A Survey on IoT Technologies, Evolution and Architecture

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2nd International Conference on Computer, Communication, and Signal Processing (ICCCSP 2018)
978-1-5386-1141-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
A Survey on IoT Technologies, Evolution and
Architecture
R.M.Gomathi G.Hari Satya Krishna E.Brumancia Y. Mistica Dhas
Dept. of IT, Dept. of CSE, Dept. of IT, Dept. of IT,
School of Computing, School of Computing, School of Computing, School of Computing,
Sathyabama University, Sathyabama University, Sathyabama University,
Sathyabama University,
Chennai, India Chennai, India Chennai, India Chennai, India
gomssrm@gmail.com krishna1.ghs@gmail.com brumancia@gmail.com misticajimson@gmail.com
Abstract—The Internet Of Things (IoT) was initially called as
“Internet of Everything”. IoT objects have identifiers which are
unique. They have the ability to send the information over a
network interconnecting physical and virtual things without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-system interaction. It
provides the effective way of learning and interaction among
internet connected devices that include sensors, actuators,
services and other internet connected objects. The IoT can be
defined as things or objects connected to the internet than people.
The IoT system’s middleware can be described as intermediary
software system between the IoT devices and applications. The
IoT aim is to unite everything in the world under common
infrastructure. The main objective of this paper is to provide an
survey on Internet of Things, types of architectures, and the
technologies that are used in our daily life, smart environment.
However, this paper gives a good idea for new researches on
Internet of Things.
Keywords—Wireless Sensor Network; Internet of Things;
Transmission Control Protocol; Internet Protocol.
I. INTRODUCTION
The common man’s daily life, who works in the society
became the well known concept and it has many applications. The
Internet of Things is the exciting technological revolution since
the internet [1],[4]. The IoT is everywhere in the world that brings
the number of opportunities and impact every one. With Internet
of Things, the smart cities can be built where it manages the
parking spaces, street lighting, irrigation facilities, urban noise,
and waste can be monitored in real time applications. We can
build smart homes which are really safe and more efficient to
live. We can build smart environment that can automatically
monitoring the pollution from air and water and enabling the
early detection of Tsunami, earthquakes, forest fires and many
devastating disaster in the environment.
II. INTERNET OF THINGS
The Internet of Things is a paradigm shift in IT arena. As
from the definition the internet is the computer networks that
are globally interconnected and uses the Standard Internet
Protocol suite (TCP/IP) for serving the billions of users among
worldwide. It is a network consisting of millions of users that
include various sectors like public, private, academic, business
and government network consists of both local and global
scope of networks as shown in Fig.1. The networks are formed
by wireless, electronics, and optical networking technologies
[2],[3].
While the IoT offering the exciting opportunities, it still
remains challenging to manage the things that archives
seamless integration of the physical world. There are two IoT
communications APIs (Application Programming Interface).
They are,
1. REST (Representational State Transfer) based API
2. WebSocket based API
The IoT is an umbrella term in which many technologies
are involved. The following are the IoT enabling technologies.
•WSN
•Cloud Computing
•Big Data Analytics
•Embedded Systems
•Security Protocols and Architecture
•Communication Protocols
•Web Services
•Mobile Internet
•Semantic Search Engine
Among all these technologies, Wireless Sensor Network is
the heart of IoT.
Fig.1. IoT Sensor World
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2nd International Conference on Computer, Communication, and Signal Processing (ICCCSP 2018)
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The following are the main objectives of IoT:
•To provide bridge between the poor and the rich
•To distribute the resources of the world to the
needy
•To be more proacti ve and less reactive
The M2M communication is networking of devices,
communicating or exchanging data without human interaction.
The differences between M2M and IoT are listed in Table.I.
TABLE I
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN M2M AND IOT
M2M IoT
1. Focus is on la
y
er belo
w
1. Focus is on la
y
er above
the network layer the network layer
2. Sensing and actuating 2. Sensing and actuating
ma
y
not be involved ma
y
be involved
3. Emphasis is on hardware 3. Emphasis is on software
4. Cloud is not involved 4. Cloud is involved
III. EVOLUTION
Before the research of IoT’s in depth we look at the
evolution of Internet. In the early 1960s, a communication
between two computers was made possible through a network
called computer network. In 1980s the TCP/IP stack was
introduced. The use of internet was started in 1980s. Later the
(WWW) became available in 1991which made the internet to
become more popular. The mobiles phones are connected to
the internet where mobile internet was formed. With the use of
social networking the users are getting connected via internet
through connecting devices. The further step in IoT is to
connect all the objects around us together and communicate
via internet as shown in Fig.2.
In IoT, all the smart objects are connected to the internet.
They communicate with each other with human intervention.
Internet of things is becoming the latest and well known
concept in the IT sector. It attracts the attention of users by
enabling anytime, anyplace connectivity across the world and
also providing unique identity to every objects [4].
IV. IOT ARCHITECTURE
The main problems of an IoT are vast and broad concept
that is not proposed, uniform architecture. So, for making an
IoT to work it should consist of sensors, networks,
communication between the computer systems and
technologies. Here we are discussing the five-layer
architecture model of IoT as shown in Fig.3.
The Objects Layer is also called as perception layer that
represents the physical sensors of an IoT. The aim is to collect
the information from various devices and processing it. This
includes sensors to perform analysis on querying location,
temperature, weight, acceleration and humidity [5].
The Object Abstraction Layer Where Object
Abstraction is the transferring of data from an object later to
the service management by the channels. The data transferred
through the channels like RFID, 3G, GSM, UTMS, WIFI,
Bluetooth, etc. [5].
Service Management Layer is also called as middleware
layer pairs the service based on addresses and names. This
layer enabling the IoT programmers to work without the
hardware platform. This layer also processes the data received
and make decisions and delivers the requested data [5]
The Application Layer is used to provide the services that
are being requested by the customer. The service provided to the
customer should meet the customer needs. It is helpful in markets
smart homes, smart cities, and home automation [6].
The Business Layer is one of the biggest responsibilities
for building a business model, flow charts and graphs. It
supports the designing, analyzing, implementation of IoT
system related elements. It is eligible for comparing the
outputs of every layer with an expected one for enhancing the
user’s privacy.
Pre-Internet Internet of
Internet o
f
Internet of
Internet o
f
CONTENT SERVICES
PEOPLE THINGS
“Human TO “Machine TO
Human” “WWW” “WEB 2.0” “Social Machine”
1.Fixed & Media”
Mobile 1.Identification
telephony 1.E-mail 1.E-Productivit
y
2.Trackin
g
2.SMS 2 I nformation 1.Skype
2.E-Commerce 3,Monitoring
3.Entertainment 2.Facebook
4.Meterin
g
3.Twitte r
• Smart •
Smart IT
• Smart Phones • Smart Devices, • Smart
Networks Platforms &
&
Objects & tags Data &
Services Applications Ambient
context
Fig.2. Evolution of IOT
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2nd International Conference on Computer, Communication, and Signal Processing (ICCCSP 2018)
978-1-5386-1141-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
Business Layer
Application Layer
Service Management
Object Abstraction
Objects
Fig.3. Five-Layer IoT Architecture Model
V. REQUIREMENTS OF AN IOT
The following are the hardware requirements that leads to
the development of an IoT in infrastructure as well as in the
communication networks. The main components of IoT are as
follows [7].
1) Power source and Power Management
2) Sensors or Actuators
3) Processor and memory storage
4) Wireless communication
5) UI/UX
VI. COMPONENTS OF IOT
The following are the functional components of IoT.
It is shown in Fig.4.
•Component for interaction and communication with
other IoT.
•Component for Processing and analysis of operations.
•Component for internet Interaction.
•Component for handling Web services of
applications.
•Components to integrate application services.
•User interface to accessIoT.
A. Device (The Thing)
The IoT devices have unique identies. It is a physical
device that is embedded with sensors, actuators, electronics,
software, network connectivity enabling the objects collecting
and exchange of data. It performs remote sensing, actuating
and monitoring capability. The term “Things”, in IoT refer to
variety of devices that can collect and transfer the data to other
devices. In general, there are two groups: constrained and
standard devices. The IoT devices have on board or attached
sensors. The data can be exchanged with other connected
devices and applications. They also send the data to
centralized servers or cloud based application backends for
processing the data. Constrained devices are very small whose
computing capabilities (such as power, storage, and so on) are
low. The Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) networks are unable to
reach cloud platform directly. Standard devices are similar to
small computers and route data directly to cloud platform via
network. These Constrained devices need to go through some
kind of gateway device to reach cloud platform.
B. Local Network
The IoT is an interconnected devices as we mentioned
above and the huge amount of data will be generated. We are
well known that networks are used to transmit the signals that
are collected by the sensors with all the different components
routers, bridges, LAN, MAN, WAN. The connecting of
networks over the sensors can also be done with technologies
including Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, Ethernet, LTE (Long Term
Evolution). The wide spread network adoption in IoT is as
follows.
1) High data rate
2) Low prices if data usage
3) IPV6 deployment
C. Internet
The internet is the system of globally interconnected
computer networks by using the internet protocol suite for
linking of devices worldwide. This network consists of
public, private, government, business networks of local to
global scope. Nowadays communications like media,
telephony, radio, television, paper mail and newspapers
have been overcome by the internet and giving birth to
new services such as internet telephony, internet television,
emails, etc. The newspapers and books are adapting to
website technology in colleges. So the internet enabled and
accelerated to new forums of personal interactions by
instant messaging, internet forums and social networking.
D. Backend Services
The services offered are, devices monitoring, device
control services, data publishing services and services for
data discovery. According to the definition, backend
services is a set of cloud based services that helps to build
your app backend. It features a fast data storage, easy to
manage user management. A pretty final product is an
obvious goal of every IoT enterprise strategy. The front
end of an IoT solution ensures end-users that will add
value or increase security in their lives. Once the product
collects data, it sends to the cloud. The data in cloud will
be running on servers that allow you to store, views
perform computation on your data.
E. Applicaions
The inter-connected devices share all the collected
information with people, to the cloud applications and also
to other devices. The connected devices capture and utilize
every bit of data in daily life. The connectivity is going
beyond laptops and mobile phones, its going towards
connected cars, smart homes, smart cities, wearable’s,
health care, etc. The following are the real most
applications of an IoT [8].
1. Smart Home
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2nd International Conference on Computer, Communication, and Signal Processing (ICCCSP 2018)
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With the creation of IoT, the functions of smart home
are switching of lights after you left home, unlocks the
door for others for temporary access [8].
2. Wearables
Wearables have been experiencing the greatest
demand in markets all over the world. Wearables may be
worn or carried on the body. They sense and transfer the
information about the users. These devices cover
information about fitness, health and entertainment [8].
3. Connected Cars
The connected car is equipped with Internet
access,and allows the car to share internet access with
other devices both inside and outside the vehicle. Cars will
exchange data with other cars and alerting drivers. They
communicate with sensors on signs on road signals, bus
stops. They also get traffic updates and rerouting alerts.
And they’ll communicate with your house, office, and
smart devices, acting as an digital assistant, gathering
information you need to go about your day.
4. Smart Cities
It is another important application of IoT generating
curiosity among world’s population. The smart cities have
integrated sensors and monitoring devices connected
through internet. The collected data can be analyzed to
manage sewage system, power plant etc., The examples of
smart cities is energy management, water distribution,
urban security and environmental monitoring. It uses IoT
to collect and analyze data in order to interact directly with
city infrastructure.
5. IoT in Agriculture
Smart farming is quickly arising in agriculture
business. The ioT sensors deployed in field provides data
about crops, rain fall, nutrition of soil and so on.
Fig.4. IoT Functional Blocks
VII. SENSORS
The Sensors play major important role in IoT. It is the
tiny battery operated device with low power, less energy and
limited storage capabilities.
A. Sensor Types
The following are the various types of sensor which
are widely used for many applications.
1) Light Sensor
2) Temperature sensor
3) Force Sensor
4) Position Sensor
5) Speed Sensor
6) Sound Sensor
7) Chemical Sensor
B. Sensor Classes
There are two types of classes on sensors based on Output
and Data type. In output, there are analog and Digital. In Data
type, there are scalar and vector.
1. Analog Sensors
Analog sensors produces continuous output signal. The
various types of analog sensors are accelerometers, pressure
sensors, light sensors, sound sensors, temperature sensors, and
so on. It finds changes in vibration, position, velocity and
sensing motion are called accelerometers. All these are analog
quantities and they tend to be continuous in nature. The
thermometer can measure temperature of liquid and
continuously responds to temperature changes as the liquid is
heated up or cooled down.
2. Digital Sensors
Digital sensors are often used for analytical measurements
Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in the form of a
logic “1” or a logic “0. Theses digital sensors are replacing the
drawbacks of analog sensors. They produce discrete values,
which may be a single “bit” (serial transmission), or by
combining bits to produce a single “byte” output (parallel
transmission).
3. Scalar Sensors
Scalar Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is
proportional to magnitude of quantity being measured.
Physical quantities such as temperature, color, pressure,
strain,, etc. are all scalar quantities as only their magnitude is
sufficient to convey on information.
For example, the temperature of a room can be measured
using a thermometer, which responds to temperature changes
irrespective of the orientation of the sensor or its direction.
4. Vector Sensors
Vector sensors produce output signal or voltage which is
proportional to magnitude as well as orientation of the
quantity being measured. Physical quantities such as sound,
image, velocity, acceleration, orientation, etc. are all vector
quantities, as only their magnitude is not sufficient to convey
the complete information.
For example, the acceleration of the body can be
measured using an accelerometer, which gives components of
acceleration of the body with respect to the x, y, z coordinate
axes.
Management
Security
Application
Services
Communication
Devices
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2nd International Conference on Computer, Communication, and Signal Processing (ICCCSP 2018)
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VIII. IOT CATEGORIES
The following are the two categories of IoT.
A. Industrial IoT
1) IoT device connects to an IP network and the global internet.
2) Communication between the nodes done using regular as
well as industry specific technologies.
B.Consumer IoT
1) IoT device communicates within the locally networked
devices.
2) Local communication is done mainly via Bluetooth, Zigbee
or Wi-fi.
3) Generally limited to local communication by a gateway.
IX. IOT PROTOCOLS
The dimensions of selecting an IoT protocol are as follows:
Transmission range, Privacy, Battery power, QOS, Addressing,
Application, Architecture and Capabilities. The top 10 IoT
protocols are listed below. They are.
1. BT (BlueTooth)
2. BTE (BlueTooth Low Energy)
3. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
4. Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelty)
5. Cellular
6. Near Field Communication (NFC)
7. SigFox
8. Wireless HART
9. REST
10. Ingenu
The data can be transmitted in an energy efficient secure
manner for Smart Home Systems (SHS). It is secured by secret
key which has been generated by chaotic system. Message
integrity and authenticity is addressed by message authentication
codes [9]. The multimedia transmission via IoT is achieved by
dividing the large multimedia versions into simpler sessions
[10]. Omar Said et al., proposed adaptive version of real-time
transport protocol (RTP) and real-time control protocol (RTCP)
which outperform other protocols. energy-efficient centroid
based routing protocol (EECRP) is proposed which evenly
distribute the energy load in the network by calculating the
centroid’s position. It is mainly suitable for those network types
that need long lifetime [11].
X. CONCLUSION
The idea of Internet of Things providing a special path for our
modern life. It is aiming to prove quality of life by connecting
smart devices, technologies and applications. It is bringing many
technologies in our day to day life and making a life simpler and
easier. There are still various applications that IoT can
implement in domains including transport, governance, medical,
education, etc. In this paper, we finally presented the overview
on enabling technologies and need for IoT in industrial and
business sector. The main focus of this paper is tracking a person
using sensors with transfer of data.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful to the management of Sathyabama
Institute of Science and Technology for providing us all the
necessary facilities required for preparing this manuscript.
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