for constructing scientific theory founded on an axiomatic logic and mathematics instead of relying on hypothesis-driven methodologies that result in open-ended testing with no reliable predictive results in diverse applications.
Book
Full-text available
Preface: In the United States, elementary and secondary students do not measure up well when standing toe to toe with their international peers. But this isn’t breaking news. For decades, national oversight groups and independent experts have been issuing data and reports like Nation at Risk (published in 1983 by the National Commission on Excellence in Education) and the U.S. Education Reform and National Security report (published by the Council on Foreign Relations in 2012) that strongly decry the performance of U.S. schools. The U.S. Department of Education (along with all 50 of the U.S. state departments of education and many private foundations) have poured billions of dollars into elementary and secondary educational reforms since the Russians launched Sputnik in the 1960s, yet U.S. public schools are still not meeting the educational needs of many of their students. Clearly, the current approaches to educational reform are failing. This book explores why the current approaches are failing and what kind of approach is needed. Specifically, we look at the existing education structure in the U.S. and how it needs to change to meet the current and near-future learning needs of students. We describe two aspects of education reform: what education systems should be like from preschool through high school, and how to help current systems transform themselves accordingly. Chapter 1 explores the fundamental changes in society as the Industrial Age evolved to the Information Age and describes how the educational needs of students and communities have changed to accommodate this shift. This chapter points out that what is taught (the content) and how it is taught (the instructional methods) need to change. Yet perhaps more importantly, we provide evidence that the fundamental structure of the U.S. education system has become obsolete — if not actually counterproductive to meeting the new educational needs. This chapter provides evidence that the current education system is structured to leave children behind and describes an alternative structure — that maximizes learning while lowering educational costs — to meet the new education needs of the Information Age. Chapter 2 uses an analysis of key differences in society between the Industrial Age and the Information Age to present a vision of an educational system that can meet the educational and developmental needs of students and their communities in today’s world — in a way that’s more cost-effective than the current system. This chapter describes six core ideas to stimulate thinking about what is possible for education. 1. An attainment-based system 2. Learner-centered instruction: 3. Expanded curriculum: 4. Roles for students, teachers, and technology that support self-directed learning 5. A nurturing school culture 6. Decentralized organizational structures. Furthermore, features of current education systems that are counterproductive to student learning are identified. Finally, this chapter addresses the cost-effectiveness of the new system. Chapter 3 highlights three examples out of hundreds of school systems that have already adopted the new kind of system that we envision in Chapter 2. These examples represent change at various levels of education — a single school, a school district, and an international school model — and describe how the three organizations use the six core ideas that are introduced in Chapter 2 along with evidence of each organization’s effectiveness. An appendix lists many similar school systems. Chapter 4 outlines how to transform existing schools and design new schools to achieve the Information-Age education system on a small scale (individual schools), medium scale (school districts), and large scale (state systems). The chapter identifies principles of change that can help guide any transformation process, and it explores “open questions” that can influence the success of a transformation effort. Chapter 5 proposes initiatives that the federal government can undertake to accelerate the transformation of school systems: supporting the development of a new kind of technological tool, piloting best practices, building states’ capacity to facilitate change, and advancing knowledge about the paradigm change process. A phased approach is recommended for each of these four initiatives. There is a fairly detailed summary of key ideas at the end of each chapter. More information is available at www.reinventingschools.com, and we welcome your input on our blog or Facebook page through that website.
Article
Full-text available
The Theory of Totally Integrated Education (TIE) predicts that mental structures formed by learners are expected to be stronger when ‘knowing that one’, ‘knowing how’, and ‘knowing that’ are integrated with learner emotions and intentions. Such whole, completely connected mental structures are expected to be less vulnerable to forgetting. TIE theory further provides justification of principles for worthwhile education. TIE theory builds on seminal work of John Dewey, Charles Sanders Peirce, Maria Montessori, Elizabeth Steiner, George Maccia, Stanley Greenspan, Kenneth Thompson, Myrna Estep, Eric Kandel, David Merrill, and Jeroen van Merriënboer. Descriptive theory is provided which defines terms in TIE theory, before it is explicated and examples are provided. A strategy for improving curriculum is recommended, which is based on sequencing authentic, whole learning tasks from simple to complex. Most importantly, these learning tasks are expected to help students integrate 9 kinds knowing with emotions and intentions: recognitive, acquaintive, appreciative, imitative, adaptive, creative, instantial, relational and criterial.
Article
Full-text available
This is the second article in a series relating to the development of axiomatic theories of intentional systems. This article presents a critique of methodologies for scientific discovery, and provides an alternative by which comprehensive, consistent, and complete theories in the social sciences can be developed. Further, it is argued that only axiomatic theories provide the means by which reliable evaluations and predictions can be obtained. A discussion of the hypothesis-driven methodologies of the social sciences is provided and why such methodologies do not result in scientific theories. Pursuant to Charles S. Peirce and subsequent confirmation by Elizabeth Steiner, theory development is the result of a reasoning process identified as retroduction. The hypothetico-deductive and grounded theory methodologies are considered and shown that they do not develop theory. It is argued that the reliance of social scientists on hypothesis-driven methodologies has compromised their ability to develop legitimate theory and has resulted in frustration by those who recognize that there is a serious problem in this industry concerning the development of social science theory.
Article
Перевод: Mona Mourshed, Chinezi Chijioke, Michael Barber. How the worlds most improved school systems keep getting better. McKinsey&Company. November 2010 (пер. с англ. Н. Микшиной, Е. Шадриной). Продолжение. Начало публикации см. в № 1 за 2011 г.Содержание1. Группа мер воздействия1.1. В Зазеркалье1.2. Система, а не набор явлений1.3. Предписывайте соответствие норме, но дайте возможность добиваться большего1.4. Общие, но различные 2. Адаптация мер воздействия к определенному контексту2.1. Как прорваться, а не провалиться2.2. Руководящий принцип: принуждение или убеждение? 3. Поддержание уровня3.1. Практика сотрудничества: пользовательский интерфейс3.2. Посредническое звено: операционная система3.3. Воспитание нового поколения лидеров: центральный процессор 4. Пусковой импульс4.1. На старте4.2. Хороший кризис всегда пригодится4.3. Не спрятаться, не скрыться4.4. Как правильно выйти на сцену4.5. Сценарий нового лидера4.6. Устойчивость лидера 5. ЗаключениеПриложение