Seedling Response of Iranian Barley Landraces to Pyrenophora teres f. teres and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata

Abstract

Net blotch caused by Pyrenophora teres is an important pathogen of barley plants worldwide. There are two biotypes of the fungus. Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) causes the net form of the disease and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm) causes the spot form of the disease. Barley landraces are good sources of disease resistance. In this study, seedling response of 25 barley landraces obtained from different regions of northwest Iran to 3 single spore isolates of Ptt and 3 single spore isolates of Ptm were determined under greenhouse conditions. Differences in virulence among the isolates were evident. Some landraces showed different responses to different isolates. Landraces # 9 and # 16 showed moderately resistant reactions to one isolate of Ptt and showed moderately resistant-moderately susceptible reactions to 2 isolates of Ptt. Landraces # 7, # 11, # 15, # 17, # 21, # 22, # 23 and # 25 showed moderately resistant-moderately susceptible reactions to all 3 isolates of Ptt. Landrace # 23 showed resistant-moderately resistant reaction to one isolate of Ptm and showed moderately resistant reactions to 2 isolates of Ptm. Landrace # 16 showed moderately resistant reactions to all isolates of Ptm. Landraces # 11, # 15, # 21 and # 25 showed moderately resistant reaction to one isolate of Ptm and showed moderately resistant-moderately susceptible reactions to 2 isolates of Ptm. Landraces that exhibited reactions between resistant and moderately resistant-moderately susceptible range could be used as a direct seeding material to the field or could be used as breeding materials.

Full text

Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi
Tar. Bil. Der.
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www.agri.ankara.edu.tr/dergi
Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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TARIM BİLİMLERİ DERGİSİ — JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 25 (2019) 86-92
Seedling Response of Iranian Barley Landraces to Pyrenophora teres f.
teres and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata
Arzu ÇELİK OĞUZa, Amir RAHİMİb, Aziz KARAKAYAa
a
b
ARTICLE INFO
Research Article
Corresponding Author: Aziz KARAKAYA, E-mail: karakaya@agri.ankara.edu.tr, Tel: +90 (312) 596 12 58
Received: 05 December 2017, Received in Revised Form: 21 March 2018, Accepted: 01 April 2018
ABSTRACT
Net blotch caused by Pyrenophora teres is an important pathogen of barley plants worldwide. There are two biotypes
of the fungus. Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) causes the net form of the disease and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata
(Ptm) causes the spot form of the disease. Barley landraces are good sources of disease resistance. In this study, seedling
                  Ptt
and 3 single spore isolates of Ptm  

moderately resistant reactions to one isolate of Ptt and showed moderately resistant-moderately susceptible reactions
to 2 isolates of Ptt
susceptible reactions to all 3 isolates of Ptt
of Ptm and showed moderately resistant reactions to 2 isolates of Ptm   
reactions to all isolates of Ptm
of Ptm and showed moderately resistant-moderately susceptible reactions to 2 isolates of Ptm
reactions between resistant and moderately resistant-moderately susceptible range could be used as a direct seeding

Keywords: Drechslera teres
© Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi
1. Introduction
Barley (Hordeum vulgare    
(FAO 2015). It is the most planted cereal after wheat in Turkey (TUIK 2016; Geçit 2016).

(Zohary & Hopf 1993). Parts of Turkey and Iran are located in the Fertile Crescent region. Hordeum
spontaneum, progenitor of cultivated barley, is also common in this region (Harlan & Zohary 1966; Nevo
1992). Eight main regions including China, India, Near East, Central Asia, Ethiopia, Mediterranean, Central

Turkey and Iran are very important phytogeographical regions due to presence of Mediterranean as well

Seedling Response of Iranian Barley Landraces to Pyrenophora teres f. teres and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, Çelik Oğuz et al
87Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi – Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25 (2019) 86-92

landraces are still planted in these areas.
Barley plant is resistant to adverse conditions
and has high adaptation capability. It can grow in
various soil and climatic conditions (Mathre 1982;
Geçit 2016). Wild barleys and barley landraces are

stress tolerances. They are regarded as a ‘gold mine’
because of their potential power to develop new
genotypes against various biotic and abiotic stress
factors (Yitbarek et al 1998; Ceccarelli & Grando
2000; Ellis et al 2000). Barley landraces show
optimum adaptability to changing environmental
     

properties can be used to develop varieties with
better quality traits (Newton et al 2010). Iranian
barley landraces can be considered as important
gene sources for modern cultivar improvement
(Khodayari et al 2012).
Net blotch is an important barley foliar disease

      
symptoms. Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm)
incites spot type of net blotch and P. teres. f. teres
(Ptt) incites net type of net blotch (Shipton et al

et al 2011). The prevalence of net blotch disease is
related to the susceptibility of cultivated varieties.

where highly susceptible cultivars are planted.
However, general losses range between 10-40%
(Mathre 1982). The use of fungicides, cultural
practices and planting resistant barley genotypes


method to control of net blotch is through using
resistant barley cultivars.
In this study, we evaluated the seedling
responses of 25 Iranian barley landraces obtained

of Ptt and 3 single spore isolates of Ptm collected
  
this study has been published previously (Çelik

2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant materials
Barley landraces were collected from Oshnaviye,
Piranshahr, Bukan and Naghadeh regions of
northwest Iran. From these, healthy looking
individial seeds were selected and planted into 24 cm

pots were placed outside and watered as needed.
Both light colored and dark colored seeds were
selected. Seeds of these landraces were harvested

2.2. Making single spore isolates
The infected barley leaves with net and/or spot form

   

surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochloride.
These pieces were incubated for 3 days on moist

taken under a stereomicroscope and then transferred

(PDA).
2.3. Inoculation and incubation
No sporulation was observed in PDA, therefore,
hyphal parts were used as inoculum. Previous studies
showed that inoculation with hyphae was successful
(Douiyssi et al 1998; Karakaya & Akyol 2006; Çelik
       
10 days old Ptt and Ptm cultures grown on PDA
       
     4 per
        

1995; Douiyssi et al 1998; Karakaya & Akyol

sprayed onto barley leaves using a hand sprayer at
the growth stages 12-13 (Zadoks et al 1974). The
         
greenhouse conditions. After this period, ventilation

Seedling Response of Iranian Barley Landraces to Pyrenophora teres f. teres and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, Çelik Oğuz et al
88 Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi – Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25 (2019) 86-92

hours. The temperature of the greenhouse was 17±2
oC night and 22±2 oC day with a 14h/10h light/dark
regime. Three replications were employed.
2.4. Disease assessment
Disease evaluations were made 7 days after
inoculation using Tekauz (1985) scales which are
based on lesion morphology of net blotch biotypes.
3. Results and Discussion
    
Ptt and 3 Ptm isolates (Table
1). Pathogenic variation was observed between P.
teres isolates and Iranian barley landraces. Response
of landraces to Ptt and Ptm isolates ranged between
moderately resistant and moderately susceptible-
susceptible. The most virulent isolates of Ptt and
Ptm were Ptt 1 Sivas and Ptm 1 Ankara isolates,
respectively.
Table 1- Seedling reactions of 25 Iranian barley landraces to 3 Pyrenophora teres f. teres and 3 Pyrenophora
teres f. maculata isolates. For disease evaluation scales developed for net form of net bloth and spot form of
net blotch by Tekauz (1985) were used
Landrace
no  
type

color
Pyrenophora teres f. teres Pyrenophora teres f. maculata
Ptt 1

Ptt 2

Ptt 3

Mean Ptm 1
Ankara
Ptm 2

Ptm 3

Mean
1 Naghadeh 2  7 7 5 6.3 7 7 7 7
2 Naghadeh 2  8 7 3 6 5 7 7 6.3
3 Bukan 2  6 8 5 6.3 7 5 5 5.6
4 Naghadeh 2 Dark 8 6 5 6.3 8 7 5 6.6
5 2 8 4 3 5 8 5 7 6.6
6 Naghadeh 2 Dark 7 4 6 5.6 7 7 7 7
7 Bukan 2  5 5 5 5 5 7 5 5.6
8 2 7 6 3 5.3 5 7 3 5
9 Bukan 2  4 4 3 3.6 7 2 5 4.6
10  2 6 6 7 6.3 7 3 5 5
11  6 5 4 5 4.6 5 3 5 4.3
12 Naghadeh 2  8 4 6 6 7 7 5 6.3
13 Naghadeh 2 Dark 8 6 6 6.6 7 7 5 6.3
14 Naghadeh 2 Dark 7 4 6 5.6 7 7 7 7
15 Naghadeh 2  5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4.3
16 Bukan 2  6 6 3 5 3 3 3 3
17  6 6 6 4 5.3 7 5 3 5
18  2 6 4 7 5.6 5 5 7 5.6
19  2 7 5 7 6.3 7 3 7 5.6
20 Naghadeh 2 Dark 7 4 5 5.3 7 7 5 6.3
21 Naghadeh 2  5 5 4 4.6 5 3 5 4.3
22  2 5 4 4 4.3 7 7 3 5.6
23 Naghadeh 2  4 6 4 4.6 3 3 2 2.6
24 Naghadeh 2 Dark 5 7 4 5.3 7 5 3 5
25 Bukan 2  4 4 4 4 5 5 3 4.3
Mean 6.16 5.24 4.76 6.12 5.2 4.96

Seedling Response of Iranian Barley Landraces to Pyrenophora teres f. teres and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, Çelik Oğuz et al
89Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi – Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25 (2019) 86-92

resistant-moderately susceptible reactions to Ptt 1
Sivas, Ptt    Ptt 3 Kilis isolates,

16) showed moderately resistant reactions to Ptt 3

      
moderately susceptible reactions to all 3 isolates
of Ptt        
resistant-moderately susceptible to two isolates of
Ptt and were moderately resistant to one isolate of
Ptt. Eight, 6 and 11 landraces showed moderately
resistant-moderately susceptible reactions to Ptm 1
Ankara, Ptm 2 Konya and Ptm  

were moderately resistant to Ptm 1 Ankara isolate.
In addition, 7 landraces were moderately resistant
      
resistant to Ptm
       
resistant-moderately resistant to Ptm  

resistant reaction to one isolate of Ptm and showed
moderately resistant reactions to 2 isolates of
Ptm   
reactions to all isolates of Ptm 

isolate of Ptm    
moderately susceptible reactions to 2 isolates of
Ptm
to one isolate of Ptm 

resistant to one isolate of Ptm.
Fertile Crescent is the most likely geographical
area where the wild barley is domesticated and wild
barley populations located in the Fertile Crescent
have contributed genetic material to the cultured
barley (Zohary & Hoph 1993; Badr et al 2000;
Morrell & Clegg 2007). This creates a large variaton
    
reported the presence of resistant genotypes among
barley genotypes in the Middle East.
Barley has been grown in Fertile Crescent
region a long period of time and a rich genetic
       
2000; Khodayari et al 2012). Ebrahimi et al (2013)
investigated the genetic diversity of 115 barley
landraces and wild barleys from 5 Hordeum species
     
the landraces. Khodayari et al (2012), using
microsatellite markers, investigated the genetic
diversity among the Iranian barley landraces and
Khazaei et al (2012) characterized the agronomic
traits of winter barley landraces and 4 advanced
varieties collected from Iran. Both studies reported
high levels of polymorphism and genetic diversity
among the Iranian barley genotypes.
There are limited studies on the resistance of
Iranian barley landraces to P. teres. Ghazvini &
Tekauz (2007) tested 160 barley accessions from
Iran for their reactions to Fusarium graminearum,
Bipolaris sorokiniana and Dreschlera teres f. teres
(teleomorph: Pyrenophora teres f. teres) in order to

found to be resistant to Dreschlera teres f. teres. No
resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Bipolaris
sorokiniana isolates was found. It is concluded
that disease resistant landraces were important in
achieving sustainability and they were valuable
sources in germplasm collections. In the current

        
blotch. In current study, 5 Iranian barley landraces
showed moderately resistant reactions to Ptt 3 Kilis
   
resistant reactions to all Ptm isolates and landrace
number 23 showed moderately resistant reactions to
2 isolates of Ptm and showed resistant-moderately
resistant reaction to one isolate of Ptm.
     
genotypes were found in the gene centers of barley
(Afanasenko et al 2000). Numerous studies reported
the resistance of barley landraces to P. teres from
        
and Yitbarek et al (1998) assessed the reactions of
Ethiopian barley landraces to P. teres and observed

tested the resistance status of 176 Turkish barley
lines to P. teres. More lines showed resistance to spot
form of net blotch than net form of net blotch. In our

Seedling Response of Iranian Barley Landraces to Pyrenophora teres f. teres and Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, Çelik Oğuz et al
90 Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi – Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25 (2019) 86-92

levels of resistance to P. teres isolates and more
Iranian landraces showed resistance to spot form of
net blotch. In a study conducted by Semeane (1995)
in Ethiopia only 4 of 900 barley landraces were
found to be resistant to net blotch. Silvar et al (2010)
tested 159 barley landraces and 16 barley cultivars
from Spanish Barley Core Collection to 3 P. teres
f. teres     
and only one landrace showed resistant reaction to
all isolates used. Endresen et al (2011) evaluated
  
of net blotch. Neupane et al (2015) evaluated 2062
barley accessions obtained from World Barley Core
Collection to four P. teres f. teres isolates obtained
from Australia, United States, Denmark and New
Zealand. Fifteen accessions were found to be
resistant to all isolates. In our study, a high number
of Iranian barley landraces showed reactions in the
range of resistant-moderately resistant to moderately
resistant- moderately susceptible to both forms of
the pathogen. Chakrabarti (1968) and Khan & Boyd
(1969) tested barley varieties from World Barley
Core Collection for their reactions to net blotch.
In their studies, thirty of 6246 barley varieties and
6 of 8756 barley varieties were found to be very
resistant, respectively. Turkey, which is located in
the Fertile Crescent region, is one of the important
gene centers of barley and has important barley
genetic resources. Wild barley and cultivated barley
landraces obtained from Turkey and Jordan were
evaluated for their resistance status to Cochliobolus
sativus, P. teres f. maculata and P. teres f. teres
collected from Canada. Wild barley genotypes were
found to be more resistant to C. sativus and P. teres f.
teres. Equal amounts of wild barleys and cultivated
landraces of barley were found to be resistant to P.
teres f. maculata 
et al (2017b) tested 198 Turkish barley landraces
to 6 virulent isolates of net form of net blotch and
spot form of net blotch. 13 barley landraces showed
resistant reactions to all P. teres f. maculata isolates
and 7 barley landraces showed resistant reactions to
all P. teres f. teres isolates. In addition, numerous

isolate. Similarly, in our current study, more Iranian
barley landraces showed resistant group reactions
to Ptm isolates than Ptt isolates. Several Iranian
landraces were found to be resistant-moderately
resistant or moderately resistant to both forms of the
pathogen.
New gene resources resistant to diseases, pests
and changing climatic conditions are needed for
    
agronomical traits and are sources of wide variation
(Ceccarelli & Grando 2000; Ergün et al 2017).
Useful agronomical traits could be transferred to
advanced varieties successfully (Newton et al 2010).
These genetic resources should be collected from
natural habitats and should be protected (Frankel &
Hawkes 1975).
4. Conclusions
Barley landraces are valuable sources of disease
resistance. In this study, 25 barley landraces
     
Iran were tested to both forms of P. teres with the

landraces showed moderately resistant or resistant-
moderately resistant reactions to 1 or more isolates.
A wide variation was observed among the Iranian
barley landraces to pathogen isolates.

fungi and resistant genotypes may show susceptible
reactions to emerging virulent pathogens (Burdon &
    
pathotypes, resistance studies should be continuous
and the establishment of a broad genetic base is
necessary for durable and sustainable resistance.
Iranian barley landraces determined in this study
could be used as gene sources in future breeding
studies in order to obtain net blotch resistant barley
genotypes.
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