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ORIGINAL PAPER DOI: 10.5935/0946-5448.20180016
International Tinnitus Journal. 2018;22(2):93-96.
International Tinnitus Journal, Vol. 22, No 2 (2018)
www.tinnitusjournal.com
Translation of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) into the
Telugu language and Standardization
Rajendra Kumar Porika
Balakrishnan Doraisami
Department of Audiology, Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities (Divyangjan) (AYJNISHD), Secunderabad, India
Send correspondence to:
Rajendra Kumar Porika
Department of Audiology, Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities (Divyangjan) (AYJNISHD), Secunderabad, India. E-mail: rajindrakumarp@
gmail.com
Paper submitted to the ITJ-EM (Editorial Manager System) on July 04, 2018; and accepted on July 24, 2018.
Abstract
Tinnitus is estimated to be present in 10%-15% of the general population. The severity of tinnitus is judged based on
the handicap, caused by it. Several tools have been developed for assessing the handicap level. One such tool is
the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). This self-reporting questionnaire has 25 questions, in the English language.
The questions describe common situations, covering three domains viz. functional, emotional and catastrophic. The
patient has to answer 'Yes, No or Sometimes'. Globally, THI is accepted to have great utility, both in establishing the
baseline and monitoring the efficacy of treatment. THI has been translated into several other languages. This article
describes our endeavor to translate the same, into the Telugu language. We obtained due permission from the original
author. In translation, a standard methodology was employed. The THI English version was translated into Telugu
by two linguistic experts. The translated version was verified by experienced audiologists, for faithful reproduction to
the original and for lucidity. Wherever required, the translation was suitably amended. All the professionals, above
mentioned were native Telugu speakers, who were also proficient in English. Each question was checked with non-
technical lay persons, for easy comprehension and lucidity. Then, all the questions were back-translated into English,
and checked for faithfulness. This Telugu version was christened as THI-T. This THI-T version was field tested and
validated in 60 subjects with tinnitus, and in another 60 subjects, without tinnitus. Both the groups were provided with
the Telugu version questionnaire and were asked to answer the questions. Statistical analysis were done using the
Cronbach's Alpha test for internal consistency and test retest reliability was confirmed using the Pearson's 2 tailed
correlation to determine statistical significance respectively. Results showed significant efficacy and reliability, of the
translated THI-T tool.
Keywords: tinnitus handicap inventory, tinnitus, handicap, quality of life, questionnaire.
International Tinnitus Journal, Vol. 22, No 2 (2018)
www.tinnitusjournal.com
94
INTRODUCTION
Tinnitus is the perception of sound within the
human ear in the absence of corresponding external
sound (Valente) caused due to abnormalities in the
central nervous system with no associated mechanical,
vibratory activity of the ear and other causes. Tinnitus has
been poorly understood disorder, difficult to successfully
diagnose and treat. Tinnitus Handicap inventory (THI)
is a universally accepted tool which is used by many
clinicians in their routine clinical practice to evaluate
tinnitus severity. It provides valuable insight regarding
difficulties faced by individuals suffering with tinnitus. It
has been proven to be robust, psychometrically potent
measure of evaluating tinnitus in everyday life situations
and also evaluating outcome of many therapeutic used in
everyday life. The present study designed to translate THI
in Telugu language; therefore making easier to evaluate
tinnitus in individuals those who speak Telugu.
Assessment of the tinnitus
Assessing the precise ways in which tinnitus
affects you as an individual is an important first step in
implementing a treatment regimen. The Good practice
guide, published by the UK Department of Health in 2009,
recommends that assessment of tinnitus should be done
using a combination of structured interviews, audiological
investigations and self- report questionnaires.
Self-reporting questionnaires for assessment
Any attempt to make an evidence based
comparison of the efficacy of various regimens, is
constrained by the heterogeneity of patients with
tinnitus1. Each patient may exhibit a different combination
of features. In this situation, Self- reporting questionnaires
are very useful. Standardized and universally accepted
grading tools are absolutely essential, in this context. A
number of self-assessment tools have been designed by
various authorities. A few commonly employed tools are
mentioned here.
Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire (TRQ) and
Tinnitus Cognitions Questionnaire (TCQ): Wilson et al.
designed a TRQ and a TCQ, based on the cognition
theory. Both questionnaires are self-reporting, and have
26 questions, each. Each of the questions asks about
the responses of the individual patient, to tinnitus, in
various real life situations2. The TRQ items cover the (i)
emotional reactions, (ii) interference with work and sleep,
and (iii) the feelings that are evoked due to tinnitus. The
TCQ is based on the Cognition Theory. Out of the total
of 26 questions, one half pertains to positive thoughts,
which arise in your mind, in response to tinnitus. An equal
number of questions pertain to negative thoughts.
TFI (Tinnitus Functional Index): Miekle et al.
published this scale, under funding from the Tinnitus
Research Consortium of the United States. This was new
outcome measure was found to be (i) highly sensitive to
treatment effects i.e. ‘responsiveness’ (ii) addressing all
major dimensions of tinnitus impact and (iii) validated for
scaling the negative impact of tinnitus. Overall, the TFI
performed well in the RCT with Cohen's d being 1.23.
Comparison of TFI performance was made with the
Tinnitus Handicap Inventory3. All of the results confirmed
sensitivity of the TFI along with its subscales. Since then
the TFI has received increasing international use and is
being translated into several languages, across the globe.
Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) is another tool
developed in 1966, by Newman et al. initially as an alpha
version with a 45 item scale. After some initial trials, a beta
version was refined by the same team, with a reduced
number of 25 questions. The 25 questions cover three
domains viz. functional, emotional and catastrophic4.
The subject has to answer each question with any one
of three options-Yes, sometimes or No. These options
are assigned scores of 4, 2, and 0 points, respectively.
An aggregate maximum score of 100 is possible. An
aggregate score of '0' indicates no perceived handicap
and '100' would indicate maximal handicap. This THI
beta is a self-report measure that can be used in a busy
clinical practice to quantify the impact of tinnitus on daily
living. This tool has found global acceptance and is a very
popular one.
Translations of Tinnitus Handicap index (THI), in
different languages
THI was first developed in English. Over the years,
it has been translated into several languages including
German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Danish,
Chinese - Cantonese, Thai, and Korean5-10. Within India,
THI has been translated into Kannada, Malayalam and
Tamil languages. The Kannada version was developed
by Zacharia et al. and field tested in 140 subjects11. The
Malayalam language version was developed by Aithal
et al. and field tested with 50 tinnitus patients and 40
controls12. The Tamil translation was done by Ramkumar
and Swaminathan in 2015, and validated with 100
subjects13.
Objective
Our objective is to translate this globally acclaimed
tool into the Telugu language. This will enable its usage,
across the native Telugu population. We christened the
Telugu language version the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory
as THIT
METHODOLOGY, FOLLOWED IN DEVELOPING
TINNITUS HANDICAP INVENTORY IN TELUGU
(THIT)
The THI has passed the tests of time and several
studies. Hence, we decided to use the entire set of
25 questions and, thus preserve the construction. In
our endeavor, we followed the standard World Health
Organization’s (WHO) (2018) guidelines on the Process
of translation and adaptation of instruments.
As the first step, two teams were formed: one
International Tinnitus Journal, Vol. 22, No 2 (2018)
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95
tests for tinnitus viz. pitch matching test and loudness
matching test.
After this, both the groups were provided with
the Telugu questionnaire and were asked to answer
the questions. Based on their scores, the severity of
their handicap was graded, by the classification given
in Table 1.
Statistical analysis included the use of the
following tests viz. the Cronbach’s Alpha test for internal
consistency. Also, test retest reliability was confirmed
using the Pearson’s 2 tailed correlation to determine
statistical significance respectively.
RESULTS
Sample characteristics
The THIT was administered to a total of 120
subjects (sixty persons with tinnitus and sixty persons
without tinnitus). Their age and gender profile is given in
Table 2 and the overall THIT severity of the tinnitus group
levels have been shown in Table 3.
Item analysis
The Item analysis was carried out for THIT tool by
computing item-total correlations (Table 4) for tinnitus
group (N=60). The correlation between each item with
total score of the scale have shown a very high significant
correlation (p<0.01); indicating the validity of the each
item included in the tool.
The internal consistency of the tool was analyzed
by Cronbach’s Alpha (Table 5). A very high internal
consistency was established (α=0.981) indicating the
overall efficacy of the inventory when administered
amongst the 120 individuals. Also test-retest Pearson’s
two tailed correlation also showed a high reliability 0.99
translation team and one bilingual team. The Translation
team consisted of two linguistic experts, who were
proficient in Telugu and in English. The Bilingual team
consisted of four members, who were native Telugu
speakers and proficient in English also. Three of the four,
were practicing audiologists, who were well aware of
THI in its English version. The fourth person was a non-
technical lay person. He was bilingual14,15.
Initial translation
The translation team translated the THI English
version into the commonly spoken Telugu language.
Telugu is a well-developed language with great literature
and music. The translators took special care to avoid the
refined language of the hoary literature.
Verication of the translation
The Bilingual verified the initial translation to ensure
that the translated version was faithful to the original
version and that there were no ambiguities or alterations
in the meaning of questions and accompanying
explanations. Wherever needed suitable changes were
made in consultation with the translation team.
Back translation
After the above, one independent Telugu professor,
who was proficient in both Telugu and English did a back
translation. He was not a member of the initial translation
team, and was blind to them. This back translation
was read by the bilingual team. They made suitable
refinements to the translated version.
Testing for comprehension by native Telugu
speakers
The Telugu version, obtained as above, was given
to ten native Telugu lay persons, who were monolingual
and did not know English. Out of the ten, five subjects had
tinnitus and five did not have any tinnitus. This session was
carried out in the presence of at least one translator and
at least one bilingual member. Wherever the monolingual
subjects did not comprehend or expressed doubts, the
version was appropriately changed. This ensured that the
Telugu version had fidelity to the original and additionally,
it was appropriately understandable to the lay Telugu
speakers.
Field testing pilot study
This above refined questionnaire was administered
to sixty individuals with Tinnitus (case group) and another
sixty individuals without tinnitus (control group). Their
ages ranged from 16 years to 75 years.
In the control group of normal persons, we made
sure that there were no hearing problems, or tinnitus,
by a detailed history. This absence of hearing related
issues was confirmed by doing a basic test battery of
pure tone audiometry, impedance test and oto acoustic
emission test. The case group of tinnitus patients, in
addition to the above basic test battery, had specific
THI score Category
0-16 No handicap
18-36 Mild handicap
38-56 Moderate handicap
58-100 Severe handicap
Table 1. Rang scale used in classicaon of the individuals, by their
THI scores.
Group Age (years) Gender
N Mean Age SD Male Female
With Tinnitus 60 47.5 15.8 36 (60%) 24 (40%)
Without tinnitus 60 23.1 6.59 31 (51.6%) 29 (48.3%)
Table 2. Age and gender of the sample.
Severity Frequency Percentage
No handicap 15 25
Mild handicap 6 10
Moderate handicap 21 35
Severe handicap 18 30
Total 60 100
Table 3. THIT severity of the tinnitus group.
International Tinnitus Journal, Vol. 22, No 2 (2018)
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96
and the said inclusion of both the groups if we look
into the Table 6. A significance of 0.01 was established
showing good reliability of the THI.
DISCUSSION
The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory is a universally
accepted tool, to assess the degree of handicap in an
individual’s personal lifestyle. The THI was translated by
us, by following standard procedures viz. translation, back
translation, team approach, consideration of the special
nuances of the native language and a pilot field study in
clinical settings. The fidelity of the translated version was
ensured by this standard procedure. A high significant
Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.98) was established for internal
consistency of this tool developed for Telugu language.
CONCLUSION
The present study aimed to develop and standardize
an adaptation of THI in Telugu language, making it easier
to administer the same to the Telugu speaking individuals.
This Telugu version has passed the statistical tests. The
pilot study has also established the robustness of THIT
viz. the Telugu version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Tinnitus Handicap Inventory is an universally
acclaimed tool, utilized globally, in English and in various
other languages. The original English language version
had been developed by Newman Craig W, Jacobson GP
and Spitzer JB in the year 1996. The authors gratefully
acknowledge the readiness, with which he gave us
permission to translate the same to English. This, our, work
had been made possible, only by his encouragement.
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Items Pearson -‘r’
Q1 0.720**
Q2 0.664**
Q3 0.770**
Q4 0.797**
Q5 0.746**
Q6 0.787**
Q7 0.730**
Q8 0.771**
Q9 0.771**
Q10 0.687**
Q11 0.739**
Q12 0.769**
Q13 0.707**
Q14 0.678**
Q15 0.542**
Q16 0.721**
Q17 0.668**
Q18 0.570**
Q19 0.672**
Q20 0.729**
Q21 0.737**
Q22 0.800**
Q23 0.760**
Q24 0.675**
Q25 0.747**
** - p<0.01.
Table 4. Item-total correlations THIT tool in tinnitus group.
Group N Alpha (α)
Tinnitus 60 0.961
Without Tinnitus 60 1
Overall 120 0.981
Table 5. Reliability analysis-Cronbach’s α.
Group N Pearson-r
Tinnitus 60 0.981
Without Tinnitus 60 1
Overall 120 0.999
Table 6. Test-retest reliability-Pearson-‘r’.
