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SUSTAINABLE ANTIMICROBIAL FINISHING OF FABRICS USING NATURAL BIOACTIVE AGENTS - A REVIEW

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Reshma. A. at Bharathiar University
Reshma. A.
V.BRINDHA PRIYADARISINI
V.BRINDHA PRIYADARISINI
V.BRINDHA PRIYADARISINI
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Amutha Karuppuchamy at Bharathiar University
Amutha Karuppuchamy
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Abstract and Figures

Antimicrobial textiles have gained much attention and popularity in the market and in day- to-day life during the last two decades. The textile industries continue to introduce different methods in their production to enhance the quality of their products and to satisfy their customers. Increased competition in the industry has lead to the development of different synthetic antimicrobial agents. Though these synthetic agents are used widely, they pose a threat to both the users and the environment. Taking into consideration these threatening issues, several environmental bodies have implemented rules in the use of synthetic agents. On the contrary, the natural antimicrobial agents which have less adverse effect on humans and are eco friendly, are gaining much attention. Several natural agents such as basil (active agent is eugenol), neem (active limnoids like azadirachtin, nimbinin), turmeric (curcumin), clove oil, chitosan, sercin, onion, aloevera and pomegranate have antimicrobial properties. This review paper highlights the different natural antimicrobial sources, their effect on public and the possibilities of using these agents in textiles to impart antimicrobial properties and to develop different products.
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SUSTAINABLE ANTIMICROBIAL FINISHING OF FABRICS USING NATURAL BIOACTIVE AGENTS - A REVI
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... In contrast, natural antimicrobial compounds pose fewer risks to human health and exhibit greater environmental friendliness. Various natural substances, including turmeric (containing curcumin), neem (with active limonoids such as nimbinin and azadirachtin), basil (featuring eugenol as one of its active agents), pomegranate, onion, chitosan, aloe vera, sericin, and clove oil, are known for their antimicrobial properties [10] . ...
... In contrast, synthetic substances like quaternary ammonium compounds, triclosan, and nanosilver materials are available for the antimicrobial finishing of textiles. Notably, the production of nanoparticles is more cost-intensive compared to other synthetic options ( Table 2) [10] . ...
... Consequently, the future significance of natural antibacterial compounds derived from plant sources cannot be overstated. The preservation and protection of the natural ecosystem are essential steps towards restoring global sustainability [10] . ...
A Review of Textile Fabrication Using Bioactive Compounds Derived from Natural Products
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2023
Antimicrobial-treated textiles should exhibit efficacy against a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal species, all while maintaining user safety with a non-toxic profile. Natural antimicrobial compounds play a vital role in textile finishing processes. The proliferation of synthetic antimicrobial agents introduces environmental and consumer safety concerns. Given these potential hazards associated with synthetic agents, the utilization of natural antimicrobial agents is gaining traction, as they tend to have fewer adverse effects on users and are more environmentally sustainable. Numerous natural antimicrobial compounds, sourced from plants such as neem, basil, turmeric, aloe vera, and clove oil, have been developed, showcasing inherent antimicrobial properties. This review article highlights the importance of incorporating bioactive components in the creation of antibacterial textile fabrics.
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... Besides, other external factors, including soil, dust, sweat, and some chemical finishings, can also provide nutrients for microbial growth. On the contrary, because of their hydrophobic nature, synthetic fibers can effectively retain the microbial attack [1][2][3]. As the textiles remain in contact or close to the human body, these microorganisms can easily infect humans and cause various diseases. ...
... Therefore, there is a considerable demand for the development of eco-friendly and user-friendly antimicrobial agents which are based on natural origin. Plant-based natural sources such as roots, barks, leaves, fruits, and flowers of different plant, including tulsi, neem, aloe vera, eucalyptus, tea, pomegranate, turmeric, etc., contain antimicrobial compounds like phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc. [2,[6][7][8]. ...
Development of Antibacterial Cotton Fabric Utilizing Microencapsulation Technique from Dragon Fruit Peel Extract
Article
  • Sep 2023
Antibacterial finishing of textile materials using natural resources is now a trend due to the growing concerns about infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. In this study, antibacterial finishing has been applied to cotton fabric using red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel extracts through microencapsulation technique using the pad-dry-cure method as well as direct application with pre-mordanting and cross-linking. The antibacterial activity of the developed cotton fabric samples was assessed against a Gram-positive and a Gram-negative bacterium. The samples treated with microcapsules showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli even after being subjected to several washing cycles which is almost identical with the sample prepared through direct application with cross-linking. However, the samples prepared with pre-mordanting showed moderate antibacterial activity against the bacterium. Experimental data ensured that the microcapsule-treated fabric sample was durable. Topographical and elemental analyses of the samples were done using a Field Emission Scanning Electron microscope, and the chemical compound and chemical bonding was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy.
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... The investigations of the antimicrobial properties of various natural dyes extracted from plants have increased the variety of antimicrobial agents, contributing significantly to the production of antibacterial fabric. Natural plant extracts, such as curcumin, basil, clove oil, cyclic oligosaccharides, and sericin, and natural plants, including onion, aloe vera, and pomegranate, have shown unique antimicrobial properties [25][26][27]. Caffeic acid and quercetin as two types of material extracted from plants have also demonstrated antibacterial properties [28,29]. Natural plant extracts offer potential benefits, but they have some considerable drawbacks. ...
The Highly Durable Antibacterial Gel-like Coatings for Textiles
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
Hospital-acquired infections are considered a priority for public health systems since they pose a significant burden for society. High-touch surfaces of healthcare centers, including textiles, provide a suitable environment for pathogenic bacteria to grow, necessitating incorporating effective antibacterial agents into textiles. This paper introduces a highly durable antibacterial gel-like solution, Silver Shell™ finish, which contains chitosan-bound silver chloride microparticles. The study investigates the coating’s environmental impact, health risks, and durability during repeated washing. The structure of the Silver Shell™ finish was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The TEM images showed a core–shell structure, with chitosan forming a protective shell around groupings of silver microparticles. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated the uniform deposition of Silver Shell™ on the surfaces of the fabrics. AATCC Test Method 100 was employed to quantitatively analyze the antibacterial properties of the fabrics coated with silver microparticles. Two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), were used in this study. The antibacterial results showed that after 75 wash cycles, a 100% reduction for both S. aureus and E. coli in the coated samples using crosslinking agents was observed. The coated samples without a crosslinking agent exhibited 99.88% and 99.81% reductions for S. aureus and E. coli after 50 washing cycles. To compare the antibacterial properties toward non-pathogenic and pathogenic strains of the same species, MG1655 model E. coli strain (ATCC 29213) and a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate were used. The results showed the antibacterial efficiency of the Silver ShellTM solution (up to 99.99% reduction) coated on cotton fabric. AATCC-147 was performed to investigate the coated samples’ leaching properties and the crosslinking agent’s effects against S. aureus and E. coli. All coated samples demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy, even after 75 wash cycles. The crosslinking agent facilitated durable attachment between the silver microparticles and cotton substrate, minimizing the release of particles from the fabrics. Color measurements were conducted to assess the color differences resulting from the coating process. The results indicated fixation values of 44%, 32%, and 28% following 25, 50, and 75 washing cycles, respectively.
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... One of the modern directions is the use of "green technologies", namely the study of biologically active additives capable of influencing pathogenic microflora. There are known advancements in the design of antimicrobial textiles using natural plant extracts of neem, pomegranate, aloe vera, turmeric, cloves, etc. [4]. The main problem is the stable fixation of the applied antibacterial reagent on the surface of the textile material. ...
Effect of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the improved method on the antibacterial properties of cotton textile materials
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2024
The object of this study is imparting antimicrobial properties to textile materials made from natural fibers and their blends. The study is aimed at solving the problem of ensuring a prolonged antimicrobial effect of cotton-containing fabrics. The use of ZnO nanoparticles, synthesized by the simple resource-saving method, as part of polymer-colloidal finishing compositions for the fabrics finishing is proposed. The effectiveness of using synthesized ZnO to impart prolonged antibacterial properties to cotton fabrics was assessed by studying the morphology, chemical composition, and bactericidal activity of nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by direct precipitation method at low temperatures in a short time in an aqueous solution using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors. The average crystallite size calculated using the Scherrer method is 28 nm. The degree of crystallinity according to X-ray diffraction pattern is 93 %. Using scanning electron microscopy, the formation of nanoparticles of uniform size in the form of short rods was established and the successfully synthesized ZnO phase in the hexagonal wurtzite structure was confirmed. The chemical purity of the crystalline material was confirmed using energy dispersive analysis. The atomic percentages of the elements are 47.6 % and 52.4 % for Zn and O, respectively. Study of the inhibition zone around fabric disks treated with ZnO showed their high bactericidal activity against air microflora and the gram-negative bacterium P. aeruginosa. It has been established that the use of ZnO as part of a polymer-colloidal system based on the acrylic polymer ensures the resistance of bactericidal treatment to washing. The reported scientific results are of practical importance for improving the standard technological process for finishing cotton textile materials
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... (i) Pad-dry-cure method: This textile finishing process is applied along with cross-linking agent, when the affinity of natural antimicrobial agents toward textile fibers is less. The antimicrobial activity here depends on the bonding affinity between cross-linking agent and textile fiber and generally tends to decrease with washing (Reshma et al. 2018). ...
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... By using this plant, green colour is obtained from the leaves and brown colour from the dried leaves and bark of the tree. Azadirachta indica leaves, roots, fruits, and stems are used to manufacture anticancer, antileprotic, anti-hyperglycemia, antiallergic and anti-diabetic medications for a range of ailments; it also enhances the immune system 9,10 . ...
Rubbing Fastness of Silk Fabric Treated with Azadirachta Indica Leaves Using Potassium Aluminium Sulfate and Citrus Limon Extract
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2023
The demand for eco-friendly natural dyes is increasing due to stringent environmental regulations. The objective of the study is to evaluate rubbing fastness properties of the silk fabric dyed with Azadirachta indica leaves through meta mordanting with natural (Citrus limon) and chemical (Potassium aluminium sulfate) mordants. The research design for sample preparation was done by adopting Box-Behnken experimental design. The effect of scrutinized process parameters such as dye concentration, time and temperature were observed on rubbing fastness properties of the silk fabric treated with natural (Citrus limon) and chemical (alum) mordants. The dye was extracted from the Azadirachta indica leaves using the boiling method and the fabric was mordanted by the meta mordanting method. The rubbing fastness property of silk fabric were studied and evaluated using standard test method AATCC 8. The experimental results reveal that the rubbing fastness properties of the silk treated with natural mordants (Citrus limon) is found as good as chemical mordant (Potassium aluminium sulfate). It was found that the fabric samples treated with natural mordants showed slightly better results of rubbing fastness compared to chemical mordant. It was observed that the time and temperature are significantly influencing the rubbing fastness properties of silk fabric whereas the effect of dye concentration was found insignificant.
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Simultaneous Dyeing and Finishing of Bio-mordanted Cotton
Chapter
  • Mar 2024
Natural dyeing is typically expensive because of the multi-step and lengthy process of mordanting and dyeing involved. The development of a single-step and less complex technique with added benefits that also provides functional property to the treated fabric may help to overcome this drawback. Hence, cotton fabric was simultaneously mordanted with gallnut (natural-mordant) with or without alum, dyed with babul bark (natural dye), and finished with neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) or eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus regnans) or ashwagandha roots (Withania somnifera) as functional finishing agents in the same bath by a single-bath two dip and two nip padding technique at 100% expression. Treatment was also done by the conventional multi-bath process for comparative purpose. All the three types of finishing agents showed improvement in the light fastness rating, UPF value, and antibacterial effect (against gram + ve and gram –ve bacteria). Resistance was higher for simultaneous application process of mordant, dye, and finishing agent by the single-bath technique as compared to sequential/conventional multi-bath method of application.
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Recent Bioactive Materials for Development of Eco-friendly Dippers: An Overview
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2017
Textile material used in hygienic health, personal care as well as surgical products .These products include baby and adult diapers, sanitary pads .This article deals with the diapers worn by infants. In the modern society usage of diaper is unavoidable due to the busy schedule of parents and guardians. Most of the diapers are made by synthetic materials which are non-biodegradable and poor antimicrobial properties. They very common problem faced by the use of diapers are diaper rashes, dermatitis. In this paper, we are doing review on natural antimicrobial coatings like Curcumin, Aloe Vera, Tulsi and Neem and also synthetic anti-microbial coatings like silver Nano particles, zinc Nano particles and Titanium Dioxide Powder on various textile fabrics. The result of this work shows that natural antimicrobial coating has same anti-microbial effect when compare with synthetic anti-microbial coatings.
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Herbal treated microbial resistant fabrics for healthcare textiles
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2015
This study deals with the effect of coating herbs on single jersey knitted fabric to evaluate the microbial resistance nature of healthcare textiles. In this work four types of herbs were identified such as Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), Konrai (Cassia fistula L.), Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) and Papaya (Carica papaya L.). The application methods were adopted in both direct/exhaust (aqueous and methanol with citric acid is a cross linking agent extract) and microencapsulation of herbal extracts on single jersey knitted fabric by pad-dry-cure method. Herbal treated fabrics underwent SEM analysis and antimicrobial activity (both quantitative and qualitative) was conducted. The treated samples were evaluated for wash durability by AATCC-100-2004. The microencapsulated treated fabrics showed better antibacterial activity up to 15 washes compared to directly applied, aqueous and menthol extract treated fabrics. © 2015 National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All right reserved.
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Studies on antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2010
Recently, natural products have been evaluated as sources of antimicrobial agents with efficacies against a variety of microorganisms. This study described the antibacterial and antifungal activities of pomegranate peel extract (rind), seed extract, juice and whole fruit on the selected bacteria and fungi. The peel extract has shown highest antimicrobial activity compared to other extracts. Among the selected bacterial and fungal cultures, the highest antibacterial activity was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus and among fungi high activity against Aspergillus niger was recorded.
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Medicinal importance of natural dyes-a review
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2010
The worldwide demand for natural dyes is nowadays of great interest due to the increased awareness on therapeutic properties of natural dyes in public. Natural dyes are derived from naturally occurring sources such as plants, insects, animals and minerals. Several synthetic colorants have been banned because they cause allergy-like symptoms or are carcinogens. Among the all natural dyes, plant-based pigments have wide range of medicinal values. Although known for a long time for dyeing as well as medicinal properties, the structures and protective properties of natural dyes have been recognized only in the recent past. Many of the plants used for dye extraction are classified as medicinal and some of these have recently been shown to possess remarkable antimicrobial activity. The present review, describes the detail information about basic chemistry of the major pigments and their medicinal importance found in naturally occurring dye yielding plants, which are helpful to further development of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Plasma finishing and surface modification of cotton fabrics
Chapter
  • Jan 2015
The coupling of electromagnetic power into a process gas volume generates the plasma. Plasma medium comprising a dynamic mix of ions, electrons, neutrons, photons, free radicals, meta-stable excited species and molecular fragments. The system is overall being at room temperature. This allows the surface functionalization of textile and yarns without affecting their bulk properties. These species move under electromagnetic fields and diffusion gradients on the substrates placed in or passed through the plasma. This enables a variety of generic surface processes including surface activation by bond breaking, grafting of chemical moieties and functional groups, material volatilization and removal (etching), dissociation of surface contaminants/layers (cleaning/ scouring) and deposition of conformal coatings. Plasmas are acknowledged to be uniquely effective surface engineering tools. Plasma processing appears to be a promising alternative to the current textile finishing techniques, being a clean, simple and versatile process that meets increasingly strict economic and ecological demands such as shorter processing times and drastic reduction of water usage. In this chapter the effect of plasma treatment on surface modification and finishing of cotton fabrics is discussed.
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Development of ecofriendly antimicrobial textile finishes using herbs
Article
  • Dec 2005
Various herbal species were screened for their antimicrobial activities by employing preliminary (qualitative) antimicrobial tests. Methanolic extraction procedure was followed for extracting the active substances from herbs. Antimicrobial efficacy was assayed by AATCC (agar diffusion and parallel streak) method and Hohenstein modified challenge test. The neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), prickly chaff flower (Achyranthus aspera), tulsi leaves (Ocimum basilicum) and pomegranate rind (Punica granatum) were found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Neem ranked first followed by pomegranate and prickly chaff flower. Despite the negative results of tulsi in the qualitative tests, it showed 73% bacterial reduction in the quantitative challenge test. The treated fabric samples exhibited resistance to degradability as tested by digging soil test.
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Ecofriendly antimicrobial finishing of textile using bioactive agents based on natural products
Article
  • Sep 2009
In the present scenario of environmental consciousness, the new quality requirements not only emphasize on the intrinsic functionality and long service life of the product but also a production process that is environment-friendly. Therefore, research on environment-friendly antimicrobial agents based on natural products for textile application is gaining worldwide interest. This paper reports a comprehensive review on natural product based bioactive agents such as chitosan, natural dyes, neem extract and other herbal products for antimicrobial finishing of textile substrates. Different classes of active ingredients found in extracts of natural products and their mechanism of antimicrobial action have been presented. The major challenges and the future potential of application of natural products on textiles have also been critically reviewed.
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Antibacterial finish for cotton fabric from herbal products
Article
  • Mar 2010
An ecofriendly natural antibacterial finish has been prepared from the plant extracts for textile application. Herbal extracts from Ocimum sanctum (tulsi leaf) and rind of Punica granátům (pomegranate) have been applied to cotton fabric by the method of direct application, micro-encapsulation, resin cross-linking and their combinations. All the treatments show good antibacterial properties for the fabrics. Except the method of direct application, all other treatments show good washing durability up to 15 washes. The surface morphological studies using SEM show the surface coating, microcapsules and some fibrillation. The GC-MS studies reveal that the major components responsible for the antibacterial properties are Eugenol, Germacrene and Phytol. A small decrease in tensile strength and crease recovery angle is observed for resin treated and micro-encapsulated fabrics respectively. But in the combined processes no significant changes are observed.
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Bioactive antimicrobial agents for finishing of textiles for health care products
Article
  • Dec 2014
Various antimicrobial textile materials are developed using a variety of active agents which include synthetic antimicrobial agents such as triclosan, metal and their salts, phenols, quaternary ammonium compounds, and organometallics. Although synthetic antimicrobial agents effectively inhibit the growth of microbes, most of them are toxic, can cause adverse effects on human health, and have environmental issues. Present studies prove that several plant extracts could be effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria depending on the type of components present in the plant extract. Hence, the research on eco-friendly antimicrobial agents and their application on various textile products gain worldwide importance. Natural antimicrobial compounds derived from plants such as neem, tea tree, azuki beans, aloe vera, tulsi leaves (Ocimum sanctum), clove oil, pomegranate rind, turmeric, eucalyptus oil, onion skin, and pulp extracts, are being used in the finishing of textiles. This paper highlights the possibilities of using these bioactive substances for imparting antimicrobial property to the textiles for developing health care products.
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