Problems Associated with Clefts and Craniofacial Anomalies

Abstract

Cleft lip and palate is the fourth most common birth defect and the most common congenital defect of the face. A cleft of the lip affects facial aesthetics, whereas a cleft of the palate can affect feeding, middle ear function, and speech. Clefts vary in type and severity, but typically follow the path of normal embryological suture lines.
This chapter begins with a general description of a cleft and its associated malformations. It then goes on to describe the embryological development of the lip and palate, and the various types of clefts that can occur when there is a disruption in this development. Particular emphasis is placed on submucous cleft palate because this anomaly can cause significant problems with speech and resonance, but is not always easy to identify. The effect of the cleft on the anatomy of the lip, palate, and adjacent structures is described. Potential functional problems secondary to the cleft are alsonoted.