ArticlePDF Available

Micro-institutions and Liberal Democracy

Authors:

Abstract

This article briefly introduces the concept of ‘micro-institutions’ into political science and makes two claims (in an exploratory way): 1. Micro-institutions are important in political life, yet their roles are little recognized. They deserve a lot more systematic study - although that is difficult to do (e.g. even counting them reliably is a challenge). Micro-institutions (such as tiny administrative rules and norms) can radically change the meaning of (or even switch off entirely) the operations of much ‘larger’ macro-institutions. 2. Liberal democracies have core macro-institutions that are open and responsive to citizens’ influence, backed up by swarms of supportive micro-institutions, which make the implementation of core processes effective. By contrast, semi-democracies retain only the appearance of democratic macro-institutions, whose effects are subverted by dozens of adverse micro-institutions.

Political Insight  !! "#
Micro-institutions and liberal democracy

!!
$$%!&
$''! ('&'('
'))&
&&' *)'


''&
$!!+!,!!

Shifting focus to micro-institutions
(!&
'$ -('
%'&$!
$!!$%& +(
.&$'
&$&/, 0/
$!)&
! 1$!&$%
$!
+2'3! 4,& 5
)!!!&&
!$
&+', 
$!
!&!
6'7&8
!&$-9
:
5;<(9!
!&!
&=9!+- >#
! 4?, 5&5$'
&!&'
&' -$
$%'$
&@ 7'$%
;<'$!
$6&$$$
Figure 1: The major democratic macro-institutions
5&
5$A
!
($!!
5


8A%


2$
$
89!

'
>

8
3&'A!
.
7$
!
8$!'
B'$'=
)!&The UK’s Changing Democracy&:
*!!!$
'!=&
!&)
!! B
9$)6!
'))!
/
!9)$$
 (
5$'&)& 1
/!!&@'$
$&
!&1=$!
* *The Civic Culture
*C&&D
9!&$%!!
'&&&! 
-!&(&
&5$
' 1$9''
!'%&
$=$
$$ E&&
! !!
$&!!
"
''!$%!$
!!''&$95$ *
!$!!%)
$'&!$''&
$9,
?
Figure 2: What micro-institutions impact on democratic macro-
institutions?
7'!&!&F(
9& E
$'D
'! 
.+,)
$!$
) -!!
'& 1''
.'$ 
*$!$
$'(9
1!/)$
&!$&$ +&
!'/$
' GH, >9!/
!!&&$
'.$ 54'
$1!((+&,Wall Street
Journal!&$
$'@ I(9!
$I 8I&'
9'J 
(&!=)J$
$9!&$$
''& 1/)
&$
!$&K (
!!$')
#
)&$$)'&
& 5$'
+>0*E,/#$
'!L!$
$/'!!$+999
L, 
Micro-institutions at work
1'(!(&9!
'!$) 
Electoral integrity
8!$M($N+:,$&
''M($.
+99,'! B$
'$'$!$!&
%&)'&)(!
5$$ 1O+:,
*!$'$&!
=&'=$!! 
1)!!& 
59!NE*$$
$&'
$)!& 
E+,9%
 '$
$$ *$!'!!
.$&
-$+!!&
&&,&
!!) 5
'&
P$5$ #!!
+E:, *$P+/
!&PQNEE!8,&
$''&
 
Legislative budgeting
(NE*$&$$/$!&
*'=)'!'
@$ (NQ
&NQ$''
&$M$4?# B!&'
!$) 5=!
4
E$P&7&8
&!!!$
R!/&'
$ 1!!$&9
&8$!&8'
$!&!!
 (!6$
$:
1)&!!'
0 (&!&!
&&+',!'@
>&&9
L
Figure 3: Joachim Wehner’s index of legislative scrutiny over
budgets within liberal democracies.
+5&,
EO0Legislatures and the Budget Process +,
! ##
G3$'$0@
55&3!!(
+'NQ$, 5$"'
!&')
 E9&'$
$$@+$0+,9,
&
$ 'NE*'&$$&
'!&5$5
:
8$!!!!$'&
$$
English Votes for English Laws (EVEL)
1'&$$
7&8&!&9
 P$$$E$P8
$''8&$#&
M$ (!!$%
E@M$!!+$$
2&$&8.,
$'!'!
.'&!!! 
(2&E
EG$'! *
9G(!
L'1.
N&/!!
The Mexican stand-o* over Brexit
($$-98
$:&
!$'8' 
1!)&$!!
'!&
+'', !!
-9!!
 E&)!-9
8! 5
>&.$&!!'
"+?4S&,'&/!
$&$$!
/&&+8, 1&
!!$1!
$'
$!'$!
 *&88
17$80
+Q,
Semi-democracies and micro-institutions
(''@'
 E+
3!!1M$,&T&
!!'!!$
'$$!
&!' 1!&*!
'!8
!'$&'
$&$! E
&&!$'$$&-*(
+$A/$,$!
&7!$
'$&!9'!$

E'$
$!!!!.&$!
!&!!$
'!$'$&! Q
%$
!&
!''&6
&&!!&$
$$$ !!!!
/$&$U/$$
$U/&'$
&96!!
'&$!!&)!&
B&!$&$
!!$!!!&
./! 59!
3!!$$&!
'&$
&'#S
'+>>2*, 
(4!N3'L4S&&
#S&+'&?:S, -'
9!'./'
!'9&
6EG'$?S&E#'.
&
1!&)&
'$$&&$
$ 59!5%!7$
!$!$$
!!!MN
!'$
$P$$ 1

!')!MN8
 5&&'$!
'$F
&&E2E&
M8&(>*N&8 7
*&NQ+'''  ,
!The UK’s Changing
Democracy - !AA!   AAA "":AA
0V 4L
8G +,>-9
-$&The SpectatorO
!AA$ !  AAA$9
$&A
U*8U13 +:,The UK’s
Changing Democracy: The 2018 Democratic Audit 22EM 
!AA $A "":AP!
!AA!   AAA "":AA
M($N+, Democracy Index 2018
!AA'''  A!A9
M($.+:,1M($.:
BN!*$ 
!AA''' $!. A:!
O1E +:,*NQ'$'
DF+:,8  ?!! L:: 
!AA $A "":A P!
!AA!   AA!A "":A A
Q*' +,17&8-9*
C&FDemocratic Audit$#O
!AA'''  AAA#A&
9!&!A
2'C3 +",Why Institutions Matter
2$ 

- > +#,Institutional Theory in Political Science: The ‘New
Institutionalism’ 28
3$* +4,G'$&
0EO?*! 
!AA''' '. AAE-??LL#L#4#4
3- +:,7'$!&
'$Vox$#*$ !AA''' 9 A
A:A:A"AL#LL:A$$=$$'
!$
EC +:,5$$ #
%'$The Conversation$L
G
!AA A@$$#
%'$4#:
0O +,Legislatures and the Budget Process.
-$$ 

Article
A case study of reform in police governance provides an opportunity to examine how the micro-foundations of institutional change impact gender policy. The literature has established an association between institutional transformation and opportunities for gender policy change. It is clear that new actors and new rules are significant, but less is known about their interaction. Elinor Ostrom's concept of “rules-in-use” captures rules and their enactment in combination . Interviews with a new cadre of directly elected police and crime commissioners in England revealed the ways in which they worked with new institutional rules to prioritize violence against women and girls. Seven sets of rules are identified, arranged along a formal-informal continuum. Most were not specifically “about gender” but, when enacted by motivated, knowledgeable and reflexive actors, they facilitated gender policy change. A focus on micro-foundations enables the identification of institutional building blocks for gender policy change, highlighting the co-constitutive relationship between actors and rules.
Article
The legislative 'power of the purse' is an important constitutional principle across contemporary democracies. Yet, national legislatures differ in their approach to fiscal control. What is the role of legislatures in the budget process? Why does this role vary across democratic countries? Are powerful assemblies a threat to the prudent management of public finances? This unprecedented survey of legislative budgeting tackles these questions using quantitative data and case studies. The analysis reveals a striking variation in the budgetary role of national legislatures across contemporary democracies, which is influenced by colonial heritage as well as current political dynamics. It also finds consistent evidence that powerful legislatures are associated with higher public spending than those with limited authority. Based on in-depth accounts of fundamental reforms to the budget process in Sweden and South Africa, Legislatures and the Budget Process explores how the tension between legislative authority and fiscal discipline might be reconciled.
  • Lowndes Vivien
Why Institutions Matter
  • Vivien Lowndes
  • Mark Roberts