No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Marginalized gender, marginalized sports – an ethnographic study of SportsClass students’ future aspirations in elite sports
Abstract
This paper explores how different processes of marginalization play out in the context of SportsClasses, a new educational programme in Denmark that attempts to democratize access to elite sports. The paper is based on an ethnographic study carried out in a SportsClass from 2013 to 2015. Using Kanter’s ideas about marginality and tokenism, along with Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus and capitals I discuss aspirations of female athletes and those of athletes in marginalized sports. I argue that marginality of one’s gender and sport can each independently contribute to one’s sense of what is (im)possible for a career in sports and that, without taking into account such marginalization, programmes like the SportsClasses may ultimately fail in their attempts at equal access to talent development.
... The literature further highlights that to be successful in both and to achieve a 'balanced' DC path , athletes must develop the 'right' skills (Jonker et al. 2010) and employ the 'right' strategies (Aquilina 2013;Brown et al. 2015). Other scholars have alerted us to the effects of neoliberal understandings that hold the individual solely responsible for navigating the demands of education and career (Brunila et al. 2011;Holmegaard, Ulriksen, and Madsen 2014;Leccardi 2014;Pless 2014) and instead emphasise the role of the cultural and discursive contexts in athletes' ability or inability to plan for the future (Cosh, Crabb, and Tully 2015;Ronkainen and Ryba 2018;Ryba and Wright 2010;Skrubbeltrang 2018;Skrubbeltrang et al. 2018). It has been suggested that young peoples' aspirations are influenced by narratives of gender (Ekengren et al. 2019;Skrubbeltrang 2018) and age (Henriksen and Mortensen 2014) as well as by the dominant belief systems, values, practices, and policy discourses that circulate in their national contexts (Leccardi 2014;Pless 2014). ...
... Other scholars have alerted us to the effects of neoliberal understandings that hold the individual solely responsible for navigating the demands of education and career (Brunila et al. 2011;Holmegaard, Ulriksen, and Madsen 2014;Leccardi 2014;Pless 2014) and instead emphasise the role of the cultural and discursive contexts in athletes' ability or inability to plan for the future (Cosh, Crabb, and Tully 2015;Ronkainen and Ryba 2018;Ryba and Wright 2010;Skrubbeltrang 2018;Skrubbeltrang et al. 2018). It has been suggested that young peoples' aspirations are influenced by narratives of gender (Ekengren et al. 2019;Skrubbeltrang 2018) and age (Henriksen and Mortensen 2014) as well as by the dominant belief systems, values, practices, and policy discourses that circulate in their national contexts (Leccardi 2014;Pless 2014). There is clearly a need to develop a better understanding of the role of these cultural factors in young athletes' career aspirations and decision making. ...
... Baird 2010;Halbert 1997;Kavoura et al. 2018;Kavoura, Ryba, and Chroni 2015;McGannon et al. 2012;Ronkainen, Watkins, and Ryba 2016). Several studies also warn us that the risk of dropping out of sport is higher for young female athletes than for their male counterparts (Baron-Thiene and Alfermann 2015;Skrubbeltrang 2018;Slater and Tiggemann 2010). In addition, Skrubbeltrang et al. (2018) found that female athletes are underrepresented in DC programs and that they report fewer positive and more negative experiences than male student-athletes. ...
To date, few studies have explored how changes in the practices, policies, and politics of sport and education may be implicated in how young athletes think about and plan for the future. Drawing on cultural praxis and feminist poststructuralist frameworks, this paper explores whether and how dual career (DC) policies and practices in Finland guide female judo athletes’ imaginings about their future. Discourse analysis was used to analyse interviews with three adolescent (aged 16) and three young adult (aged 20, 23, and 27) elite female judo athletes. Differences were found in the ways the athletes in the different age groups constructed their future athletic, civic and gendered selves. We argue that some female judo athletes may experience identity tensions and lower their athletic aspirations in seeking to meet the new societal expectations embedded in the DC discourse. We conclude with recommendations for future policy and practice.
... Other researchers have observed that while female student-athletes' motivations to pursue sports may resemble those of males, they are likelier than males to invest in educational and DC goals and identities (Ekengren et al., 2019). Several sport scholars have also argued that female athletes are less likely than males to pursue professional sporting careers (Kavoura & Ryba, 2020), and they face a higher risk of withdrawing prematurely from sports (Skrubbeltrang, 2019). In Finland, researchers have shown that men benefit from the cultural privilege of being more relaxed about their career aspirations and focusing solely on their athletic careers, whereas women often experience cultural and societal pressures to excel in multiple roles (Kavoura & Ryba, 2020;Ronkainen et al., 2021;Ryba et al., 2021). ...
... Our analysis showed that coaches drew on discourses about gender differences, and, in doing so, reinforced "superwoman" expectations of female athletes in relation to multiple careers (Ekengren et al., 2019;Kavoura & Ryba, 2020;Ronkainen et al., 2016;Skrubbeltrang, 2019). For instance, Elmeri (M, high school coach) noted that girls experienced greater societal and cultural expectations to invest in DCs, whereas boys could be more relaxed about their career aspirations: ...
Objectives
Earlier qualitative researchers studying athletes’ dual careers (DCs) have shown that sociocultural discourses on gender are ingrained in DC policies and practices, creating gender inequalities and hierarchies. In this study, we aimed to extend this body of research by examining how Finnish elite youth ski coaches discursively construct athletes’ education and gender in their talk and coaching practices. Similarly, we examined how coaches’ beliefs about athletes' holistic development are interlinked with broader sociocultural discourses on gender.
Design
Qualitative study.
Methods
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 Finnish ski coaches (seven male, three female) aged 25–62 years (M = 38.5), and then analyzed the data using reflexive thematic analysis, interpreted through a feminist poststructuralist lens.
Findings
Coaches’ discursive practices regarding education depended on their athletes' ages. For athletes in secondary education, the coaches predominantly drew on DC discourses that emphasized the compatibility of sports and education, but for athletes transitioning to senior-level sports, they drew on dominant performance discourses, believing that athletes at the senior level should prioritize their sports. Moreover, coaches discursively constructed athletic development as especially important for female athletes, who were perceived as less capable of excelling in sports and therefore needing to invest in multiple careers.
Conclusions
By drawing on gender stereotypes and binary understandings of gender, the coaches discursively reproduced gender hierarchies and unequal power relations in sports. These gendered discourses influence athletes' DC aspirations and the gendering of DC pathways.
... Recent studies have found that female athletes often experience cultural pressure to invest in educational and DC goals and to excel in multiple roles simultaneously, whereas male athletes have been found to be more relaxed about their career aspiration (Kavoura & Ryba, 2020). Recent scholarship indicates that we may even be witnessing a femininization of DCs; that is, the DC discourses and practices are gendered, and seem to be particularly important for young female athletes (Skrubbeltrang, 2019). While the increased pressure for female athletes to be so-called ´superwomen´, who can succeed at everything, may support female athletes' athletic and academic excellence, it also positions them as inferior to men and vulnerable to psychological distress (Ryba et al., 2021). ...
... This can be explained by the fact that female athletes often experience cultural and societal pressure to excel in multiple roles simultaneously and are therefore more likely to invest in DC goals and identities compared to males (Ryba et al., 2021). Indeed, earlier studies have suggested that this pressure may be linked to the beliefs of how female athletes are inferior to male athletes and how pursuing a professional athletic career is not a real career option for them (Kavoura & Ryba, 2020); Ryba et al., 2021: female athletes have been found to feel less competent than male athletes in sport (Ronkainen et al., 2020), are less likely to aim for a professional athletic career (e.g., Kavoura & Ryba, 2020), and are at higher risk of dropping out of sports compared to males (Skrubbeltrang, 2019). Due to the structural inequalities that limit female athletes' access to develop professional athletic careers, they also have a higher need to engage in DC goals compared to males. ...
Research indicates that the dominant discourses of gender are ingrained in dual career (DC) practices critically influencing athletes’ motivation to construct a DC pathway. While it is important to ensure that all athletes have an equal access to construct a DC pathway despite their gender, there is a gap in the literature examining the role that coaches play in gendering of athletes’ DC pathways. The present study longitudinally examined the gender differences in student-athletes’ motivational orientations in sport and academics throughout high school and the role of coaching style in these orientations. The gender differences in coaching styles in terms of student-athletes’ gender, coaches’ gender, and their interaction were also investigated. The sample consisted of 248 student-athletes from six upper secondary sport schools across Finland. The participants filled in questionnaires at the beginning of the first year and at the end of the third year of upper secondary sport school. The results showed that female student-athletes demonstrated higher levels of mastery orientation than males in both sport and school domains. Affective coaching style predicted male student-athletes’ mastery orientation in sport and both male and female student-athletes’ mastery orientation in school. Finally, female coaches were reported using more of an affective coaching style than male coaches. The results suggest that athletes benefit differently from an affective coaching style based on their gender and that it is beneficial to educate coaches how to use an affective coaching style with their DC athletes.
... The strong connection of sport with masculinity and the associated lack of women in elite sport is not a new phenomenon [11][12][13]. In this regard, several researchers have highlighted the underrepresentation of women among elite coaches [14,15], in sport refereeing [16], and in decision-making positions in sport organizations [10,17,18]. ...
... First, although the study showed that coaches have sufficient training to identify and develop athletes for female canoeist in Spain (ICF-Q item 1 = M e ≥ 4), in terms of gender, only 10% of high-level coaches are females [19]. This fact evidences the need for an internal promotion of female coaches [14,15], so there is still a long way to go, even more so, if we consider the importance of the sports coach as a performance factor in Spanish canoeing [35]. ...
Although canoeing is one of the oldest sports in the Olympic program, it was not until the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 that women’s canoeing was first included in the competition. This fact has posed a challenge to the initiation and technification systems of countries in order to obtain competitive results, particularly in Spain, as it is one of the sports that contributed the most medals to the Olympic medal tally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the promotion and development of talent in women’s canoeing in Spain for its first-ever Olympic participation. For this purpose, an analytical survey (n = 167) was carried out, the answers to which were contrasted by gender and modality practiced. The results showed a positive evaluation of the current position in flatwater female canoeing regarding talent that is consistent with the competitive results achieved. Additionally, we found that the gender of the respondents influences their perception of the age of sport initiation and the suitability of the progression in the competition systems for the promotion of women's canoeing in Spain. Therefore, the results of the questionnaire will facilitate a quick diagnosis of critical aspects by sport managers, allowing them to take corrective actions in time for the development of female canoeists and, at the same time, to promote future studies that delve deeper into these topics.
... Hvordan slike materielle kjønnsulikheter i toppidretten helt konkret påvirker ungdoms opplevelse av egne muligheter, trengs det mer forskning på i en norsk kontekst. I Danmark finner Skrubbeltrang (Skrubbeltrang, 2018) at antallet deltagere innenfor en spesifikk idrett og marginalisering basert på kjønn innenfor denne idretten, kan begrense hvilke muligheter den enkelte oppfatter at den har. En tolkning er at jentene har internalisert mulighetene de presenteres for i omverdenen, og nedskalert egne ambisjoner tilsvarende. ...
... Saerlig når det gjelder fotball, som er den sporten som organiserer desidert flest jenter (Norges idrettsforbund, 2017), skulle en kanskje forvente at noen flere av jentene snakker om satsing innenfor denne idretten. Men mens herreidrett gjerne gir mange muligheter til utvikling, er kvinneidrett noe som ofte er vist og sett på som mer marginalisert (Skrubbeltrang, 2018). Historisk sett utelukket idretten lenge kvinnelige utøvere, og flere kjønns-og idrettsforskere har vist hvordan idretten har vaert sentral for å understreke og befeste mannlige privilegier (Messner, 1988). ...
In this report we have investigated whether there are gendered patterns in young people’s leisure time activities, why they choose the activities they do, and the impact and meaning of different ways of participation. We have also discussed whether the gendered patterns we find may have concequences for gender equality.
There are clear gendered patterns in the young people’s leisure activities. With the exception of social media, boys and girls rarely get together in organised or non-organised leisure time activities. We describe this as a horizontal gender division of young people’s leisure time.
The horizontal gender division may in part be explained by personal preferences and the influence of their families’ wishes or guidance but may also be explained by the young people’s need for social belonging and friendship. The social dimension of leisure time activity is amplified in some activities we term hegemonic activities, activities which gain a dominant position in the local area, like football in many places is for boys.
We also find a vertical division of gender in young people’s leisure time activities. This is expressed in two ways. First, we see that in the group of young people who prioritise one sport, there are almost only boys who say that they want to or intend to work for a professional career in this sport. Second, in the group of young people who are largely inactive in terms of leisure time activities, boys seem to be worse off, particularly in terms of lack of social inclusion and friendship.
Consequences for gender equality can be viewed both in terms of material and symbolic structures. The strict horizontal gender division, particularly within sports, is the most blatant material structure that organises much of young people’s leisure time. This data material cannot alone determine whether boys and girls have access to different resources, but other research point in that direction – and it is possible that such differences impact on their motivation and aspirations. Symbolic gendered structures are particularly visible in the social mechanisms that encourages youths to choose gender traditional activities and in terms of boys feeling more entitled to opt for a career in sports than girls.
... Concretamente, Han et al. (2015) sugieren que frente a un sistema social con opciones limitadas de oportunidades profesionales, ante una alternativa al deporte, las deportistas se planteen la retirada. Las investigaciones previas van en la misma línea y advierten del alto riesgo de las mujeres a retirarse prematuramente (Skrubbeltrang, 2019) y las razones principales son iniciarse en el mundo laboral (Tekavc et al., 2015), una buena oportunidad laboral (Stambulova et al., 2007), la baja probabilidad de alcanzar una carrera deportiva profesional (Skrubbeltrang et al., 2020) y la maternidad (Tekavc et al., 2020). Una vez llega el momento de la retirada, los resultados muestran que es difícil que las mujeres continúen con un trabajo ligado al mundo del deporte (p. ...
Las revisiones existentes sobre carrera dual (CD) ofrecen conclusiones para deportistas en general, sin mencionar el género y perpetuando la infrarrepresentación de las mujeres. Por ello, en esta revisión de alcance nos centramos únicamente en deportistas mujeres con el objetivo de conocer el panorama actual de los estudios sobre CD en deporte femenino. La metodología se basa en la declaración Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis y en las recomendaciones para elaborar revisiones de alcance. La búsqueda bibliográfica se hizo en las bases de datos Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus, Pro-Quest y SPORTDiscus. Se incluyeron estudios sobre CD con participantes mujeres y publicaciones en revistas científicas a partir del 2012, y se obtuvieron 19 artículos para el análisis y la síntesis de la investigación actual sobre deporte femenino y CD. Los resultados muestran un aumento progresivo de publicaciones sobre mujeres deportistas y CD, predomina la compaginación de deporte y estudios y existe un vacío en estudios sobre compaginación laboral y transiciones críticas en el deporte femenino. Con esta revisión se visibiliza y se pone en valor la investigación llevada a cabo sobre CD y mujeres deportistas, así como el efecto del androcentrismo, los roles de género y la falta de referentes en el contexto deportivo. Aunque se evidencia que la CD es inherente al deporte femenino, tradicionalmente se ha estudiado y conceptualizado basándose en modelos masculinos. Por lo tanto,
invitamos a seguir investigando esta temática de manera holística, desde modelos adaptados a las realidades del deporte femenino e incluyendo de manera consciente las diferentes formas de ser mujeres
... 9 The pressure to perform well in sport and school, for example, can reduce the amount of personal time that student-athletes have, 10,11 and such time pressures can be especially intense when activities across the clubschool spectrum are insufficiently coordinated. 2 Research in Scandinavia has shown, for example, how student-athletes often need to: coordinate the sometimes conflicting demands of their academic, sport and social lives 12 ; cope with injuries and overuse 13,14 ; navigate a variety of sometimes conflicting self-identities 15,16 ; negotiate gender norms that may, for example, restrict the development of young female student-athletes through the construction or promotion of discriminatory discourses that favour male student-athletes; 17,18 handle both their own expectations of athletic development and the expectations of others 19 and manage the pressure of social comparisons during regular evaluations (e.g. physical performance testing) or when competing for selection to sport activities. ...
Sports-friendly and elite sport schools seek to support pupils by providing balanced support which is intended to facilitate success both in sport and in academic work. This study investigates how ambitious football players in Norway experience the advantages and challenges of undertaking a ‘dual career’ as student-athletes. Eight players and five coaches (two club coaches and three school coaches) in total were interviewed from two sports-friendly schools and two elite sports schools, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. In the Elite Sport Programmes, the close integration of the school and club settings enabled coaches and student-athletes to plan and manage the overall workload and development of the student-athletes more easily. In contrast, players in the less structured Sports-Friendly Programmes experienced more concerns related to workload coordination but were also given more responsibility for their own decision making. This helped to facilitate better self-determination among the student-athletes but also increased their risk of overuse injuries. Our results indicate how different dual career development environments offer varying benefits, risks and developmental opportunities for student-athletes.
... Research has repeatedly found that young people's interpretation of the gendered world of sports affirm a view of sports as a masculine endeavour (Hardin and Greer 2009;Eliasson 2011). This is also the case in comparatively gender equal Scandinavian countries, e.g. in terms of shaping young danish girls' ideas about their own possibilities within sports (Skrubbeltrang 2019) and limiting young Norwegian girls' motivations and ideals (Persson, Stefansen, and Strandbu 2020). ...
In comparatively gender equal Norway, most boys and girls participate in sports at about equal rates. This apparent gender equality is investigated further: do young teens also profess equal ambitions of becoming professional athletes? Drawing on 81 interviews with 12- and 13-year-olds, the study suggest that the boys and girls make similar investments in sports, but there are clear gender differences in the ways they describe their future ambitions. The majority of the boys talk about wanting to become professional athletes and going ‘all in’, but very few of the girls do – the ambitious girls rather talk about skills development. The paper argues that cultural narratives thus shape young people’s self-understanding and ambitions, both boys and girls may suffer consequences of this: in a sports-internal logic, the girls may be given limited practical possibilities, resources and support – but boys may risk regret, disappointment and wasting time and resources.
... Et annet eksempel er Skrubbeltrangs (2018) undersøkelse av ungdom på toppidrettslinjer på videregående skoler i Danmark som viste at jenter tilpasser sine idrettsprosjekter etter hvilke muligheter de opplever de har -noe som henger sammen med posisjonen til kvinnelige toppidrettsutøvere i samme idrett. Skrubbeltrang (2018) bruker Bourdieus (1990) praksisperspektiv og argumenterer for at erkjennelsen av manglende framtidige muligheter bidrar til å forme en kjønnet habitus, som reduserer jenters motivasjon for idrett og for å satse på idrett. Som Skrubbeltrang (2018) er vi inspirert av Bourdieu sitt (1990) praksisperspektiv. ...
The topic of this article is sport and gender. We focus on football – which today is the most popular sport among both girls and boys in Norway. At the same time, it is highly gendered at the elite level. Women’s football is often portrayed as secondary compared to men’s football. This is a key ingredient in the “metanarrative” of women’s football in Western culture. At the level of associations and clubs, however, different measures are implemented to promote girls’ motivation and prevent dropout. The aim of this article is to examine what “sports project” young girls consider available to them– in this particular sports context. For this purpose, we analyze interviews with players on two teams for girls aged 14–15 years, conducted as part of a fieldwork study. We argue that football still represents a particularly gendered context that restricts what girls think football can be for them, which we refer to as their “sports project”. We find that the metanarrative of women’s football plays a significant part here. Even if girls see the metanarrative as both misrepresentative and unfair, it is also incorporated and a part of them, and visible in their assessment of what good football is and how they talk about gendered inequalities in their own club.
... Similarly, close to two-thirds of female athletes reported that they had experienced injuries and a loss of motivation while attending Danish sport school programmes (Skrubbeltrang et al., 2020). Research has also highlighted how female athletes and particular sports are marginalised in Swedish and Danish sport school programmes, and have shown that this can critically affect how athletes regard their future sports career prospects (Ingrell et al., 2019;Larneby, 2016;Skrubbeltrang, 2019). Furthermore, programmes with a narrow and instrumental focus on academic and sport performance have been shown to have potential negative impacts on individual athletes, for example, when students feel like they cannot keep up with the sporting development of their peers (Skrubbeltrang et al., 2016), or when they are impacted by pressures and insecurities associated with their sporting career (Ojala, 2020). ...
Norwegian sport school programmes are increasing in popularity and making significant contributions to athlete success. The aim of this study was to investigate how school coaches perceive the role of sport school programmes in Norwegian handball and football , and how coaches attempt to promote athlete development. The study was based on group and individual interviews with 25 coaches from 10 different sport programmes in upper secondary schools. The challenges and opportunities experienced by the school coaches related primarily to the interactions between athletes and the different organisational actors within the talent development system, and to the potential risks associated with these. No single stakeholder in the Norwegian system has sole responsibility for talent identification or development. Instead, athlete development in individual and team sports is located and organised within a multi-centric organisational model of club, school, regional and national association-driven activities. Policymakers and practitioners therefore need to strengthen the formal and informal lines of communication between sport school programmes and club teams. Coaches need to ensure that the academic syllabus does not constrain the opportunities available for athlete development at the individual level. Coaches should also maintain flexible approaches to athlete development and practice.
... Future research would benefit from more extensive qualitative investigation of factors influencing male and female students' career aspirations, to inform strategies for challenging the established culture in which pathways for a career in sports might be perceived as limited or unappealing for females. While participation and involvement in sport is equally salient for both males and females in Australia today, and despite the recent changes in the national sport landscape in relation to issues of gender equity (Gacka, 2017;Skrubbeltrang, 2018), male athletes repeatedly receive more media coverage than their female counterparts (Cooky, Messner, & Hextrum, 2013;Sport Australia, 2018). In the last fifty years, opportunities for female sport participation have risen consistently, with female athletes producing outstanding success (Sport Australia, 2018). ...
Sports participation and elite sporting success are fundamental to Australian culture and a prominent source of national pride. As sport is a major part of day-to-day living in Australia, it is not surprising that many young people aspire to careers as sportspersons. While such aspirations are often dismissed as fanciful and unattainable, the reality is that a higher proportion of Australians participate in the workforce as sportspeople than in careers as mining engineers, surgeons, optometrists or barristers. Indeed, little is known about aspirations for sports careers. Drawing on data from a 4-year longitudinal study involving 6492 Australian school students in Years 3–12, we sought to understand the extent to which young Australians aspire to a career as a sportsperson and the extent to which these aspirations are evenly distributed across demographic categories. Our findings suggest that not only was sportsperson the most popular occupational category, but this interest was heavily shaped by social and cultural markers of difference. Logistic regression analysis revealed that significant predictors of interest in a career as a sportsperson were being male, Indigenous, from high socioeconomic background, and attending advantaged schools. Far from sport’s reputation as the great equalizer, accessible to all, these results demonstrate that aspirations for a career as a sportsperson largely reflect the status quo of sports participation in Australian society and wider inequalities. Given the growing number of careers in professional sports and the value sport holds in the lives of Australians, we argue that aspirations for careers in sport should be treated seriously, and that disrupting current patterns in who aspires to careers as sportspeople is vital. It will require access for a more diverse range of students to the kinds of social resources and networks that nurture their capacity to aspire.
This study revealed the relationship patterns of female students with male lecturers and students who were in the Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Padang State University. The analysis in this study used the Structural Theory from Anthony Giddens. Furthermore, this study used a qualitative approach with the aim of gaining an understanding of the relationship patterns of female students with male lecturers and students in the Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Padang State University, while the type of research used was descriptive. Data collection was carried out in this study by means of in-depth interviews. The results showed that the pattern of relations between female students and lecturers during classroom learning seemed balanced, as well as the pattern of relationships on campus and off campus. However, the relationship pattern between female students and their supervisors seems unbalanced because female students have a burden and feel intimidated every time they carry out the thesis guidance process. Meanwhile, the pattern of relations between female students and male students during the learning process in the classroom seemed unbalanced. However, for the pattern of relations on campus and outside the campus, the pattern of relations seems to be well established and balanced. It could be said that there are constraining factors (inhibiting) and enabling factors (supporting) that affect the relationship patterns of female students with lecturers and male students. Penelitian ini mengungkap pola relasi mahasiswa perempuan dengan dosen dan mahasiswa laki-laki yang berada di Jurusan Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Padang. Analisis pola relasi mahasiswa perempuan dengan dosen dilihat pada saat proses pembelajaan baik itu di kelas atau di luar kelas, selanjutnya pola relasi antara mahasiswa perempuan dengan dosen dilihat ketika berada di lingkungan kampus dan juga di luar kampus. Selain pola relasi dengan dosen, tak luput peneliti juga menganalisis bagaimana pola relasi antara mahasiswa perempuan dengan mahasiswa laki-laki yang dilihat pada saat proses pembelajaan baik di dalam atau di luar kelas, ketika berada di lingkungan kampus atau di luar kampus. Analisis pada penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Strukturasi dari Anthony Giddens. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan tujuan agar didapatkan pemahaman tentang pola relasi mahasiswa perempuan dengan dosen dan mahasiswa laki-laki di Jurusan Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan Universitas Negeri Padang, sedangkan tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada penelitian ini dengan cara wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pola relasi mahasiswa perempuan dengan dosen tampak jelas dengan menunjukan bahwa secara tidak langsung dosen menuntut mahasiswa perempuan untuk memahami perbedaan dan kondisi-kondisi tertentu meskipun hal itu dianggap negatif dan menambah tekanan mental kepada mahasiswa perempuan. Meskipun begitu mahasiswa perempuan berhasil membebaskan diri (enabling) dari kondisi tertentu yang akan merugikan mereka. Sedangkan pola relasi mahasiswa perempuan dengan mahasiswa laki-laki terdapat beberapa tekanan yang dialami oleh mahasiswa perempuan tetapi mahasiswa perempuan lagi-lagi berhasil membebaskan diri (enabling) dari kondisi tersebut dengan melakukan kerjasama dengan mahasiswa laki-laki.
Inkludering og mangfold er idealer på tvers av de organiserte arenaene for fysisk aktivitet i oppveksten, som barnehage, skole og organisert idrett. Samtidig viser forskning at ekskludering og marginalisering av forskjellige grupper av barn og unge er et tilbakevendende problem. Gjennom 19 kapitler skrevet av forskere fra ulike samfunnsvitenskapelige felt og disipliner, undersøker Bevegelsesfellesskap i oppveksten gjenstridige utfordringer, spenninger og sammenhenger på tvers av barn og unges bevegelsesarenaer. Bevegelsesfellesskap i oppveksten tilbyr en bred vifte av teorier, metoder, kritiske perspektiver og refleksjoner som åpner opp for nye forståelser av inkludering og mangfold i barn og unges organiserte fysiske aktiviteter. Kapitlene drøfter problemstillinger knyttet til utdanningsløp og idrett, men også høyere utdannings rolle i å utdanne fremtidige pedagoger og trenere. Til sammen utgjør boken et unikt bidrag til å tenke helhetlig og nyansert rundt politiske og praktiske løsninger. Boken vil være en viktig ressurs for lærere i barnehage og skole, ledere, trenere og andre profesjonsgrupper med interesse for å skape inkluderende bevegelsesfellesskap for barn og unge. Samtidig vil boken være en stimulerende kilde for studenter og forskere på jakt etter nye perspektiver på inkludering og mangfold.
Objetivo: comprender las experiencias de las jugadoras de rugby inglesas de élite durante la pandemia COVID-19, con respecto a la jerarquía de género. Contexto: Durante la pandemia las jugadoras tuvieron un tratamiento diferenciado. La federación inglesa de Rugby implantó un programa de detec-ción de COVID-19 solo para los hombres, y cambió sólo el reglamento feme-nino para evitar la propagación del virus. Se cancelaron muchos partidos feme-ninos, se cambiaron horarios y el formato de diversos torneos internacionales, además de declararse nula la liga femenina de 2019-2020. Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, los clubes y los medios de comunicación priorizaron el juego masculino sobre el femenino. Recogida y análisis de datos: entrevistas semies-tructuradas online a 11 jugadoras en activo de la liga femenina de rugby inglesa (julio y agosto 2021), y posterior análisis temático (NVivo 12). Resultados: Du-rante la pandemia, las jugadoras vieron agravados los efectos de la cultura an-drocéntrica predominante en el deporte. Las participantes hicieron referencia a disparidades en la financiación, el uso de instalaciones deportivas, la equipa-ción, la formación, los recursos, la atención médica y la cobertura de los me-dios. Interpretación: Los resultados demuestran que la jerarquía patriarcal de género prevalece en el rugby de élite femenino, y fue reforzada durante la pan-demia, consolidando la posición de la mujer como "la otra" en el rugby inglés (Daddario, 2021; Van Pelt, 2000). Recomendaciones: Se recomienda la profe-sionalización del rugby femenino. Se propone aumentar la exposición y la co-bertura de los medios como la manera más eficaz de comenzar a cerrar la brecha de género en el rugby.
One of the long-standing trends in research on gender in sports media is the lack of coverage of women’s sport and the lack of respectful, serious coverage of women’s sport. In this article, we critically interrogate the assumption that the media simply provide fans with what they “want to see” (i.e., men’s sports). Using quantitative and qualitative analysis, we examine 6 weeks of the televised news media coverage on the local news affiliates in Los Angeles (KABC, KNBC, and KCBS) and on a nationally broadcast sports news and highlight show, ESPN’s SportsCenter. Part of an ongoing longitudinal study, the findings demonstrate that the coverage of women’s sport is the lowest ever. We argue that the amount of coverage of women’s sports and the quality of that coverage illustrates the ways in which the news media build audiences for men’s sport while silencing and marginalizing women’s sport. Moreover, the overall lack of coverage of women’s sport, despite the tremendous increased participation of girls and women in sport at the high school, collegiate, and professional level, conveys a message to audiences that sport continues to be by, for, and about men.
This paper explores the key role of the body in the construction of identity in school boys aged 10-11. The findings are based on data gathered from a 1-year empirical study set in three UK junior schools. I argue that the body is used by the boys as a means of classification, inclusion and differentiation, and is the principal resource to establish status and position within the pupil peer group. The most prevalent and esteemed resource is physicality and athleticism (found particularly in sports and informal playground games), but I also examine how the body is used in tough and intimidating ways, and show how boys construct identities by using their bodies as a social symbol to display items of sports-related and brand-inscribed clothing. Finally, I consider how the body forms a major component in the construction of dominant and subordinated forms of masculinity.
Starting off from deliberations on the ‘nature’ and significance of gender differences and gender relations, I first of all present in this contribution my theoretical framework: a constructivist approach to gender. If gender is understood as a social construction, gender differences are not ‘natural’ but acquired and enacted, and also vary according to the particular social and gender order. Currently observable in many respects is a tendency towards ‘gender bending’ and gender play. This raises the question as to whether this dismantling and/or de-dramatization of gender differences in, as well as outside, sport is a sign pointing towards a new gender order. Or has gender enactment become more subtle? Have gender scripts shifted to other areas, for example to media sports with their focus on (hetero)sexuality? Which course will gender relations take in future, in as well as outside sport? In discussing the issues raised above, I will analyse the present situation and consider future developments with regard to sports participation, media sports and leadership in sport.
The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between elite sport policy systems (inputs and throughputs) and success in international competitions (outputs). A conceptual model of the sports policy factors, which lead to international sporting success, was implemented in an empirical environment in a pilot study with six nations. The study has sought to operationalise nine pillars, or key drivers in elite sport systems, into measurable concepts, which can be aggregated into an overall score for each pillar. In addition to a national sport policy questionnaire, athletes, coaches and performance directors were also involved in the collection of qualitative and quantitative data. Although the results are inconclusive, the findings suggest that some pillars could be regarded as possible drivers of an effective system because they were prioritised in the most successful sample nations: financial resources (pillar 1), athletic and post-career support (pillar 5), training facilities (pillar 6) and coach development (partly pillar 7).
This article focuses on the passion of Danish elite-level female football players for the game and the challenges they face. How do they manage to combine the tough demands of a football life with the need for education? A quantitative survey (2010) was sent out to female players in the Danish 3F Ligaen and Danish national team players. The findings indicate challenges faced by players in pursuing their passion, as they struggle to combine everyday life, education and work with a football career, either as amateurs or on a playing contract. In the light of the Scandinavian sport model inspired by Victor Pestoff, we may be operating with a different form of elite in women’s football in Denmark. Future focal points for clubs and the Danish Football Association are to continue supporting the players’ passion for the game and Team Denmark’s focus on ‘the whole human being’ in athletes.
In the fields of both education and sport, the possession of capital and habitus influences an individual’s lifestyles and choices, which in turn affects the social selection within these fields. In this article, we will study the Swedish system of school sports as an overlap between the fields of education and sport, and thus viewed as a double dominated field. From a cultural sociological perspective, the purpose of this article is to analyse and explain how the organisational conditions and pupils’ social characteristics interact with upper secondary pupils’ choices of different school sports programmes in Sweden. Based on registry data on secondary school sports pupils, the results show that the supply of school sports requires specific forms of social dispositions that have an impact on which categories of pupils choose to participate. Among the students participating in school sports, there is a higher proportion of pupils who: are of Swedish origin (p < 0.05), are boys (p < 0.05), attend academic study programmes (p < 0.05), and have parents with high educational capital (p < 0.05). Furthermore, based on 677 pupils’ questionnaire responses, collected through two studies on school sports in Sweden, the results show that the choice between different types of school sports programmes is related to the intersection between pupils’ sex and possession of educational and sporting capital. One important conclusion is that the overlap between the fields of education and sports exacerbates gender and class biases, and that the supply of school sports in Sweden appeals to a narrow or rather specific taste for sport and education, particularly favouring boys with highly educated parents and an interest in team sports.
This research insight discusses young people’s construction and display of gender in a mixed-sex floorball group in a Swedish sport school and explores in what ways gendered power relations were exercised. Observations of floorball lessons with 21 students aged 12–16 and interviews with 7 students were analysed through Lorber’s concept of gender as a social institution. Findings suggested that training in a mixed-sex group seemed to actualize a need to dichotomize and construct distinct groups of boys and girls, and a ‘boys are better than girls’ discourse prevailed. This was explained as being a result of their experiences of playing separately in floorball clubs during leisure time. All contributed to the construction of a discourse where boys were superior and girls inferior, although they were striving towards a uniform way to play. Their attitudes and actions indicated that while gender hierarchies were not transcended, they were, to some extent, negotiated.
This paper explores the historical and ideological meanings of organized sports for the politics of gender relations. After outlining a theory for building a historically grounded understanding of sport, culture, and ideology, the paper argues that organized sports have come to serve as a primary institutional means for bolstering a challenged and faltering ideology of male superiority in the 20th century. Increasing female athleticism represents a genuine quest by women for equality, control of their own bodies, and self-definition, and as such represents a challenge to the ideological basis of male domination. Yet this quest for equality is not without contradictions and ambiguities. The socially constructed meanings surrounding physiological differences between the sexes, the present “male” structure of organized sports, and the media framing of the female athlete all threaten to subvert any counter-hegemonic potential posed by female athletes. In short, the female athlete—and her body—has become a con...
This study examines the implications of the entrance of Renee Richards, a constructed-female transsexual, into the women’s professional tennis circuit. The purpose of our analysis is to show how our culture constructs woman and produces particular notions of gender, sex, and difference by examining a case in which these ideological processes are literally enacted: the construction of a “woman,” Renee Richards, from a man. We do this by exploring the cultural meaning of transsexualism in the U.S.; by examining critically how issues of transsexualism, sex, and gender are framed by the media in the Renee Richards case; and by exploring the particular problematic posed by Richards’ entrance into the highly gendered world of professional sport. Although Renee Richards appears to challenge fundamental cultural assumptions about sex and gender, closer analysis reveals that the various media frames invoked to explain the meaning of Renee Richards reproduce rather than challenge dominant gender arrangements and ideologies.
Two reasons given for the dramatic decline in the percentage of women coaches since the passage of Title IX have been the effectiveness of the “good old boys” network and the lack or ineffectiveness of the “good old girls” network. With homologous reproduction used as a theoretical basis for these networks, 1,106 public secondary schools were surveyed to determine their administrative structures based on the sex of the principals and the athletic directors. Two types of administrative structures were identified with four models under each type. The numbers of male and female head coaches in the girls' athletics program under each administrative structure were determined and analyzed for independence. Significant differences were found between the different administrative models and the gender of the head coaches. Findings are discussed in terms of the prevailing administrative structures and the representation of females in coaching as a result of the dominant group reproducing itself.
The dramatic decline of women coaches since Title IX has been well documented. This investigation examined how homologous reproduction has influenced the proportion of female to male head coaches within the historical context of Title IX. Homologous reproduction is a process whereby dominants reproduce themselves based on social and/or physical characteristics. Therefore the employment relationship between sex of athletic director and sex of head coach was considered. The sample included 937 public high schools for three Title IX time periods. Analysis of variance procedures indicated significant main effects for sex of athletic director and Title IX timeframe: Significantly more women were hired under female versus male athletic directors. However, there was also a significantly smaller proportion of female coaches in 1981-82 and 1988-89 compared to 1974-75. This latter pattern occurred under both female and male athletic directors. Findings are discussed in terms of analyzing employment practices toward...
The goal of this article is to explore how children perceive gender in a Swedish government-financed sports initiative and in leisure-time sports activities. We draw on group interviews with children and participant observations from two field studies of elementary school children participating in co-ed soccer and physical activity projects. A focal point of the analysis is how children negotiate their views of boys and girls participating in sports utilizing linguistic and material resources. The interviews included reproduction of traditional views of boys/men as being superior at sports but also demonstrated negotiations and objections against this perception. In addition, we present examples from participant observations regarding potential challenges to gender discourse.
Class does make a difference in the lives and futures of American children. Drawing on in-depth observations of black and white middle-class, working-class, and poor families, Unequal Childhoods explores this fact, offering a picture of childhood today. Here are the frenetic families managing their children's hectic schedules of "leisure" activities; and here are families with plenty of time but little economic security. Lareau shows how middle-class parents, whether black or white, engage in a process of "concerted cultivation" designed to draw out children's talents and skills, while working-class and poor families rely on "the accomplishment of natural growth," in which a child's development unfolds spontaneously—as long as basic comfort, food, and shelter are provided. Each of these approaches to childrearing brings its own benefits and its own drawbacks. In identifying and analyzing differences between the two, Lareau demonstrates the power, and limits, of social class in shaping the lives of America's children. The first edition of Unequal Childhoods was an instant classic, portraying in riveting detail the unexpected ways in which social class influences parenting in white and African American families. A decade later, Annette Lareau has revisited the same families and interviewed the original subjects to examine the impact of social class in the transition to adulthood.
This selection addresses one of the few arenas of sport that was organized on a specifically political basis. Attempting to overcome the homophobia of the traditional world of sports, gay and lesbian athletes organized the Gay Olympic Games in 1982. Helen Jefferson Lenskyj’s account of the history of the Gay Games highlights both how sport can be used to highlight progressive, inclusive politics and how, even within such a context, struggles may ensue about whether and how politics and sport should mix. © 2003 by Helen Jefferson Lenskyj. Reprinted with the permission of The Women’s Press, Toronto.
1. Theories of Sport - The Neglect of Gender 2. Sports Feminism - The Importance of Gender 3. Nature and Culture - Introducing Victorian and Edwardian Sport 4. The Legitimation of Female Exercise - The Case of Physical Education 5. Recreative and Competitive Sports - Expansion and Containment 6. The Interwar Years - Limitations and Possibilities 7. Femininity of Musculinity? - Images of Women's Sport 8. Relations of Power - Institutionalized Discrimination 9. Olympic Women - A Struggle for Recognition 10. Sport for All Women - Problems and Progress 11. Towards 2000 AD - Diversity and Empowerment.
While feminist sociology has succeeded in being recognized as a legitimate field of sociological research (yet mainly as a limited field within the broader discipline), its core objective - namely, to reconfigure the discipline, instating gender as a central analytic category - has not yet been achieved. This article argues that Bourdieu's sociology of practice offers a theoretical framework for fundamentally reconstructing sociology to integrate gender as a central category. After a brief outline of Bourdieu's reasoning in Masculine Domination and of the controversy surrounding this essay, I discuss the concept of habitus, which forms the theoretical core of Masculine Domination, in the broader context of Bourdieu's work. Habitus is an analytical tool that overcomes the discipline's theoretical barriers to the integration of the category of gender on a central point: the concept of the social agent. I will demonstrate this by opposing the concept of habitus to the construct of the social role that, up to this day, is most influential in shaping the sociological understanding of the social agent.
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
I. Introduction Sport is one of the most important institutions in American culture. This certainly is demonstrated by the vast resources spent on sport-related enter- prises. With respect to discretionary spending alone, billions of dollars are spent annually on the sale of licensed sport products (e.g., baseball caps). In 1992, retail sales of all licensed sport merchandise totaled $ 12.2 billion. 1 In the early 1990s, the top four men's professional sport leagues (football, bas- ketball, baseball, and ice hockey) generated almost $ 4 billion in revenues. 2 Most recently, Anheuser-Busch announced that they had signed a $ 40 million contract to be the official beer sponsor of the 1996 Olympic Games to be held in Atlanta, Georgia. 3 Sport has become such a bedrock of our national psyche that sport figures often come to symbolize larger pressing social concerns such as date rape (Mike Tyson), never-ending and seemingly ran- dom acts of violence (Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan, Monica Seles), and spousal abuse (O.J. Simpson). In spite of the all-pervasive influence of sport, academic scholars have ignored its significance. But if sport is "just a game," why are so much time, money, and cultural support invested in this particular institution? As media scholar Nick Trujillo cautions, the academic study of sport should not be taken lightly as an area of scholarly pursuit. 4 Feminist scholars in particular have given scant attention to sport, per- haps because they consider it an activity that belongs to men and therefore has little ...
The data summarized in this paper represent 11 years (1977-1988) of information on the status of women in intercollegiate athletics gathered in an on-going national study of all four-year college and university members of the NCAA with intercollegiate athletic programs for women. It is noted that over this period there has been an increase in sports participation by girls and women and a decrease in women in leadership positions. (JD)
Government and sport organisations have spent considerable resources on increasing the number of female coaches in sport, yet women are still significantly under-represented in this sector. Research directed towards understanding why females remain involved in coaching in the Australian sport system has tended to focus on individual barriers and motivations, with generally less attention given to the organisational setting in which coaches work. To examine why there continues to be low numbers of female coaches in elite sport, Kanter's (Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic) organisational theory of homologous reproduction was used to guide a case study of a state sport organisation (SSO). Results indicated that organisational strategies, prevailing hegemonic masculinity, and systemic barriers in the SSO were sustaining male coaching dominance in the organisation whilst marginalizing women.
This Special Issue is the result of the inaugural summit hosted by the Gallup Leadership Institute at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2004 on Authentic Leadership Development (ALD). We describe in this introduction to the special issue current thinking in this emerging field of research as well as questions and concerns. We begin by considering some of the environmental and organizational forces that may have triggered interest in describing and studying authentic leadership and its development. We then provide an overview of its contents, including the diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives presented, followed by a discussion of alternative conceptual foundations and definitions for the constructs of authenticity, authentic leaders, authentic leadership, and authentic leadership development. A detailed description of the components of authentic leadership theory is provided next. The similarities and defining features of authentic leadership theory in comparison to transformational, charismatic, servant and spiritual leadership perspectives are subsequently examined. We conclude by discussing the status of authentic leadership theory with respect to its purpose, construct definitions, historical foundations, consideration of context, relational/processual focus, attention to levels of analysis and temporality, along with a discussion of promising directions for future research.
Features include the selection and sampling of cases, the problems of access, observation and interviewing, recording and filing data, and the process of data analysis.
Pierre Bourdieu is one of the world's most important social theorists and is also one of the great empirical researchers in contemporary sociology. However, reading Bourdieu can be difficult for those not familiar with the French cultural context, and until now a comprehensive introduction to Bourdieu's oeuvre has not been available. David Swartz focuses on a central theme in Bourdieu's workâthe complex relationship between culture and powerâand explains that sociology for Bourdieu is a mode of political intervention. Swartz clarifies Bourdieu's difficult concepts, noting where they have been misinterpreted by critics and where they have fallen short in resolving important analytical issues. The book also shows how Bourdieu has synthesized his theory of practices and symbolic power from Durkheim, Marx, and Weber, and how his work was influenced by Sartre, Levi-Strauss, and Althusser. Culture and Power is the first book to offer both a sympathetic and critical examination of Bourdieu's work and it will be invaluable to social scientists as well as to a broader audience in the humanities.
- Theberge N.
Sex Equality in Sports
- J English
English, J. 1978. "Sex Equality in Sports. " Philosophy & Public Affairs 7 (3): 269-277.
Pigernes stemme. Et studie af teenagepigers liv med fodbold i Danmark
- A K Lethin
Lethin, A. K. 2016. Pigernes stemme. Et studie af teenagepigers liv med fodbold i Danmark. København:
DBU. Brøndby: Dansk Boldspil Union.
Idraetselevers erfaringer med idraetsklasser København
- J C Nielsen
- J S Olesen
Nielsen, J. C., and J. S. Olesen. 2014a. Idraetselevers erfaringer med idraetsklasser København.
Retrieved from http://pure.au.dk/portal/files/75146625/Idr_tselevers_erfaringer_med_idr_tsk-lasser_JCN_og_JEO_DPU_AU_22_01_2014.pdf
Idraetselevers erfaringer med idraetsklasser -et blik på X kommune Købenavn
- J C Nielsen
- J S Olesen
Nielsen, J. C., and J. S. Olesen. 2014b. Idraetselevers erfaringer med idraetsklasser -et blik på X kommune Købenavn.
Occupational Employment Patterns within Women's Intercollegiate Athletics: Revisiting Homologous Reproduction
- K Stahura
- M Greenwood
Stahura, K., and M. Greenwood. 2001. "Occupational Employment Patterns within Women's
Intercollegiate Athletics: Revisiting Homologous Reproduction. " Research Quarterly for Exercise
and Sport 72 (1): A-110.
Sociological persepectives on sport: The games outside the games
- D Karen
- R E Washington
Karen, D., and Washington, R. E. (2015). Sociological persepectives on sport: The games outside the
games. New York: Routledge.
Gender: In World Perspective
- R Connell
- R Pearse
Connell, R., and R. Pearse. 2014. Gender: In World Perspective. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Theorizing Sport in the Global Process
- J Maguire
Maguire, J. 1999. Theorizing Sport in the Global Process. In Global Sport: Identities, Societies, and
Civilizations. (p. 256). London: Polity Press.