Diversity of macro-fungi in central India-III: Serpula spp

Abstract

In the present study two macro-fungi, Serpula similis and S. lacrymans associated with clump of Dendrcalamus strictus and dry twigs of Prosopis juliflora causing stem rot are described from central India.

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Diversity of macro-fungi in central India-III: Serpula spp.
R.K. Verma, C.K. Tiwari, Jagrati Parihar and Shailendra Kumar
Forest Pathology Division,
Tropical Forest Research Institute
(Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India)
Jabalpur -482 021, Madhya Pradesh
Introduction
Several basidiomycetes species and other
fungi have been found on bamboo (Boidin
et al 1986) playing an important role in its
decay in natural environments. Some
polypores have been described being
specific to this substrate, while others are
able to decay bamboo and a variety of
substrates as well (Ryvarden 1975b,
Ryvarden and Johansen 1980, Hjortstam
and Ryvarden 1984, Hattori 2002,
Ryvarden and De Meijer 2002). Serpula
Pers. ex (Aphyllophorales, Basidio -
mycotina) Gray was with Boletus
lacrymans Wulfen as type species and the
genus is characterized by its dark brown
and meruloid to poroid hymenophore,
brown, doubled walled and cynophilous
basidipores and by causing a brown rot on
wood or bamboo. Two species of the
genus have been documented in seven
provinces of China (Hjortstam and
Ryvarden 1988; Bi et al., 1994; Li, 1991;
Siuzev, 1910; Teng, 1996). During the
study on wood rotting fungi of central
India, collections of the fungal fruiting
bodies were examined and Serpula similis
and S. lacrymans were found. The purpose
of this study is to describe two polypore
species collected in clump of bamboo
(Dendrcalamus strictus) and in dry twigs
of Prosopis juliflora with a yellow to
orange pore surface. This is widely
distributed in SE Asia, and commonly seen
on bamboo (Cooke, 1957) but also on
hardwoods. Serpula similis is most
probably a paleotropical species,
frequently collected on bamboo, both in
the wild and in buildings, but also on other
wood such as Leucaena glauca (Cooke
1957).
Notably, however, S.lacrymans is very
rarely found outside the built environment
in Europe, with there being only one
published report of its occurrence in
Europe in its presumed natural
environment, the forest floor (Kotlaba,
1992). Reports of the fungus from other
parts of the world are also limited,
although there is now good evidence that
S.lacrymans resides in regions of the
Himalayan foothills; however, it does not
appear to be prevalemt in that natural
environment (Bagchee, 1954; White et al,
1997). In the present study two macro-
fungi, Serpula similis and S. lacrymans
associated with clump of Dendrcalamus
strictus and dry twigs of Prosopis juliflora
causing stem rot are described from central
India.
Materials and methods
Collection of samples
The fungal fruiting bodies were collected
on 29.9.2011 and 23 January, 2006 from
Peherwa (Achanakmar) Peedha (Khodri)
Bilaspur Division, Manendragarh,
Chorbhatti, (Chilhi), Chhatishgarh and
Prosopis juliflora, Dapcha, Katthiwada,
Jhabua, MP, N22
0
27’690’’ E74
0
08’858. It
is situated between (22º27' 690"N latitude
and 74º08'858" E longitude).All the
relevant information regarding collected

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fungal fruiting bodies the habit and habitat,
color, texture, size and size, hymenial
configuration zonations etc. were recorded
at collection spot. Spore prints were also
taken. Microscopic details of various parts
of fru
iting bodies, hyphal system and
spores were studied as suggested by
Teixeira (1962). Specimens of
similis (TF3191) and
S. lacrymans
(TF448) were deposited in the mycology
herbarium of Forest Pathology Division,
TFRI, Jabalpur, (M.P.) India.
Identification of fungus
Identification of fungal fruiting bodies has
done with help of relevant literature
(Bakshi 1971,
Ryvarden and Johansen
1980, Roy and De 1996, Verma et al.
2008, Tiwari et al. 2013)
and internet.
Results
Taxonomic description:
Serpula lacrymans
(Wulfen) J. Schröt.
(Fig.1)
Synonyms:
Boletus lacrymans
Wulfen, (1781)
Boletus obliquus Bolton, (1788)
Gyrophana lacrymans
Wulfen, (1900)
Merulius destruens
Pers., (1801)
Merulius domesticus
H.G. Falk, (1912)
Merulius giganteus
Saut., (1877)
Merulius guillemotii
Boud. (1894)
Merulius lacrymans
Wulfen, (1801)
Merulius lacrymans var.
guillemotii
Boud.,(1905)
Merulius lacrymans var.
terrestris
(1897)
Merulius terrestris
(Peck) Burt, (1917)
Merulius vastator Tode,
Abh. naturforsch.
(1783)
Serpula destruens
(Pers.) Gray, (1821)
Serpula domestica
(Falck) Bondartsev,
(1948)
Serpula terrestris
(Burt) S. Ahmad,
Monogr. (1972)
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fungal fruiting bodies the habit and habitat,
color, texture, size and size, hymenial
configuration zonations etc. were recorded
at collection spot. Spore prints were also
taken. Microscopic details of various parts
iting bodies, hyphal system and
spores were studied as suggested by
Teixeira (1962). Specimens of
Serpula
S. lacrymans
(TF448) were deposited in the mycology
herbarium of Forest Pathology Division,
Identification of fungal fruiting bodies has
done with help of relevant literature
Ryvarden and Johansen
1980, Roy and De 1996, Verma et al.
and internet.
(Wulfen) J. Schröt.
Wulfen, (1781)
Wulfen, (1900)
Pers., (1801)
H.G. Falk, (1912)
Saut., (1877)
Boud. (1894)
Wulfen, (1801)
guillemotii
terrestris
Peck,
(Peck) Burt, (1917)
Abh. naturforsch.
(Pers.) Gray, (1821)
(Falck) Bondartsev,
(Burt) S. Ahmad,
Sesia gigantea
(Saut.) Kuntze,
(1891)
Sistotrema cellare
Pers., (1801)
Scientific classification:
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycotina
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Bolatels
Family: Serpulaceae
Genus: Serpula
Species epithet: lacrymans
and
Fruit body effuso reflex, 1.5
2.0cm, easily separable from substratum,
margin thick, up
per surface, cream,
wrinkle, zonate, cottony, hymenial surface
tobacco brown, pores sallow, 2
2mm long, context cream white, 1.0mm
thick, KOH turn dark brown, hyphal
system dimitic, basidiospores rusty brown,
ellipsoid, thick walled, guttulate, 7.5x5
Causing brown cuboidal rot in twigs.
Fig-1 Serpula lacrymans
fruit bodies on
Prosopis juliflora
Serpula similis (
Berk. & Broome) Ginns
(Figs. 2-4)
January
, 2017
51
(Saut.) Kuntze,
Revis.
Pers., (1801)
and
similis
Fruit body effuso reflex, 1.5
-10 x 1.5-
2.0cm, easily separable from substratum,
per surface, cream,
wrinkle, zonate, cottony, hymenial surface
tobacco brown, pores sallow, 2
-3/mm,
2mm long, context cream white, 1.0mm
thick, KOH turn dark brown, hyphal
system dimitic, basidiospores rusty brown,
ellipsoid, thick walled, guttulate, 7.5x5
µm.
Causing brown cuboidal rot in twigs.
fruit bodies on
Prosopis juliflora
Berk. & Broome) Ginns

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Synonymy:
Merulius similis
Berk. & Broome, (1873)
Sesia similis
(Berk. & Broome)
Kuntze, (1891)
Gyrophana similis
(Berk. & Broome)
Pat., Bull. (1923)
Figures-2:
Serpula similis
Annual, resupinate to distinctly pileate,
imbricate, sessile, fleshy and more or less
watery when fresh, becoming corky, brittle
and light in weight on drying, 80
45 x 12-
15 (LxBxT). Pileus, flabelliform
to semicircular, surface cream to light
lemon yellow, azonate, uneven, smooth,
tomentose, shiny, margin cream, entire,
thick. Context, pale cream color, soft
corky to spongy, upto 14 mm thick.
Hymenium, merulo
id to reticulate folds,
folds more prominent and thick towards
the centre, lemon yellow to turmeric
yellow, poroid, pores 1-
2/mm, irregular to
daedaloid, poretube 1mm long, turmeric
yellow. Hyphal system, dimitic, generative
hyphae hyaline, clamped, branch
walled, granular, 2.5-6.0
µm wide, skeletal
hyphae hyaline, unbranched, with wide
lumen, thick walled, 1.5-
3.0 µ m wide.
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Berk. & Broome, (1873)
(Berk. & Broome)
(Berk. & Broome)
habit
Annual, resupinate to distinctly pileate,
imbricate, sessile, fleshy and more or less
watery when fresh, becoming corky, brittle
and light in weight on drying, 80
-100 x 40-
15 (LxBxT). Pileus, flabelliform
to semicircular, surface cream to light
lemon yellow, azonate, uneven, smooth,
tomentose, shiny, margin cream, entire,
thick. Context, pale cream color, soft
corky to spongy, upto 14 mm thick.
id to reticulate folds,
folds more prominent and thick towards
the centre, lemon yellow to turmeric
2/mm, irregular to
daedaloid, poretube 1mm long, turmeric
yellow. Hyphal system, dimitic, generative
hyphae hyaline, clamped, branch
ed, thin
µm wide, skeletal
hyphae hyaline, unbranched, with wide
3.0 µ m wide.
Basidia, hyaline, clavate, with a basal
clamp and four sterigmata, 19.5
3.5-
7.5µm. Basidiospore, subglobbose,
bright yell
ow, thick walled, smooth, 4.5
5.5 x 3.5-4.5µ m (Figs. 1-8).
Causing brown
rot.
Host and Collection examined:
similis
was found in clumps of
Dendrcalamus strictus
, Peherwa
(Achanakmar) Peedha (Khodri), Bilaspur
Figure-3-4
Serpula similis
January
, 2017
52
Basidia, hyaline, clavate, with a basal
clamp and four sterigmata, 19.5
-31.0 x
7.5µm. Basidiospore, subglobbose,
ow, thick walled, smooth, 4.5
-
Causing brown
Host and Collection examined:
Serpula
was found in clumps of
, Peherwa
(Achanakmar) Peedha (Khodri), Bilaspur
Serpula similis
basidium

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attached with basidiospores, 4.
basidiospores
Division, Manendragarh, Chorbhatti,
(Chilhi), CG, TF3153, collected by Jagrati
Parihar and Serpula lacrymans on
Prosopis juliflora, Dapcha, Katthiwada,
Jhabua ( M.P.) dated 23.1.06 collected by
R.K.Verma.
Distribution and other known host (s):
Serpula similis distribution of Sri Lanka,
India, Nepal, China, Tropical Asia and
North America and other known hosts of
dead wood, bamboo, twigs etc. Serpula
lacrymans distribution of Worldwide,
North Europe, North America, New
Zealand, India (J&K, Western Himalayas,
Jhabua, M.P.) and other known host(s) are
Spruce, fir, Abies pindrow.
Discussion
The dry rot fungi, Serpula similis and S.
lacrymans, are one of the most important
wood decay fungi in the built environment
causing many hundreds of millions of
pounds of damage each year in many
countries around the world. S.lacrymans is
a typical brown rot fungus utilising non-
enzymatic mechanisms to modify lignin
and initiate the depolymerisation of
cellulose. This Basidiomycete is timber
decay caused by the fungus. Notably,
however, S.lacrymans is very rarely found
outside the built environment in Europe,
with there being only one published report
of its occurrence in Europe in its presumed
natural environment, the forest floor
(Kotlaba, 1992). Reports of the fungus
from other parts of the world are also
limited, although there is now good
evidence that S.lacrymans resides in
regions of the Himalayan foothills;
however, it does not appear to be prevalent
in that natural environment (Bagchee,
1954; White et al, 1997).
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