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Biodiversity of Turkey: Contribution of Genetic Resources to Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems. FAO, 2018. 222 p.
Abstract
This book presents selected genetic resources and their contribution to sustainable agricultural practices and food systems, yet note that many more could not be covered. Pieces of the story of Turkey’s food and agriculture and environmental heritage can be found in many sources, for instance, in the national periodic country reports under the auspices of several government bodies such as Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, and Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity or to the UN Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in support of the FAO’s world reports on the status of plant, animal, insect, and forestry genetic resources and biodiversity.
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA1517EN
... rupestris. Figs are consumed fresh, dried, partially dried, or deep-frozen, and sun-drying accounts for 65% of fresh-weight production [5]. [7]. ...
This study compared the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of three varieties of fig fruits (Ficus carica L) from the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye. Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phenolic compositions were analyzed in green, purple, and dark purple species. The mean TPC value was 42.10 ± 5.71 mg GAE/100 g FW, ranging from 35.98 to 47.30 mg GAE/100 g FW, and was highest in the dark purple species. The mean TFC value was 1.27 ± 0.93 mg QUE/100 FW g, ranging between 0.35 and 2.21 mg QUE/100 FW g, and was highest in the purple species. The samples’ total antioxidant capacity was measured based on ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), the values ranging from 151.98 to 372.97 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100 g FW, with an average value of 239.64 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100 g FW, being highest in the dark purple species. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruits was expressed as SC50 (mg/mL), and the values ranged from 10.04 to 42.42 mg/mL, being highest in the purple species. The phenolic composition was analyzed using HPLC-PDA according to the method in which 25 phenolic standards were used. Chlorogenic acid and t-cinnamic acid were the most common phenolic compounds, with rutin, chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin being detected at different amounts. In conclusion, the purple species contained the highest flavonoid content, was rich in apigenin, luteolin, and chrysin, and possessed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity.
... Herbisitlerin yaygın ve devamlı kullanımı, tarlalarda ve çevresinde bulunan yararlı böceklere, örümceklere ve kuşlara gıda ve barınak sağlayan bitki türlerini yok etmektedir. Endüstriyel tarım yöntemlerinden kaynaklanan habitat kaybı da, pestisitlerin zararlı etkilerini artırmaktadır (34). ...
Giriş Günümüzün en büyük problemlerinden biri değişmeyen dünya yü-zölçümüne karşı artan dünya nüfusunun nasıl besleneceğine çözüm bul-maktır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) raporuna göre dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %40 kadarı yeterli derecede beslenememekte ve her yıl neredey-se 35 milyon insan açlık ve sefalet yüzünden hayatını kaybetmektedir. Bunun için tek çözüm yolu birim alandan üretilebilecek ürün miktarını maksimum seviyeye çıkarmaktır. İşte bu noktada modern üretim tek-nikleri ve bitki koruma yöntemleri devreye girmektedir. Tarım ilaçları bu hususta önemli bir yere sahiptir. Tarım ilaçları ya da bilinen adıyla pestisitler, tarımsal ürünlerine zarar veren hastalık etmenlerinin etkisini azaltmak veya onları yok etmek için kullanılan madde ya da maddeler-den oluşan karışımlardır. Pestisit, kimyasal bir madde, virüs ya da bak-teri gibi biyolojik bir ajan da olabilir. Yabancı kaynaklı olan bu kelime; pest= zararlı, cide= öldürücü anlamına gelmek üzere zararlı öldürücü manasına gelmektedir. Pestisitler için Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO) tarafından yapılan tanım şu şekildedir; "insan veya hay-vanlarda oluşabilecek hastalıkları taşıyıcı; gıdaların, tarımsal ürünlerin, ahşap ve ahşap ürünlerinin veya hayvan yemlerinin üretimi, işlenmesi, taşınması, depolanması ve/veya pazarlanması sırasında bu uygulamaları olumsuz etkileyecek her türlü zararlının önlenmesi, yok edilmesi veya kontrol altına alınması amacıyla veya hayvanlar üzerinde veya vücutla-rında bulunabilecek zararlıların kontrol altına alınması amacıyla kulla-nılan maddelerdir. Bu tanım, ayrıca bitki büyümesini düzenleyici, yaprak dökücü, kurutucu veya meyve seyreltici veya ham meyvelerin dökülme
... Herbisitlerin yaygın ve devamlı kullanımı, tarlalarda ve çevresinde bulunan yararlı böceklere, örümceklere ve kuşlara gıda ve barınak sağlayan bitki türlerini yok etmektedir. Endüstriyel tarım yöntemlerinden kaynaklanan habitat kaybı da, pestisitlerin zararlı etkilerini artırmaktadır (34). ...
Giriş Günümüzün en büyük problemlerinden biri değişmeyen dünya yü-zölçümüne karşı artan dünya nüfusunun nasıl besleneceğine çözüm bul-maktır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) raporuna göre dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %40 kadarı yeterli derecede beslenememekte ve her yıl neredey-se 35 milyon insan açlık ve sefalet yüzünden hayatını kaybetmektedir. Bunun için tek çözüm yolu birim alandan üretilebilecek ürün miktarını maksimum seviyeye çıkarmaktır. İşte bu noktada modern üretim tek-nikleri ve bitki koruma yöntemleri devreye girmektedir. Tarım ilaçları bu hususta önemli bir yere sahiptir. Tarım ilaçları ya da bilinen adıyla pestisitler, tarımsal ürünlerine zarar veren hastalık etmenlerinin etkisini azaltmak veya onları yok etmek için kullanılan madde ya da maddeler-den oluşan karışımlardır. Pestisit, kimyasal bir madde, virüs ya da bak-teri gibi biyolojik bir ajan da olabilir. Yabancı kaynaklı olan bu kelime; pest= zararlı, cide= öldürücü anlamına gelmek üzere zararlı öldürücü manasına gelmektedir. Pestisitler için Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO) tarafından yapılan tanım şu şekildedir; "insan veya hay-vanlarda oluşabilecek hastalıkları taşıyıcı; gıdaların, tarımsal ürünlerin, ahşap ve ahşap ürünlerinin veya hayvan yemlerinin üretimi, işlenmesi, taşınması, depolanması ve/veya pazarlanması sırasında bu uygulamaları olumsuz etkileyecek her türlü zararlının önlenmesi, yok edilmesi veya kontrol altına alınması amacıyla veya hayvanlar üzerinde veya vücutla-rında bulunabilecek zararlıların kontrol altına alınması amacıyla kulla-nılan maddelerdir. Bu tanım, ayrıca bitki büyümesini düzenleyici, yaprak dökücü, kurutucu veya meyve seyreltici veya ham meyvelerin dökülme
... Herbisitlerin yaygın ve devamlı kullanımı, tarlalarda ve çevresinde bulunan yararlı böceklere, örümceklere ve kuşlara gıda ve barınak sağlayan bitki türlerini yok etmektedir. Endüstriyel tarım yöntemlerinden kaynaklanan habitat kaybı da, pestisitlerin zararlı etkilerini artırmaktadır (34). ...
Forest fires caused by different environmental and human factors are responsible for the extensive destruction of natural and economic resources. Modern machine learning techniques have become popular in developing very accurate and precise susceptibility maps of various natural disasters to help reduce the occurrence of such calamities. )e present study has applied and tested multiple algorithms to map the areas susceptible to wild/re in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Besides, the performance of XGBoost, CatBoost, Gradient Boost, AdaBoost, and LightGBM methods for wild/re susceptibility mapping is also examined. )e results have revealed the higher testing accuracy of CatBoost (95.47%) algorithm, followed by LightGBM (94.70%), XGBoost (88.8%), AdaBoost (86.0%), and GBM (84.48%) algorithms. Resultant wildfire susceptibility maps provide proper inventories for forest engineers, planners, and local governments for future policies regarding disaster management in Turkey.
In the study, the morphometric parameters of Ermenek River Basin (ERB) and Gökçay Basin (GB) have been analyzed, as comparatively aim to contribute to the prioritization of the watersheds in terms of natural resource management. In the study, 23 parameters, including linear, areal, and relief morphometries were calculated. The data infrastructure of the research was created by using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained from ALOS PALSAR (Advanced Land Observing Satellite-1, Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Mission) satellite images with a resolution of 12.5 m in determining the stream streams used in the analysis, the Strahler method was taken into account, and the measurements were made using the ArcMap 10.4.1 program. According to the results based on parameter calculations, the ratio of ERB to GB; impermeable (Rb, RL, Fs, If, Re, Rn), circular (Lum, lo, T, Ff, Rc, Kg), high slope value (H, Rh, Rhp, Rn), geomorphologically closer to old age (Hc, Hi), and also indirectly determined to be a basin with high flood sensitivity and erosion susceptibility. According to the data obtained, it has been understood that ERB has a higher priority than GB in terms of natural resource management due to these potential problems in the soil and water resources.
Turkey has advantage of lying on transection of three climatic zones. Namely Europe-Siberia, Iran- Turan and the Mediterranean region situated between 26 and 45° east longitude and 36–42° north latitude in the Northern hemisphere. The number of plant species subspecies, taxa and varieties in Flora of Turkey is above 12,000. In terms of plant diversity in the temperate zone, it attracts attention with its features that are different from the neighbouring countries around it in Asia, Europe and the Middle East. This has led to the development of many distinct ethno-medicinal-botanical habits among local people; who use different plant parts like roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, herbs, seeds, etc. in their cuisines, natural dyeing, decoration, textile dyeing and medicinal purposes, etc. This study reviews ethnomedicinal and botanic uses of the 196 taxa belonging to 54 families and 113 genera grown in Turkey.
...
The evaluation results revealed the absence of a specific national basin classification in Turkey. The classification of the basin adopted within the scope of compliance with WFD was found to be incompatible with the basins in Turkey. The international basin issue remains the biggest problem in national basin management. The absence of agreements with neighboring countries underlies this problem. The Basin Management Committee of the Ermenek River Basin, the basin management committees faces issues in terms of jurisdiction. Besides, the presence of 12 political-administrative units within the basin also makes it difficult to implement holistic basin management activities. In the study, it was determined that important institution boundaries such as DSI-OGM in the basin management are conflicting with the basin boundaries. The adaptation problems between these institutions and at the basin scale show difficulties in applying basin management even in small basins. For this reason, it is found that a more realistic approach for the implementing units (such as DSI, and OGM) to determine their jurisdiction and activities according to basins is required.
The seventh check-list of the series entitled "Check-list of Additional taxa to the Flora of Turkey" comprises a total of 99 taxa based on the data given in 54 papers published the period between November 2013-December 2014. Additionally taxa which have not been recorded neither in the 11 volumes of the Flora of Turkey nor in the six previously published supplementary checklists. With this paper the following are added to the Turkish flora: 78 taxa new to science and 21 taxa new records.
Turkey is situated between latitude 36'-42' north and longitude 26'-45' east, a favourable area for viticulture, and it has a long history in the cradle of great civilization. Turkey is one of the top producers of grape (Table 1; Figures 1 and 2). It has 468,792 hectares of vineyard area and production is approximately 4 million tonnes. Over 77 million tonnes of grapes are grown worldwide on more than 7.1 million hectares. Turkey ranks fifth in terms of growing area, after Spain, France, China, and Italy, and ranks sixth in production after China, Italy, USA, Spain and France.
A large peninsula in Turkey, Anatolia, is surrounded by the Mediterranean, Black and Aegean seas. This peninsula is connected to the Asian continent in the east and also to Caucasia in the north-eastern corner, which is believed to be the primary origin of cultivated grapes. Anatolia includes the area of origin of Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (wild grape), which can now be found all over the country, especially on river banks, shores of lakes and forests. Anatolia is also called Asia Minor (Uzun and Bayır, 2010).
In Turkey, grapes have been mainly grown as table grapes (52%), for raisins (38%), and for fruit juice and wine (10%), with around 80 standard cultivars grafted on mainly six standard rootstocks in nine viticultural regions. Turkey, has about 7% of the world’s area of vineyards, and produces 6.4% of the world’s grape production. In addition, productivity in Turkey has improved by about 40% in the last 15 years, from 6654 kg ha-1 in 1998 to 9249 kg ha-1 in 2012 (TUIK, 2014).
Performed in 1995 and 1996, the aim of this research was the selection of hazelnut types grown in Terme, Çarşamba, Salipazari and Ayvacik districts of Samsun province. In total, 104 types were investigated. The types which resulted in 800 or more Total Weight-Ranked Points were considered. 19 types in 1995 and 22 types in 1996, five of which were preselected in 1995, were evaluated. The results were exposed to the "Weight-Ranked Method". According to the evaluation results the types 55-Ç-5, 55-T-15, 55-Ç-4, 55-A-3 and 55-Ç-7 were selected in 1995. In 1996, the types 55-S-15, 55-T-39, 55-Ç-26 and 55-Ç-8 alongside the types 55-T-15 and 55-Ç-4 of 1995 were found to be promising. 55-T-15 gave the highest nut weight (2.57 g.), kernel weight (1.34 g). nut size (19.51 mm) and kernel size (14.51 mm). The highest kernel ratio (57.20%) and good kernel ratio (96%) were observed from 55-Ç-7. 55-T-15 and 55-C-4 types gave the thinnest shell thickness (0.88 mm) and the highest pellicle removal ratio (100%) was determined from 55-Ç-26 hazelnut type. 55-Ç-5, 55-A-3 and 55-Ç-7, and 55-S-15, 55-Ç-26 and 55-Ç-4 types gave the lowest double kernel ratio (0%), in 1995 and 1996, respectively. The least perisperm separation was taken from 55-Ç-5, 55-T-15, 55-Ç-4 and 55-A-3 types. 55-T-39 and 55-Ç-26 resulted in the highest taste points (7.9). The total weight-ranked points were highest for 55-Ç-5 (883) and 55-S-15 (890) in 1995 and 1996. respectively.
This book presents an historical account of the origins and development of plant and animal domestication across the world, from prehistory to the present day. The formation of basic agricultural systems are described, and the way these systems have been modified in recent times are illustrated. Evidence presented is based upon archaeology, botany, genetics, ecology, and anthropology of domesticates and their wild relatives. Individual chapters present archaeological evidence and reconstruct development of agricultural systems for the broad geographical regions: the Near East, Africa, Far East, and the Americas. Traditional agricultural practice techniques are described. In the final chapter the present situation is reviewed, and the possible risks to a system that now relies on a relatively small number of species to supply the majority of food are discussed. -from Publisher
Dirt, soil, call it what you want-it's everywhere we go. It is the root of our existence, supporting our feet, our farms, our cities. This fascinating yet disquieting book finds, however, that we are running out of dirt, and it's no laughing matter. An engaging natural and cultural history of soil that sweeps from ancient civilizations to modern times, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations explores the compelling idea that we are-and have long been-using up Earth's soil. Once bare of protective vegetation and exposed to wind and rain, cultivated soils erode bit by bit, slowly enough to be ignored in a single lifetime but fast enough over centuries to limit the lifespan of civilizations. A rich mix of history, archaeology and geology, Dirt traces the role of soil use and abuse in the history of Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, China, European colonialism, Central America, and the American push westward. We see how soil has shaped us and we have shaped soil-as society after society has risen, prospered, and plowed through a natural endowment of fertile dirt. David R. Montgomery sees in the recent rise of organic and no-till farming the hope for a new agricultural revolution that might help us avoid the fate of previous civilizations. © 2007, 2008, 2001, The Regents of the University of California.
The length of life of females was longer than males. Incubation period varied relating to the temperature. Larvae emerged from the eggs were seen in mid-July and end of July, feeding on pith inside the roots. Larvae began to overwinter as the temperature drops (8.3-11.3°C) and began to feed as the temperature increases (12.3-18.3°C). Number of larvae in one root varied from 1-17; they were found from 1-12 cm depth of root. The pest had one generation in per year and the sainfoin was the only host. The effectiveness of the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin at the rate of 40 ml/da and deltamethrin at 50 ml/da averaged 82.81% and 70.44%, respectively. Rate of parasitoid larvae in 1, 2 and 3 yr-old infested sainfoin fields varied from 9.69-42.41%. The contribution of Bracon crocatus and Chelonella nitens to the parasitoid rate were 7.54-41.13% and 0.08-4.71%, respectively. B. crocatus has potential for biological control. -from English summary
Sustaining soil productivity requires continuing actions of soil organisms on organic materials for optimizing of soil porosity and of movements of roots, water and gases in the root-zone. Soil is more quickly formed and self-renewed from the top downwards than only by slow additions from the bottom upwards. Loss of porosity diminishes soil's infiltration capacity and water-holding potential. Factors that provide insufficient organic substrates for soil organisms and that unduly accelerate oxidation of soil organic matter hinder the self-recuperation of soil and facilitate 'Stage-1' loss of carbon from within soil aggregates. They predispose the soil to lose rapidly even more carbon, in particulate form, through 'Stage-2' losses during consequent processes of runoff and erosion. Forms of land use and management are advocated that favor the functioning of soil-inhabiting organisms, including plants, such that carbon's capture in photosynthesis is increased, its usefulness in the soil as a rooting medium is prolonged, and its subsequent immobilization in the process of sequestration ameliorates the rate of increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the global atmosphere.