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Comedogenicity in rabbit: Some cosmetic ingredients/vehicles
Abstract
Several cosmetic ingredients have been shown to be comedogenic using the rabbit ear assay (1,2). On the basis of the animal assay and short-term human clinical studies, the development of comedones has been attributed to prolonged use of cosmetics (1,2). Although there are limitations of the rabbit model in the application of test results to humans (1-4), much information on the comedogenicity of topically applied substances has been based on the rabbit ear assay because it permits rapid screening of many possible offenders. The present chapter is concerned with this theme and reports our finding on the activity of certain raw materials previously investigated.
Topical cosmetic medications, cosmeceuticals, and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures play an important role in dermatologic practice. Advances have led to a tremendous expansion in the repertoire of nonsurgical cosmetic treatments. Adverse skin reactions to cosmetics include irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, phototoxic dermatitis, contact urticaria, and foreign body reactions. The clinician should be aware of these potential skin reactions and seek to identify the causative agents and other contributing factors. In the clinical setting, substances that have irritant properties are used to treat acne, hyperpigmentation, and sun‐damaged skin. Preservative allergy is a common cause of skin care product allergy. Preservatives are commonly implicated in allergy to ophthalmic preparations. A thorough history of occupational and environmental exposures is necessary to ascertain potential sources of allergic and irritant contact dermatoses. Treatment is based on identifying the offending agent and subsequent avoidance.
Background:
Acne severity and its response to treatment may be influenced by internal and external factors: the exposome.
Objectives:
The aim of this international real-life survey was to assess the most involved exposome factors in acne.
Methods:
11000 individuals, aged between 15 and 39 years, with clinically confirmed acne or without acne, defined by age, gender and prevalence, were invited to participate in an internet survey of 63 questions in order to assess the frequency of identified acne exposome factors.
Results:
Data from 6679 questionnaires were used for statistical analysis purposes: 2826 from the acne group and 3853 from the control group. Nibbling, consumption of dairy products, sweets, alcohol, or whey proteins, as well as exposure to pollution, stress, certain mechanical factors and humid or hot weather or sun exposure, were significantly (all P≤0.05) more frequently reported for the acne group than for the control group. This was not the case for tobacco consumption. Data regarding the impact of cannabis consumption were insufficient for drawing any conclusions.
Conclusions:
Data from this international, anonymized internet questionnaire conducted with more than almost 6700 participants add new arguments to assumptions made that certain exposome factors have an impact on acne. Nutrition, pollution, stress and harsh skin care, as well as climate and sun exposure may be considered the most frequent factors related to acne.
Genuine acne is a disease singular to man and practically does not occur in animals. There are a few exceptions to this rule. Except for minor forms in dogs and cats, acne does not occur spontaneously in any animal species. Acne is a uniquely human disorder. Certain species possess sebaceous-like follicles and are suitable for assessing the comedogenicity of chemicals, the comedolytic effects of drugs, and the androgen metabolism of sebocytes. We recognize the limitations; yet these models have proved to be valuable both in research and in pharmacological testing.
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