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Nursing faculty members’ experience in the disaster area following the Great East Japan Earthquake: Focus on disaster prevention

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Abstract

Aim: This study identified issues associated with disaster prevention measures in three Educational Nursing Institutions (ENIs) affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. Methods: Participants were eight ENI nursing faculty members in the Tohoku region. A qualitative descriptive methodology was utilized using semi-structured interviews. The focus was on the successful aspects of the participants’ actions following the disaster. Disaster prevention issues that were identified were divided into two categories: rehabilitation period and emergency conditions. Categories were classified using the narratives of the eight participants. Results: Five issues identified in the rehabilitation period were: (1) clarification of the role of schools in the area; (2) communication methods at the time of disaster were not established; (3) emergency equipments were insufficient; (4) the need to review content of disaster prevention training; and (5) failure to utilize the disaster prevention manual adequately. Six issues mentioned in the emergency conditions are as follows: (1) the roles of faculty and staff were not clarified; (2) command and control systems were underdeveloped; (3) evacuation methods were not defined; (4) the safety confirmation system was incomplete; (5) the role of students was unclear due to a lack of infrastructure to adequately support them; and (6) it was difficult to care for the students. Conclusions: Educational Nursing Institutes should be aware that their institutions could be utilized as evacuation centers following disasters, despite not being designated as such in the regional disaster prevention plan. As a result, ENIs should be prepared to fulfill their role in assisting survivors. In addition, disaster prevention plan should equally balance the business continuity plans for disasters, thus ensuring “student safety and health management”. Also, “measures to resume and continue education” are necessary.
護理雜誌 59 3期‧中華民國 101 6
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災難護理
接受刊載:101 511
*通訊作者地址:李劭懷  11031臺北市信義區吳興街 250
電  話:02273616616339
E-mailaminophyline@hotmail.com doi:10.6224/JN.59.3.87
從東日本大地震探討災難護理的角色與經驗
核能發電廠事故
龜井 緣1 李劭懷2*
1日本東京聖路加看護大學博士班學生 2臺北醫學大學老人護理暨管理學系助理教授
摘 要: 2011311 日於日本的東北地區 ,發生了芮氏
規模 9.0 的超級強震 ,也引發了巨大的海嘯 ,嚴
重破壞了福島第一核能發電廠,導致大量的輻射
外洩而引發核災。許多當地居民被迫撤離,強制
被安置到臨時避難所。福島縣境內的 65 歲以上長
者人口數有505,760 ,約佔縣內總人口比率的
24.9%(福島 ,2011,是一個高齡化的地區
在災難發生現場,長者遷徙避難不易 、更需要
特別的照護。作者在福島第一核電廠的兩處避難
所,進行災難救援 ,藉此親身的經驗 ,希望能
提供護理人員對災難護理專業的認識,讓同樣處
於地震帶的台灣參考。除了防患未然外,對於護
理人員如何在災難中適時適所地發揮專業角色及
功能,提供了思考的方向。藉由本文之經驗分
,亦能對亞洲地區災難護理教育之推展與國際
合作提供未來的願景與藍圖。
關鍵詞: 災難護理、災難救援活動 、福島核災、東日本
大震災。
前  言
2011 年的 311 日 , 日本 發生 了 強烈 的地 震 ,
由東北到關東地區都發生了嚴重的災情( 象
2011,日本警察 估計日本境內死亡、失蹤的人數
超過 1萬人 ,估計為二次世界大戰以來最大規模之災
(警察 ,2011。強震引發海嘯的襲擊,造成福
島第一核能發電廠損毀 ,大量的輻射物外洩。當時日
本政府擴大強制撤離居民的範圍 ,以第一核能發電廠
為中 心 ,除 了原本 訂定的 半徑 二十公 里 ,後 來還增
加二十公里外的飯館村跟葛尾村等地(とうほう地域
合研究 所 ,2011。自 此 ,大量被 迫撤離 的居民展
開遙遙無期的避難生涯,成為另外一波大災難(見圖
一;笈田 、比嘉 ,2011
在冗長的災後重建中 ,必須考慮對災民提供長期
且持續性的支援工作。筆者以親身支援福島縣富岡町
災民的災後重建經驗 ,來彰顯災難護理的定位以及護
理人員的角色;也希望能藉著此文的說明,提供給友
邦台灣護理人員一個執行災難醫療救助時的參考。
日本災害護理的發展
日本護理協Japanese Nursing Association
災害護理定義為:在災害中,發揮護理領域獨有的知
識與 技術 , 以柔和 的方式 與各 種專業 領域 合作 ,盡
力減少在災難中各種生命受傷害的程度 ,以維持健康
的狀 (日本看 協 ,2011。災護理
以追溯到西元1854 年克里米亞戰爭 ,當時護理鼻祖
圖一 日本福島縣核能發電廠事故避難區
護理雜誌 59 3期‧中華民國 101 6
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弗羅倫斯南丁格爾提倡改善戰區公共衛生環境 ,可以
降低戰爭災難的死亡率Wikipedia, 20121995 年日
本發生了阪神大地震與東京都地下鐵沙林毒氣事件 ,
使日本開始重視災害護理教育Minami, 1996,並於
1998 年成立了災害護理學會Japan Society of Disaster
Nursing, JSDN,以建立各種交流網路及發展災害護
理專 業為 使命 , 其目 標包 括:⑴ 建立 系統 化之 災害
護理的基礎知識,⑵發展災害護理活動的結構和方
法 ,⑶ 建立 科學的 災害護 理系 統性教 育計 劃 ,⑷發
展災害護理的國際研究網絡 ,⑸接受災害護理相關的
其他挑戰Japan Society of Disaster Nursing, 2011
此外,日本護理協會也於2000 年開始推展災害護理
研修課程,培訓相關人員以及建置人員登錄系統;
在護理人員的基礎養成教育方面,自2009 年開始編
定新的授課大綱,透過學校教育來培育災害護理」
的儲備人才 ,實施至今(日本看護協 2011
日本護理協會災害支援的角色
日本護理協會的災害支援工作,是在日本發生
重大災 難時 ,活 用其人際 支援網絡network,並收
集各地護理協會以及由相關團體所得到的最新資訊 ,
集中發布訊息與管理。日本護理協會在2011 3
21 日到 2011 517 日之間,將登錄在資料庫中的
3,770 名災難支援護理師,派遣到各災區(岩手縣、
宮城縣、福島縣)從事災害救援照護工作。而被派遣
的災害支援護理師,每個人會向自己的工作單位取
得休假,無條件到各個災區以志工的身分參與災區
救援(日看護 協 ,2011。救具體
為 ,對災民收容中心或是醫療院所的災民作最直接的
支援 ,以及減輕災區護理人員的負擔及給予身心的支
持保護。災難支援護理師的派遣期,大約是災難發
生後 的 3個月之內,本次 311 震的「災援護
師」派遣 ,也是在 517 日告一段落Japan Society of
Disaster Nursing, 2011
另一方面,關於災害支援護理師disaster relief
nurse的規範 ,日本護理協會也明確訂定災害支援時
的相關配套措施(如訓練 、支援工時 、輪班 、工資 、
調度等),以保障前往災害支援護理人員的權益 、安
全與身心健康 ,使他們能無後顧之憂地提供災民適當
的醫療與護理服務;迄今為止 ,全日本 47 個都道府縣
的護理學會共登錄約有4,803 名的災害支援護理師(日
本看護協 ,2011
福島縣的災害護理支援活動
筆者參加了聖路加護理大學大橋靖雄理事長發起
的救援活動—希望與絆專案http://kiboutokizuna.jp/
望與絆專案),其中日文漢字的「絆」,意思為人與人
之間的牽絆與情誼的維繫;筆者曾多次實際到福島縣
內的磐城市與郡山市內參與救援 ,分述如下。
一 、福島縣磐城市的救援活動(災害復原期)
在盤城市 這 7日的救援活動,是在地震發生後的
1個半月。這段時期屬「生活重建期,救災的重
是從「災民的救助」轉換到以「安定生活」為中心,
像是早期發現災民們健康上的問題,各個收容中心
環境品質的提升等等Deeg, Huizink, Comijs, & Smid,
2005
磐城市的災民收容中心約有2,500 (該市共設有
42 個收容中心),筆者在一個名為「阿里歐斯」ALIOS
藝術文化交流館)的災民收容中心(如圖二),中心內
120 位災民,多是來自附近之住戶 ,以及從福島第
一核能發電廠被強制撤離之災民 ,還有一小部份是來
自其它地區的災民。而依照預定流程 ,此災民收容中
心將由55日起關閉,災民也被迫要開始向市內其
它的收容中心或是組合屋開始移動。然而在當時 ,後
續移轉的場所尚未確定 ,在收容中心暫住的災民們會
有許多疑慮、困惑以及不安 ,也對政府產生不滿及
微詞,災民身心都背負著巨大的壓力(維基媒體基金
會 ,2011
「阿 ALIOS 藝術文化交流館)災民
收容中心內,每日會供應2餐 ,(其它 收容中 心多為
1天供 應 3餐),供 餐的 2個 時段 為上午 10 點 及下 午 6
點。食物內容有白飯、梅子乾 ,沖泡式味噌湯 2
罐頭(鯖魚味噌口味或是烤雞肉串口味)1瓶寶特
裝的礦泉水。菜單上看起來 ,好像較為簡陋或可能有
圖二 「阿里歐斯」災民收容中心的睡眠的場所
護理雜誌 59 3期‧中華民國 101 6
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災難護理
青菜不夠之狀況 ,但支援物質上尚稱充足。當食物在
配給 時 ,同 時也提 供維他 命 ,也 會提醒 每位 災民為
預防傳染病的大流行 ,必須勤加洗手。睡眠方面 ,災
民多直接在水泥地板上 ,疊上一個榻榻米或藍色的墊
,上面再蓋棉被,當作臨時睡眠的場所。不若另
一個盤城市的「平體育館」災民收容中心的每個災民
,有用紙箱隔離 ,達到確保個人隱私的空間(參照
圖三),但即便如此 ,在這個收容中心裡面 ,災民也
有失眠或不安的抱怨 ,有些災民亦接受了心理治療照
護團隊之照護。
在災民健康問題方面,日本醫療聯盟Japan
Medical Association Team, JMAT以及災難派遣醫療
Disaster Medical Association Team, DMAT之 巡
迴 診療 過 程中 發 現 ,有 很 多個 案 的收 縮 壓超 過 200
mmHg「災害護理師」對於這些災民們的心理照護 、
重建 以及 使其自 立生活 的援 助 ,扮演 重要 的角色 ,
必須對上述血壓異常的災民們進行藥物服用管理及衛
,以及需要與這些災民們的家庭醫師(日本有家庭
醫師制度)討論 、協商等等。
二 、福島縣郡山市之救援活動
在郡山市的收容中心,約有住民16,000 人 , 皆
因核電廠事故輻射外洩事故,移出避難(福島 郡山
市 ,2011。 此地 的災害 支援 , 是在 災後 的 3個月到
6個月的這段期間,災民從收容中心移到組合屋。此
時 ,災 害支 援的重 點在於 協助 災民進 行生 活重建 ,
包括自我照顧(如定期服藥)、復健(生理及心理)
休閒育樂(康樂活動)Deeg et al., 2005。當時所
支援 的人 力 ,是由 郡山市 官方 所派遣 , 滋賀 縣湖南
市以及新潟縣柏崎市的保健師(公共衛生護士)一起
合作 完成。對 3個 地點(綠之 丘 、富 田 ,大玉 村)
組合 屋社 區 ,進行 挨家挨 戶的 訪問 ,並 同時 評估入
住災民的健康狀態,觀察有無足不出戶(躲在家中)
的情形。另外 ,在這些組合屋社區內 ,安排每週一次
「健康沙龍活動(圖四這些活動是由公共衛生
護士或護理師三人組成 ,活動內容包括量測災民們的
血壓、安排遊戲活動、團康體操、健康講座等,期
望能與組合屋內的住民們交流互動 ,促成另一種社區
式的照護。筆者在郡山市內的3個組合屋社區,開設
「健康沙龍」診療中心,目的是以以住民為中心 ,提
供健康諮詢或醫療諮詢的場所;亦可定期舉辦社區活
,增加彼此間的凝聚力、成為災區的居民交流中
心。
此健康沙龍有大約20 25 ,其中大部份是有
慢性 病的 長者 ,對 其提供 健康 諮詢 ,以 確認 口服藥
物和測量血壓的情形。時值炎夏 ,故也教導長者預防
脫水及吸入性肺炎。為促進居民間的溝通 ,也進行了
簡單的體操和玩遊戲。此外為了防止生活功能肌肉衰
弱 ,還進 行了口腔 機能強化 運動(如 圖五)和預 防腰
痛的運動(如圖六)
然而,還是有組合屋住民因為種種的調適問題
(如心情不佳等)不克參加「健康沙龍」。為避免災民
足不出戶而「繭居化」,必須持續進行挨家挨戶地段訪
視 ,以 便及 早發現 問題並 進行 介入措 施 ,防 止二次
傷害。
圖六 健康沙龍實施概況二
圖四 健康沙龍實施概況
圖三 「平体育館」避難中心內災民生活空間
圖五 健康沙龍實施概況一
護理雜誌 59 3期‧中華民國 101 6
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學者也呼籲在遇到災難時,特別是高齡者,
並非只有身體層面的問題,在心理層面或社會層面
上 ,亦會造成重大的影響而變成自閉退縮或對未來有
強烈 之不 安 ,對於 生活 ,有 更多 的不安 定因 素會衍
生出 來(內 閣府 ,2011。與年輕人相比,高齡者較
容易引起健康或生活方面的障礙、更容易患病;甚或
在災後重建期間 ,很容易受到壓力而造成二次傷害。
因此 , 在提 供援助 時 ,必須 將重 建和生 活步 調調慢
一些(郭等 ,2012
另一 方面 , 即使從 收容 中心 遷移到 組合 屋 ,災
民雖然有了自己獨立居住的場所 ,但也必須要重新適
應新的居住環境或是學習使用居住設備 ,這些因素都
會引發新的問題與照顧需求(郭等,2012Japanese
Red Cross Society, 2006。 尤其 ,支援者 不易觀察到
已經進駐組合屋災民的狀況 ,所以更需要注意一些細
節與癥結,幫助災民們慢慢地回復到災難前的生活
(兵庫 立大學 ,2008
結  論
身為台灣鄰國的日本,為天然災難頻繁之國
,包括颱風、暴雨 、洪水 、火山 ,地震 、海嘯等
等 ,雖 然有各 種防災 、 救災 之安全 預防措 施 ,但直
1995 年的阪神大地震之後,才漸漸開始有災難護
理教育之意識與體系成形。日本的救災預防措施 ,在
2004 年新瀉大地震時 ,實際上已經發揮了相當的作用
及成效。但在遭受到 2011 年的東北大地震及核能發電
廠輻射能外洩之前所未有的災難中 ,其整體救災體系
與災後重建仍受到嚴峻的考驗。台灣也歷經921
震、八八風災走山滅村之慘痛災害 ,然至今仍尚未
有災難護理之相關教育與培訓 ,值得警惕。
災難護理的工作,不僅只是在災民的傷病醫
療、災民的生活照護上亦須兼顧 ,還必須在各種時
期給予心理、精神、情緒上的撫慰 ,並作跨專業間
之協調合作 、成為 核心骨幹 、更須具備有領導lead-
ership能力(郭 等 ,2012。特別是災區的護理人員
可能 是受災 戶 、災民 , 也可 能是照 護者 ,其 內心的
煎熬 、 衝突與 感受 ,外 人難 以體會 跟理解 , 應給予
更多的支持。另外 ,各災區亦可能有許多潛藏的風險
與危 機 ,外 援的護 理人員 必須 照顧自 身之 安全 ,才
能對災區提供完備的支援能力。
回顧福島核災至今,日本依舊與核能發電廠的
外洩災難持續作戰中。這個戰爭也不知道何時才會終
結。在這樣的不安與焦慮下 ,災民們仍得繼續過各自
的生活。我們必須從這些災難中學習「防患未然」
經驗,尤其是在災難發生時,身為醫護人員,我們
能夠有什麼作用?對災民來說什麼事是第一優先順
位?這些都是必須了解的重要議題。從此次的救援活
動中筆者深深領悟「災害救援護理師」所扮演的角
,不僅需與災區的公衛護理師、醫師、醫療相關
人員 合作 , 並且要 根據得 到的 資訊情 報 ,進 行適切
的護理評估,發揮協調coordination的專長 , 統整
團隊醫療合作。另一方面 ,在災區的護理人員雖然身
為照 護者 , 但也有 可能是 受災 戶 ,這件 事也 絕對不
能忘記。災難支援護理師必須顧慮受災護理人員她們
的感受、發揮同理心、感同身受 ,作她們的支持與
後盾。 最後 , 前往災 區支 援的災 難護 理師 本身 ,更
應該要注意自身安全 ,也需要充分的做好自我健康管
理 ,維 持良 好的身 心狀態 , 才能 發揮護 理最 大的功
用。希望藉由以上的親身經驗與心得 ,可以作為執行
災難護理時的參考。
誌  謝
本次的東日本大地震,非常感謝來自台灣派遣
之救助隊員與眾多的救援物質,尤其是最高額的捐
款),日本人深深感受到台灣的美意 ,特藉此文 ,表
達感激之意。
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護理雜誌 59 3期‧中華民國 101 6
Disaster Nursing
92
Accepted for publication: May 11, 2012
*Address correspondence to: Shao-Huai Lee, No. 250, Wu-Hsing Street, Xinyi District, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
Tel: +886 (2) 2736-1661; E-mail: aminophyline@hotmail.com
Disaster Nursing: One Nurse’s Role and Experience
During the Fukushima Power Plant Disaster Following
the Great East Japan Earthquake
Yukari Kamei1 • Shao-Huai Lee2*
1RN, MSN, Doctoral Student, Faculty of Nursing, St. Luke’s College of Nursing, Japan;
2RN, PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Geriatric Nursing and
Care Management, Taipei Medical University.
ABSTRACT:
The Richter-scale 9.0 ear thquake that struck Northeast Japan on March 11th, 2011 caused a tsunam i
that damaged the Fukushima No. 1 Power Pla nt and released enormous amounts of radiation into the
environment. Many area residents were evacuated to several protected fallout shelters. Prior to the
tsunami, Fukashima had around 505,760 residents over 65 years of age, compr ising 24.9% of the city’s
pre-tsunami population of Fukushima (City of Fukushima, 2011). The high proportion of elderly con-
tributed to difculties encountered in evacuating and caring for Fukushima citizens in the immediate
aftermath of the disaster. The rst author participated in disaster relief efforts in two fallout shelters in
Fukushima. This article was written to share her post-disaster care experience and learned knowledge
with medical care professionals in Taiwan and other high earthqua ke risk areas. The article also offers
guidelines on appropriate medical personnel response and behavior with regard to disaster response.
We hope this experience-sharing offers positive suggestions for the future and facilitates improved
disaster-care education in East Asia and enhanced international cooperation on disaster rescue.
Key Words:
disaster nursing, disaster support, Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, The Great East Ja-
pan Earthquake.
... The recently studied prior literature on nursing students in relation to disasters included a study on the degree of disaster nursing awareness of nursing students; disaster nursing competence and self-resilience; disaster preparedness; core performance and educational needs of disaster nursing; and disaster experience, disaster awareness, and stress related to perceived disaster [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Few studies [12,14] have been conducted on nursing students who have actually experienced disaster-incident-related cases. ...
Article
Full-text available
The frequency of earthquakes in South Korea is increasing. This study aimed to examine and identify the factors influencing the degree of disaster-incident-related impacts among Korean nursing students who have actual disaster experience. The study sample consisted of 153 nursing students living around the Phohang-si area in Gyeongsang-do, South Korea, and who have actual disaster-incident-related experience. Measures used in this study were the Impact of Event Scale, Perceived Health Status Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Coping Strategy Indicator (Korean version). The data collection period was from October to December 2018. Factors that influence disaster-incident-related impacts among Korean nursing students in descending order are as follows: perceived health status (β = 0.48), gender (β = −0.28), coping skill (β = 0.18), psychological well-being (β = 0.14), need for disaster education (β = 0.12), and major satisfaction (β = −0.12). This study provides preliminary evidence that perceived health status is a major and primary predictor of disaster-incident-related impacts among Korean nursing students, followed by coping skill and psychological well-being. The findings can be reflected in a pertinent curriculum by actively considering these factors in designing nursing education interventions for managing disaster-incident-related impacts among Korean nursing students.
... There has also been a social demand for the establishment of such a system [1]. In this regard, the Korean nursing academic society established the Korean Academy of Disaster Nursing in 2010, and some nursing colleges operated it as an emergency disaster nursing course [9,10]. Most of the disaster nursing courses being offered by Korean nursing colleges, however, are not required courses for the major but are merely elective courses [11]. ...
Preprint
The frequency of earthquakes in South Korea is increasing. This study aimed to examine and identify the factors influencing the degree of disaster-incident-related shock among Korean nursing students with the disaster experience. The study sample consisted of 153 nursing students who have been living around Phohang-si in Gyeongsang-do, South Korea, and who having the experience of disaster-incident-related shock. Measures were Impact of Event Scale, Perceived health status scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Coping Strategy Indicator in Korean version. The data collection period was from October to December, 2018. The factor that was found to have the most influence on disaster-incident-related shock among Korean nursing students was the perceived health status (β = 0.48), followed by gender (β = -0.28), coping skill (β = 0.18), psychological well-being (β = 0.14), need for disaster education (β = 0.12), and major satisfaction (β = -0.12). This study provides preliminary evidence that perceived health status is a major and primary predictor of disaster-incident-related shock among Korean nursing students, next followed by coping skill, and psychological well-being. The findings can be reflected in the pertinent curriculum by actively considering these influence factors in designing nursing education interventions for disaster-incident-related shock in the Korean nursing students.
Article
Background and objectives: This study aimed to collect information on experiences in the Great East Japan Earthquake (hereafter, 3.11), current preparedness, and barriers to building up stockpiles in nursery schools in affected areas. Based on the needs heard from the staff, we decided what contents should be included in our manual developed with the Japan Dietetic Association. Methods and study design: A group interview was held in September 2012. We interviewed a principal, nurses, and registered dietitians working for a public and a private nursery school in Town A. We also invited an administrative dietitian who was an employee of Town A. Results: One of the barriers to building up stockpiles was that they did not have any idea of what and how many items they should store. To deal with this situation, we developed a formula that could be used to calculate the quantity of stockpiles for their facilities in a newly developed feeding manual. In terms of current preparedness, the registered dietitians were not prepared for alternative menus in emergencies or how to manage garbage when the garbage collection was disrupted by disasters. The manual recommends to obtain the services of at least two food service personnel and spare space for storing filled garbage bags until garbage collection resumes. Conclusion: Some improvements in stocks were found in both of the public and private nursery schools. To improve the situation further, more financial support and detailed guidelines should be provided by the local government and authoritative organizations. Our manual should be a great asset for all nursery schools to improve their stockpiles.
Article
The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina heightened public awareness of vulnerability to disasters and the need for disaster preparedness. Disaster-preparedness studies tend to focus on formal systems of healthcare and frontline healthcare providers, such as hospital personnel, public health staff, or emergency medical services workers who care for community members having serious injuries. Community members who are not seriously injured, however, are expected to care for themselves immediately after a disaster occurs. To date, little is known about the community members’ level of preparedness to meet their basic, self-care needs immediately following a disaster or the effectiveness of such preparedness education for the community. Yet, the health and safety of the general community following a disaster depends on its citizens’ level of preparedness to meet the needs not only of the seriously injured, but also of those with minimal or no injuries. Schools of nursing can play a vital role in enhancing the general public’s self-care ability following a disaster. The authors of this article describe a clinical learning experience that involved nursing students in a health education project related to one community’s desire to better prepare themselves for future disasters. A participatory action research (PAR) approach, which included collaboration with a community, involvement of the target community, and project evaluation, provided a framework for this disaster-preparedness initiative.
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