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EVALUACIÓN DE LA EROSIÓN DE LOS SUELOS EN LAS REGIONES CÁRSICAS DE LA HABANA MEDIANTE EL NUEVO MÉTODO EVERC
Abstract and Figures
Hasta el presente los métodos e índices diagnósticos empleados en el país para evaluar la erosión de los suelos en las regiones cársicas, no tienen en cuenta la fase de la morfogénesis existente en tales geosistemas, ni su relación con los procesos erosivos, de lo cual se derivó el objetivo fundamental de esta investigación. En este contexto fueron seleccionadas varias regiones representativas de la provincia La Habana, en conformidad con el desarrollo de los procesos cársicos, empleándose la cartografía temática de factores en un Sistema de Información Geográfica, donde se probó la ejecutoria del método CORINE (1992), para evaluar cualitativamente la erosión potencial y actual siendo necesario modificarlo, incluyendo un Índice de Carsificación que objetivamente considerara la influencia de los procesos cársico – erosivos. Como resultado se propone el nuevo método EVERC (Vega y Febles, 2006).
Adicionalmente se estimó por primera vez, de forma cuantitativa, las pérdidas de suelos empleando el modelo de erosión empírico – conceptual MMF (Morgan et al., 1984; Morgan, 2001). Los resultados obtenidos permiten valorar con enfoque genético el carácter erodable de estos suelos, aportando nuevos elementos a los programas o proyectos de carácter ambiental dirigidos al aprovechamiento pleno de los suelos en las regiones cársicas de Cuba.
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... For the last 20 years, in the southern karstic plains of Havana-Matanzas, several researches have been developed, based on the application of different technologies in areas for cattle production (pasture for forage and extensive grazing). The results have revealed the specific modalities of the erosion in red ferrallitic soils and the associated subtypes that propitiate the sequential degradation of the most productive soils in Cuba (Febles 1988, Orellana 1996, Gonou and Febles 1997, Febles 2001, Ponce de León 2004, Vega and Febles 2005, Vega 2006, and Febles 2007. ...
... The geographical-comparative, geophysical, morphoedaphological, and genetic methods were combined with the incorporation of a new method for the Assessment of the Erosion in Karstic Regions (EVERC) in the environment of a System of Geographical Information. This allowed to assess, at higher geographical scale, the potential and current erosion of red ferrallitic soils and the associated subtypes, as well as the influence of erosion on the modification of their properties (Vega 2006 andFebles 2007). ...
... These agroecosystems have been classified as the most humid in the plains of Cuba (table 1). They received from 76 to 80 % rainfall out of the total in Havana province (Herrera 1996), where the index of concentration of them ranges from 13 to 14 % (Vega 2006). In this region, the annual layer shows values between 1 400-1 600 mm (Izquierdo et al. 1990). ...
Up to date, specialized literature has not reported the degree of complexity shown by soil covers in cattle regions from Havana province, where there are red ferrallitic soils and associated subtypes. There has not been reference either to sustainability indicators expressing objectively the dynamics of morphogenetic processes involved that propitiate the sequential degradation of the most productive soils in Cuba. In this study, a series of indicators of pressure-status-response were proposed. Through them, the sustainability threshold of these soils was determined in five cattle sites of reference in Havana province. The paper was derived from researches performed for more than two decades, and it revealed the current situation and the perspective of these rural sites, making possible to asses the changes in the soil cover to reach sustainably developed systems.
... En la figura 3 se muestra el mapa del índice modificado de Fournier, que evidencia el grado de agresividad climática que caracteriza a la región estudiada, con valores que fluctúan entre 185 y 195 mm, evaluados como muy altos. Estos índices indican que la erosividad pluvial es, en general, elevada, Habana -Matanzas, Cuba (Vega and Febles 2006) processes of the carbonated materials reported by Febles González et al. (2012) in karst depressions (karstic-funnels) of the Artificial Insemination Center Rosafé Signet, Pecuario Guayabal district and Aljibe among others. Figure 4 shows the PCI map, which shows that the calculated values oscillate between 13 and 14 %, according to Oliver (1980), which corresponds to a moderately seasonal distribution ( figure 4). ...
... Precipitation concentration index (PCI) in livestock regions of the Southern KarstPlain Habana -Matanzas, Cuba(Vega and Febles 2006) of the morphogenetic processes, reinforced in recent decades by the CC, with joint and simultaneous actions, which corroborates the descriptions ofHernández et al. (2006), andFebles-González et al. (2014) for the territory. ...
Currently, the effects of climate change lead to widespread processes of soil degradation in cattle regions, with serious environmental, social and economic consequences. This have especially significant in the karst regions of western Cuba, which coincides with the areas of highest agricultural production, population density and the most important water supply basins of several provinces. Based on researches carried out for more than three decades in reference livestock farms, and through a combination of qualitative and quantitative data, this article exposes the effects of intensive anthropogenesis and climate change on the spatial - temporal evolution of soil properties. Among them, the reduction of organic matter content, pH increase, compaction values with apparent density thresholds higher than 1.34 Mg.m-3, reinforcement of karstic-erosive processes, salinization, and others that coexist zonally and spatially in an essentially superficial domain (A + B0-50 cm), with a marked tendency to increase. These results should be interpreted as an indispensable basis for the design of mitigation and adaptation strategies with an agro-ecological approach in regions of Cuba
... En la figura 3 se muestra el mapa del índice modificado de Fournier, que evidencia el grado de agresividad climática que caracteriza a la región estudiada, con valores que fluctúan entre 185 y 195 mm, evaluados como muy altos. Estos índices indican que la erosividad pluvial es, en general, elevada, Habana -Matanzas, Cuba (Vega and Febles 2006) processes of the carbonated materials reported by Febles González et al. (2012) in karst depressions (karstic-funnels) of the Artificial Insemination Center Rosafé Signet, Pecuario Guayabal district and Aljibe among others. Figure 4 shows the PCI map, which shows that the calculated values oscillate between 13 and 14 %, according to Oliver (1980), which corresponds to a moderately seasonal distribution ( figure 4). ...
... Precipitation concentration index (PCI) in livestock regions of the Southern KarstPlain Habana -Matanzas, Cuba(Vega and Febles 2006) of the morphogenetic processes, reinforced in recent decades by the CC, with joint and simultaneous actions, which corroborates the descriptions ofHernández et al. (2006), andFebles-González et al. (2014) for the territory. ...
Currently, the effects of climate change lead to widespread processes of soil degradation in cattle regions, with serious environmental, social and economic consequences. This have especially significant in the karst regions of western Cuba, which coincides with the areas of highest agricultural production, population density and the most important water supply basins of several provinces. Based on researches carried out for more than three decades in reference livestock farms, and through a combination of qualitative and quantitative data, this article exposes the effects of intensive anthropogenesis and climate change on the spatial-temporal evolution of soil properties. Among them, the reduction of organic matter content, pH increase, compaction values with apparent density thresholds higher than 1.34 Mg.m-3 , reinforcement of karstic-erosive processes, salinization, and others that coexist zonally and spatially in an essentially superficial domain (A + B0-50 cm), with a marked tendency to increase. These results should be interpreted as an indispensable basis for the design of mitigation and adaptation strategies with an agro-ecological approach in regions of Cuba. Actualmente, los efectos del cambio climático conducen a procesos generalizados de degradación de suelos en regiones ganaderas, con graves consecuencias ambientales, sociales y económicas. Esto tiene especial significación en las regiones cársicas del Occidente de Cuba, que coincide con las zonas de mayor producción agrícola, densidad de población y con las cuencas de abastecimiento de agua más importantes de varias provincias. A partir de investigaciones realizadas por más de tres décadas en establecimientos ganaderos de referencia, y mediante la combinación de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos, este artículo expone los efectos de la antropogénesis intensiva y el cambio climático en la evolución espacio-temporal de las propiedades de los suelos. Entre ellos, la disminución del contenido de materia orgánica, aumento del pH, valores de compactación con umbrales de densidad aparente superiores a 1.34 Mg.m-3 , reforzamiento de los procesos cársico-erosivos, salinización, y otros que coexisten zonal y espacialmente en un dominio esencialmente superficial (A + B0-50 cm), con marcada tendencia a incrementarse. Estos resultados se deben interpretar como base indispensable para el diseño de estrategias de mitigación y adaptación con enfoque agroecológico en regiones de Cuba.
... As G (surface flow transport capacity) depends on the gradient of subhorizontal surfaces where runoff occurs, the slope was different for each of the absorption areas. Consequently, this paper used the doline morphometry data (smaller radius and difference between the height above sealevel of the surface and the bottom) reported by Febles (1988Febles ( , 2007, Febles et al. (2009), Gounou and Febles (1997) and Vega (2006) and those found by fieldwork in this study. ...
... In the analysis of the drainage network structure, it was observed that at least three gullies or ravines (streams), which carry sediments to the bottom of the depression, reach each doline during every episode of intense rainfall. Consequently, for estimation of annual soil loss to be objective and at the same time conservative, in this study G was multiplied by three, as a result of the drainage network structure, as previously presented and accepted in two doctoral theses at the University of Havana (Vega, 2006;Febles, 2007). ...
Only recently have erosion models begun to be used in research work in Cuba, specifically the USLE and the thematic cartography of factors in a GIS framework without using a specific model. It therefore becomes necessary to include simulation models for karst regions that make possible an integral assessment of the specific types of soil erosion in those environments and take into consideration the effects of climate change in soil management systems. Morphometric analysis of karst doline absorption forms in regions of La Habana Province in 1986, 1997, and 2009 allowed the characterisation and application of the Morgan Morgan Finney (MMF) conceptual empirical erosion model in the Country for the first time. The results showed previously unreported losses of 12·3–13·7 t of soil ha −1 y−1, which surpasses the permissible erosion threshold. Furthermore, it clearly shows the unsustainable trend of Red Ferralitic and Ferrasol Rhodic (World Reference Base) soils use. The model applied considered the effects of extreme rainfall events associated with climate change in recent years. The results found have led to strategies for coping with future climate change in each scenario and have made it possible to evaluate the consequences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... They cause the considerable reduction of the land fond addressed to pastures for forages. This result corroborates quantitatively the report in different researches conducted by Febles (1988), Gounou and Febles (1997), Vega (2006) and Febles (2007). ...
The application of the same methods, means and representation scales, as well as the use of nomenclatures and of different measurement techniques in the study of the different types of soil provoke comparison problems and frequent diverse estimations in the assessment of the erosion state of the soils in Cuba. The integration of different methods, as the graphic-comparative, the geophysical and morphoedaphological, as well as the topic cartography of the environmental factors of a System of Geographical Information, complemented with the erosion methods, allows assessing objectively and at higher geographical scale, the potential and present erosion of the soils in the cattle regions of Cuba, as well as to determine their influence on the modification of the soil properties. Key words: assessment of the erosion, quality methods, quantity methods, cartography of factors, erosion models, morphoeda-phology.
To date, neither the method nor diagnostic indices employed in Cuba to evaluate erosion of Red Ferralitic or Ferrasol Rhodic soil in karstic regions has taken into consideration morphogenesis in such geo-ecosystems or their relationship with erosion, which has led to sequential degradation of the most productive soils in Cuba. We explore the case for considering A + B horizon depth as one of the basic indices for evaluating the severity of erosion. There is no methodology available for estimating the volume of soil lost through karstic absorption forms (dolines). This article forecasts loss of soil cover using a model which estimates losses of 268·52 to 450·52 mm y−1 for future scenarios (periods of 25 and 50 years). A mean loss rate of 1·07 mm y−1 was found in areas cultivated as pastureland during the period from 1986 to 2009, which exceeds the tolerance thresholds proposed by the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the soil formation rates estimated for limestone in Cuba and it is likely there is with a marked tendency for this to increase. These results should be interpreted as a first estimate for setting loss tolerances as there is no similar experience with own data for a more precise definition of the erosion of soil in karstic regions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indicadores, sostenibilidad, dolinas, regiones cársicas.
Soil erosion assessment is a capital-intensive and time-consuming exercise. A number of parametric models have been developed to predict soil erosion at drainage basins, yet Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978) is most widely used empirical equation for estimating annual soil loss from agricultural basins. While conventional methods yield point-based information, Remote Sensing (RS) technique makes it possible to measure hydrologic parameters on spatial scales while GIS integrates the spatial analytical functionality for spatially distributed data. Some of the inputs of the model such as cover factor and to a lesser extent supporting conservation practice factor and soil erodibility factor can also be successfully derived from remotely sensed data. Further, Modified USLE (MUSLE) uses the same empirical principles as USLE. However, it includes numerous improvements, such as monthly factors, influence of profile convexity/concavity using segmentation of irregular slopes and improved empirical equations for the computation of LS factor (Foster & Wischmeier 1974, Renard et al. 1991). In this study, IRS-1D LISS III and ID Pan data were used to identify the land use status of the Bata river basin. Based on maximum likelihood classifier, the area was classified into eight land use classes namely, Dense Forest, Moderate Forest, Open Forest, Wheat, Sugarcane, Settlement, River Bed, Water Body. A 12-day intensive field checking was undertaken in order to collect ground truth information. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Bata river basin was created by digitizing contour lin es and spot heights from the SOI toposheets at 1:50,000 scale. Modified Fournier index was used to derive parameters for modified erosivity factor. The modified LS factor map was generated from the slope and aspect map derived from the DEM. The K factor map was prepared from the soil map, which was obtained from the previous studies done at Geo-Science Division of IIRS, Dehradun. The P and C factor values were chosen based on the research findings of Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Dehradun and spatial extent was introduced from land use/ cover map prepared from LISS III data. Maps covering each parameter (R, K, LS, C and P) were integrated to generate a composite map of erosion intensity based on the advanced GIS functionality. This intensity map was classified into different priority classes. Study area was further subdivided into 23 subwatersheds to identify the priority areas in terms of soil erosion intensity. Each subwatershed was analyzed individually in terms of soil type, average slope, drainage length, drainage density, drainage order, height difference, landuse/landcover and average NDVI with soil erosion to find out the dominant factor leads to higher erosion.
https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/application-of-remote-sensing-and-gis-on-soil-erosion-assessment-at-bata-river-basin-india/
A erosão hídrica é uma das principais causas do empobrecimento dos solos, por causa do transporte de nutrientes. Os nutrientes são transportados pela erosão hídrica adsorvidos aos colóides do solo e, ou, solubilizados, podendo variar com o sistema de preparo do solo. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Campus do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias de Lages (SC), no período de janeiro de 1993 a outubro de 1998, com o objetivo de quantificar as perdas por erosão de fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e carbono orgânico sob chuva natural, nos seguintes sistemas de preparo: (a) aração + duas gradagens, (b) escarificação + gradagem e (c) semeadura direta executados no sentido paralelo ao declive, com rotação e sucessão de culturas nos três sistemas. Na rotação, foi utilizada a seguinte seqüência de culturas: soja, aveia preta, feijão, ervilhaca comum, milho, ervilhaca comum, soja, trigo, feijão, nabo forrageiro, milho e aveia preta e, na sucessão, trigo e soja em todos os anos. Outro tratamento constou de (d) aração + duas gradagens + solo sem cultura, preparado no sentido paralelo ao declive. Utilizou-se um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico argiloso, com 0,102 m m-1 de declividade média. A concentração de fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e carbono orgânico no solo foi, em geral, maior nos preparos conservacionistas do que nos convencionais. No entanto, a perda total dos referidos elementos foi, em geral, pouco influenciada pelos sistemas de preparo do solo, relacionando-se fracamente com as perdas de solo e água. As concentrações desses nutrientes no sedimento da erosão correlacionaram-se positivamente com as suas concentrações na camada de 0-0,025 m de profundidade do solo, apresentando uma taxa de enriquecimento próximo a um.
162 ref. Annexes 1 à 23 (103 p.) *INRA Agronomie Laon Centre de Lille Diffusion du document : INRA Agronomie Laon Centre de Lille Diplôme : Dr. Ing.
The European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM) is a dynamic distributed model, able to simulate sediment transport, erosion and deposition over the land surface by rill and interill processes in single storms for both individual fields and small catchments. Model output includes total runoff, total soil loss, the storm hydrograph and storm sediment graph. Compared with other erosion models, EUROSEM has explicit simulation of interill and rill flow; plant cover effects on interception and rainfall energy; rock fragment (stoniness) effects on infiltration, flow velocity and splash erosion; and changes in the shape and size of rill channels as a result of erosion and deposition. The transport capacity of runoff is modelled using relationships based on over 500 experimental observations of shallow surface flows. EUROSEM can be applied to smooth slope planes without rills, rilled surfaces and surfaces with furrows. Examples are given of model output and of the unique capabilities of dynamic erosion modelling in general. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.