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Green's Theorem نظرية جرين ـــ

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Abstract

من الرائع أن تدرس في هذا الباب العلاقة الوطيدة بين التكامل على منحنى مغلق وبين المساحة المحصورة داخل هذا المنحنى وأن تحصل على صيغة رياضية رائعة تستطيع بها أن تحول التكامل على منحنى مغلق إلى تكامل ثنائي على المساحة المحصورة داخل هذا المنحنى المغلق وهي النظرية الشهيرة التي تعرف باسم "نظرية جرين" نسبة إلى عالم الرياضيات الرائع جورج جرين (Green Gourg, 1793 – 1841).
         
       
        
              
       
             
            
           
 
              
             
             
              
              
  (Green's Theorem)     
   (Green Gourg, 1793 1841)
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
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3.1

         
         (surfaces)
 (volumes)   (areas)   
(curves)         
              
        
            
             
            
      
           
            
       
   
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
35
3.2
Green's Theorem
       
C
  
xy
  
( )
0 on zC=
      
  
        
( ) ( )
( )
,x t y t
 
  
C
        t 
a

b
    
C
   (positively
oriented)         
   (negatively oriented)    (3.1)
3.1

    (simple closed)
  
       
1
C
   (3.1)
x
x
y
y
1
C
2
C
2
D
1
C
1
D
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
36
     
1
D
       
1
C
  
2
C
       
2
D
  
    
2
C

            
        
          
           
            
  
.
Green's Theorem
   
C
          
xy
       
D
  
  
C
       
( ) ( ) ( )
, , ; :x x t y y t z z t t a b= = =

3.1
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
37
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
R i j ;
R i j ;
t x t y t a t b
t x t y t a t b
 
 
= +  
 
= +  
   
t
 
a
 
b
 
C
   
          
D
   
   
( ) ( ) ( )
12
F , , i , jx y F x y F x y
→ →
=+
 
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, , , , , , ,F x y F x y F x y F x y
yx


     
D
  
(3.1)
21
F
CD
FF
dxdy
xy



=−


 

C

C

☺☺☺☺
( )
F F .R
CC
t dt
→ →
==

   
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
38
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
12
, i , j .
C
F x t y t F x t y t
→→

=+



( ) ( )
. i jx t y t dt



+



( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
12
, i , j .
C
F x t y t F x t y t
→→

=+



( ) ( )
. i j
dd
x t y t dt
dt dt


+



( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
12
,,
C
F x t y t dx t F x t y t dy t=+

(3.2)
21
12
CD
FF
F dx F dy dxdy
xy



+ =


 


3.1
     
( ) ( )
2
F , i jx y x y x y
→ →
= + +

  
C
 
( ) ( )
cos , sin ; :0 2x t y t t
= =

( ) ( )
sin , cosdx t dt dy t dt= − =
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
39

( ) ( )( )
22
12
0
cos sin sin
C
F dx F dy t t t
+ = − +

( ) ( )
( )
( )
3
cos sin cos 4
t t t dt
+ + =

21
D
FF
dxdy
xy







     
21
,
FF
xy



( ) ( )
cos , sin ,0 1,0 2x r y r r
 
= =    

( )
22
21,
Fx y x y x
x x y

 
= + = =

( )
2
21 1
DD
FF
dxdy x dxdy
xy



= −


 
( )
( )
21 22
00
3
1 cos 4
r rdrd

= − =

3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
40

32
  
F
C
  
( )
( )
22
F i 2 jx y xy
 
= + +
 
    (3.2)
                
 
C
         
4
1i
i
CC
=
=
            
(3.2)               
    
D
     
3.2

x
( )
0,0
D
y
( )
0,1
( )
1,0
( )
1,1
1 2 3 4
C C C C C=   
1
C
4
C
3
C
2
C
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
41
( )
( )
22
2
F
CD
xy
xy dxdy
xy


+

= − =



 
( )
11
00
2 2 0y y dxdy−=


33
  
F
C
  
3
F 5 i jxy x
 
=+
 
 
               
 
2, 2y x y x==

( )
0,0
( )
2,4
                 
  
C
     
2
1i
i
CC
=
=
 
    (3.3)         
          
D
      
( )
( )
35
F
CD
xxy dA
xy



= − =



 
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
42
( )
2
22 2
0
28
35 15
x
x
x x dydx = −

3.3
3.3
INDEPENDENT OF PATH
           
            
           
                 
         
x
y
2yx=
2
yx=
( )
0,0
( )
2,4
1
C
2
C
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
43
             
             
(Potential Function)

xy
Potential Function In The Plane
                    
          
         (region)
   
  
xy
        
F

 
( ) ( )
12
F , i , jF x y F x y
→ →
=+
          (scalar)  
( )
,xy
   
    
( )
,xy

     
( )
F,xy
=
3.1
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
44
     
D

 
(1)
    
D
    (continuous)
               
             
 
)2(   
D
        
  
       
Theorem
 
( ) ( ) ( )
12
F , , i , jx y F x y F x y
 
=+
          
D
  
    
F
C
      
 
( ) ( )
F , ,x y f x y
=

( )
,f x y
)lara(sc
1.1
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
45

(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
12
F , , i , jx y F x y F x y
 
=+

( ) ( )
F , ,x y f x y
=
  
( )
,f x y
    )lara(sc   
(potential function)  
( ) ( )
12
,,
and
f x y f x y
FF
xy


==
2)( 
F
C

12
FF
yx


=

1.1
 
( )
( ) ( )
32
F , 2 3 4x y x y i xy j
= + + +
      
C
F
   

32
12
2 , 3 4F x y F xy= + = +


( )
,f x y

32
2 , 3 4
ff
x y xy
xy


= + = +
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
46
  
3
2
fxy
x
=+
           
 
( ) ( )
23 1
,f x y x y x C y= + +

y

( ) ( )
21
,
3
f x y xy C y
y
=+
 
2
3 4
fxy
y
=+
 
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
4 4 ; constantC y C y y C C
=  = +
     
( )
23 2
,4f x y x y x y C= + + +
 
Ff
=

1.1
 
F
C
 
( ) ( )
22
F i 3 jx y xy
→ 
=+
  
 
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
47

22
12
,3
FF
xy
yx


==

12
FF
yx



F
C

1.1
EXERCISES
  
F
C
 
( ) ( )
F i jx y x y
 
= + +
  
C
 are)squ(  
 
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0,0 , 0,1 , 1,0 , 1,1


FF
CC
→→
=−


22
F i jxy
→  
=+


C

22
1
94
xy
+=

3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
48

F
C

(i)
( ) ( )
22
F x y i x y j= + −
 
  
   
( ) ( ) ( )
1 ; 0 1R t t i t j t= +  
(ii)
( ) ( ) ( )
F x i y j z k= − +
 
   
  
( ) ( ) ( )
 
cos sin ; 0,2
t
R t t i t j k t

= + +



CF

(i)
( )
( )
22
2F xy i x y j= + +



22
1
94
xy
+=
(ii)
( )
( )
221
tan
x
F e y i x y j

= + + +




( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1,2 , 5,2 , 5,4 , 1,4
3Green's Theorem
    E. S. Shoukralla
ـــ ـــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــ
49
(iii)
( ) ( )
22
F x y i xy j= + +



2, y x y x= = −


( )
0,0

( )
1, 1

C
F

( )
( )
2.3
0.1
F


( ) ( )
32
2 3 4F x y i xy j= + + +
   
( ) ( )
22
F x y i x y j= + −
   
         
 
22
1xy+=
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