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Pluteus rugosidiscus (Basidiomycota, Pluteaceae), first record of this North American species in Europe
Abstract and Figures
The first record of Pluteus rugosidiscus from Europe (Slovakia) is published. The pileipellis structure in this species indicates its placement in section Celluloderma subsection Eucellulodermini. According to a phylogenetic analysis (ITS rDNA), Pluteus rugosidiscus forms a sister Glade to the complex of P. chrysophlebius and represents a distinct species. In several collections, sequences of the molecular markers LSU, EF- 1 alpha and RPB2 were obtained. These were not included in the phylogenetic tree, but used for a comparison confirming P. rugosidiscus as a separate species. Pluteus rugosidiscus is macroscopically characterised by a pileus with a green hue and a yellow stipe; microscopically by lageniform to fusiform pleurocystidia. It is particularly similar to the taxa of the P. chtysophlebius complex and in some cases may represent a cryptic species.
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... Bres. as a younger taxonomic synonym of P. romellii e.g., [4,22,23,26,53]. Pluteus romellii has been cited throughout Europe e.g. ...
... Celluloderma, and P. californicus could be considered for some the Western North American taxa in that group, but it might be best considered a doubtful name, since no modern collections examined by us can be confidently considered to correspond to P. californicus. Pluteus rugosidiscus Murrill is macroscopically similar to P. fulvibadius, especially to the specimens with green or olive tones in the pileus, but differs in the predominantly lageniform to fusiform pleurocystidia, with a long-to-short pedicel and/or long neck, and cheilocystidia predominantly lageniform with short neck or (broadly) utriform [2,29,53]. Phylogenetically, P. rugosidiscus is not closely related to any of the species in the /romellii clade [2]. MB 844669. ...
... III., Table CCLIII) established by Justo et al. [2] includes drawing of very young basidiomata with brown pilei which may also resemble basidiomata of the P. romellii group. Pluteus chrysophaeus has been interpreted in different ways by different authors [2,19,20,22,23,53] and is best considered a doubtful name without modern application. ...
We studied the taxonomy of Pluteus romellii, and morphologically similar Holarctic species in the /romellii clade of section Celluloderma, using morphological and molecular data (nrITS, TEF1-α). Pluteus romellii is lectotypified and epitypified and accepted as an exclusively Eurasian species. Pluteus lutescens and P. pallescens are considered synonyms of P. romellii. Pluteus fulvibadius is accepted as a related, but separate, North American species. Five species in the /romellii clade are described as new to science: two from North America (P. austrofulvus and P. parvisporus), one from Asia (P. parvicarpus), one from Europe (P. siccus), and one widely distributed across the Holarctic region (P. vellingae). Basidioma size, pileus color, lamellae color, basidiospore size, hymenial cystidia shape and size, habitat and geographical distribution help separate the species described here, but in some instances only molecular data allows for confident identification. The current status of P. californicus, P. melleipes, P. romellii var. luteoalbus, P. splendidus, P. sternbergii and P. sulphureus is discussed.
... We assembled an nrITS dataset of all available sequences phylogenetically close to P. insidiosus and P. thomsonii ("thomsonii clade" in Menolli et al. [9]). This includes 24 newly generated nrITS sequences for this study, and 35 sequences generated in previous studies (see Table 1; [5,9,14,[31][32][33][34][35][36]) or available in public databases and biodiversity repositories (GenBank, UNITE, iNaturalist; see Table 1). A total of 59 nrITS sequences were used in the final dataset, including voucher-based and environmental sequences. ...
... A total of 59 nrITS sequences were used in the final dataset, including voucher-based and environmental sequences. We assembled a TEF1-α dataset of 17 sequences, 16 of them newly generated for this study and an additional sequence previously available in GenBank (see Table 1, [36]). In all datasets we included sequences of P. phlebophorus and P. rugosidiscus as outgroup taxa, based on previous phylogenetic work on Pluteus [8,9]. ...
We studied the taxonomy of Pluteus insidiosus and similar species using morphological and molecular (nrITS, TEF1-α) data, including a detailed study of the type collection of P. insidiosus. Based on our results, we recognize five species in this group: P. insidiosus sensu stricto and four other taxa: P. assimilates; P. farensis; P. flavostipitatus; and P. pseudoinsidiosus; described here as new. All these taxa are distinct from each other based on molecular data, but some of them are semi-cryptic based on morphology and co-occur in the Palaearctic region. An additional molecular lineage, phylogenetically separates from the P. insidiosus complex, but with many morphological similarities, was recognized in the molecular phylogenies. Based on the revision of available type collections, the name Pluteus reisneri Velen., was adopted for this Clade. Pluteus reisneri was validly published in 1921, but it has barely been used since its original description. A modern epitype, with molecular data, was selected for P. reisneri.
... General distribution: Until now, the species was known only from North America and Slovakia (Ševčíková, Borovička, 2019). The studied collection is the first record of the species in Russia (Malysheva et al., 2016). ...
In a survey of the agaricoid fungi from the territory of Sayano-Shushensky Biosphere Reserve, Western Sayan Mountains, South Siberia, fifteen species representing thirteen genera are revealed for the first time; among them: one (Mythicomyces corneipes) is new to Asian mycobiota, one (Pluteus rugosidiscus) is new to Russia while all fifteen are new records from the studied region. Descriptions and photos of all species are given with a brief discussion on their taxonomy and distribution. For some studied collections, new nrITS sequences were generated and their GenBank accession numbers are provided.
... Appropriate homologues of the P. hubregtseorum EF1-α sequences were retrieved from GenBank; only 40 sequences of less than 15 Pluteus species were available (Justo et al. 2014, Malysheva et al. 2016, Ševčíková & Borovička 2019, Ševčíková et al. 2020b. Heterozygous sites were excluded from further analysis. ...
A new species and its new form, Pluteus hubregtseorum and Pluteus hubregtseorum f. horakianus, are described and illustrated based on material from Australia and New Zealand. Pluteus hubregtseorum is characterized by a squamulose to finely granulose pileus, velutinous at centre and translucently striate at the margin, a pruinose stipe, pileipellis a cutis with transition to a trichoderm, predominantly fusiform to lageniform pleurocystidia and cylindrical to clavate caulocystidia in tufts. Pluteus hubregtseorum f. hubregtseorum has a yellow pileus and a whitish to yellow stipe with distinct floccules, whereas P. hubregtseorum f. horakianus has a brown pileus sometimes darker and radially wrinkled; and a white to cream stipe which becomes tinged yellow-tan or grey-tan near the base with age. The pileipellis structure indicates its placement in the section Hispidoderma, Pluteus plautus group. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of ITS rDNA and EF1-α genes showed Pluteus hubregtseorum is related to P. semibulbosus. Differences of Pluteus hubregtseorum with similar species are also discussed. In addition, Pluteus minor is discussed in detail and as it is not possible to establish a taxon to which it should be unambiguously referred, we reject this dubious name.
Pluteus is a species-rich genus of saprotrophic agaric in the family Hispidoderma and is widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas throughout the world. Some species in this genus are threatened species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list. During investigations of agarics in northern Thailand, four Pluteus taxa were collected. Morphological characteristics and phylogenic analyses were investigated. Two new species, namely P. chandrasikuliae and P. saisamorniae, were introduced. Pluteus chandrasikuliae is characterized by its relatively large basidiomata, an applanate, dark brown scaly pileus with a cutis pileipellis, two types of hymenial cystidia viz. irregular, as well as diverticulate cells and lageniform cells. In accordance with the phylogenetic results, this new species belongs to the Pluteus sect. Celluloderma. Moreover, P. saisamorniae is distinguished by a plano-convex with a broad umbo, dark brown minute squamules pileus, light brown lamellar edges, greyish orange stipe covered with brown granules, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, an abundance of thin- to thick-walled cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia, a trichohymeniderm pileipellis, and brown caulocystidia in clusters. Pluteus saisamorniae is a member of Pluteus sect. Hispidoderma. Additionally, P. losulus and P. septocystidiatus were discovered in Thailand for the first time and they belong to Pluteus sect. Pluteus. Comprehensive descriptions along with illustrations, photographs, phylogenetic trees showing their positions, and a comparison with phenetically similar taxa are provided.
During a survey on macromycetes in Denizli Province, Turkey, terrestrial specimens of Pluteus mediterraneus sp. nov. were collected under olive trees (Olea europaea L.). The new species is proposed based on morphological characters as well as phylogenetic analyses of nrITS sequences. The description is accompanied with colour photographs, line-drawings of the microscopic features, and a comparison with morphologically and phylogenetically closely related
species.
We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which contains many sophisticated
methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, MEGA has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing
systems for analyzing bigger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in MEGA. The
new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict
gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit MEGA is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line.
The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OSX. The command
line MEGA is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX. They are intended for use in high-throughput
and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
This article describes several features in the MAFFT online service for multiple sequence alignment (MSA). As a result of recent advances in sequencing technologies, huge numbers of biological sequences are available and the need for MSAs with large numbers of sequences is increasing. To extract biologically relevant information from such data, sophistication of algorithms is necessary but not sufficient. Intuitive and interactive tools for experimental biologists to semiautomatically handle large data are becoming important. We are working on development of MAFFT toward these two directions. Here, we explain (i) the Web interface for recently developed options for large data and (ii) interactive usage to refine sequence data sets and MSAs.
The phylogeny of several species-complexes of the genera Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) was investigated using molecular data (ITS) and the consequences for taxonomy, nomenclature and
morphological species recognition in these groups were evaluated. Conflicts between morphological and molecular delimitation
were detected in sect. Pluteus, especially for taxa in the cervinus-petasatus clade with clamp-connections or white basidiocarps. Some species of sect. Celluloderma are apparently widely distributed in Europe, North America and Asia, either with (P. aurantiorugosus, P. chrysophlebius, P. fenzlii, P. phlebophorus) or without (P. romellii) molecular differentiation in collections from different continents. A lectotype and a supporting epitype are designated
for Pluteus cervinus, the type species of the genus. The name Pluteus chrysophlebius is accepted as the correct name for the species in sect. Celluloderma, also known under the names P. admirabilis and P. chrysophaeus. A lectotype is designated for the latter. Pluteus saupei and Pluteus heteromarginatus, from the USA, P. castri, from Russia and Japan, and Volvopluteus asiaticus, from Japan, are described as new. A complete description and a new name, Pluteus losulus, are given for the African P. cervinus var. ealaensis. The American Volvopluteus michiganensis is described in detail. Taxonomic comments and a morphology-based key to all known species of Volvopluteus are provided.
KeywordsBiodiversity–ITS–Phylogeny–
Pluteus
–Species delimitation–
Volvopluteus
A phylogenetic analysis with three molecular markers was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the complex of Psilocybe cyanescens in Europe consists of several, morphologically distinct species. The results support the existence of two molecularly well-supported
morphological groups, that of Psilocybe cyanescens and P. azurescens on the one hand, and the complex of P. serbica on the other. However, in the last group, no sequence variability within the three molecular markers from P. serbica and related taxa P. bohemica, P. arcana, and P. moravica was found. It was decided, therefore, to merge these taxa into P. serbica, and to distinguish them below species level. It was also demonstrated that the secotioid Weraroa novae-zelandiae belongs to the P. cyanescens species complex. Accordingly, it was transferred to Psilocybe as P. weraroa, nomen novum.
KeywordsStrophariaceae–
Psilocybe serbica
–
Psilocybe cyanescens
–
Weraroa novae-zelandiae
–DNA markers–Phylogeny
Section Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus is subdivded into two subsections, Mixtini and Celluloderma. In the following account, four species are discussed for subsection Mixtini. Pluteus eugraptus is reported new for North America. Subsection Celluloderma for North America contains twenty species and varieties. One species, Pluteus pallidus is described as new. Another species and one variety are provisionally described as new. Keys to subsections Mixtini and Celluloderma are provided along with illustrations of important structures, photos of a number of species, and descriptions of the well-known species.
A study of Pluteus collections from the southern region of Siberia, Russia, revealed the occurrence of 20 species. One species (Pluteus umbrosoides) and one form (P. tomentosulus f. brunneus) are proposed as new. Pluteus rugosidiscus is a new record in Eurasia and P. velutinus is recorded for the first time in Russia. Most species in the studied territory occur in coniferous or mixed forests. Until now, there have been only sporadic finds of Pluteus in the sub-taiga zone and no finds in the steppe zone. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and drawings of microstructures for new, rare and interesting taxa are provided. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) were conducted for species delimitation and for comparisons with closely related taxa.
Section Celluloderma of the genus Pluteus is subdivded into two subsections, Mixtini and Celluloderma. In the following account, four species are discussed for subsection Mixtini. Pluteus eugraptus is reported new for North America. Subsection Celluloderma for North America contains twenty species and varieties. One species, Pluteus pallidus is described as new. Another species and one variety are provisionally described as new. Keys to subsections Mixtini and Celluloderma are provided along with illustrations of important structures, photos of a number of species, and descriptions of the well-known species.
Pluteus is a cosmopolitan euagaric genus found commonly on xyloid (woody) substrates. A taxonomic revision is presented for species of Pluteus section Celluloderma known from the U.S.A. Type studies of all taxa originally described from the U.S.A. as well as additional morphological data and keys are presented. Two new species, Pluteus deceptivus and Pluteus phaeocyanopus, and one new variety, Pluteus seticeps var. cystidiosus, are described, and the new name, Pluteus homolae, is given for Prunulus ludovicianus. Notes are provided for two extralimital taxa and three taxa that are doubtful or excluded from Pluteus section Celluloderma.
Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or "transition" type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or "transversion" type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = -(1/2) ln [(1-2P-Q) square root of 1-2Q]. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = -(1/2) ln (1-2P-Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
In 2002, we developed and released a rapid multiple sequence alignment program MAFFT that was designed to handle a huge (up to approximately 5,000 sequences) and long data (approximately 2,000 aa or approximately 5,000 nt) in a reasonable time on a standard desktop PC. As for the accuracy, however, the previous versions (v.4 and lower) of MAFFT were outperformed by ProbCons and TCoffee v.2, both of which were released in 2004, in several benchmark tests. Here we report a recent extension of MAFFT that aims to improve the accuracy with as little cost of calculation time as possible. The extended version of MAFFT (v.5) has new iterative refinement options, G-INS-i and L-INS-i (collectively denoted as [GL]-INS-i in this report). These options use a new objective function combining the weighted sum-of-pairs (WSP) score and a score similar to COFFEE derived from all pairwise alignments. We discuss the improvement in accuracy brought by this extension, mainly using two benchmark tests released very recently, BAliBASE v.3 (for protein alignments) and BRAliBASE (for RNA alignments). According to BAliBASE v.3, the overall average accuracy of L-INS-i was higher than those of other methods successively released in 2004, although the difference among the most accurate methods (ProbCons, TCoffee v.2 and new options of MAFFT) was small. The advantage in accuracy of [GL]-INS-i became greater for the alignments consisting of approximately 50-100 sequences. By utilizing this feature of MAFFT, we also examined another possible approach to improve the accuracy by incorporating homolog information collected from database. The [GL]-INS-i options are applicable to aligning up to approximately 200 sequences, although not applicable to thousands of sequences because of time and space complexities.
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Manuscript received: April 16, 2018
Accepted: June 29, 2018